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Web","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsb-web","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F0.index",[41,42,46,50,54,58,62],{"title":37,"path":38,"stem":39},{"title":43,"path":44,"stem":45},"Histoire du Web","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002Fhistoire-web","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F1.histoire-web",{"title":47,"path":48,"stem":49},"URL et hypertexte","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002Furl-hypertexte","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F2.url-hypertexte",{"title":51,"path":52,"stem":53},"HTML et CSS — le contenu et la présentation","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002Fhtml-css","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F3.html-css",{"title":55,"path":56,"stem":57},"Client-serveur et requêtes HTTP","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002Fclient-serveur-http","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F4.client-serveur-http",{"title":59,"path":60,"stem":61},"Moteurs de recherche","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002Fmoteurs-recherche","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F5.moteurs-recherche",{"title":63,"path":64,"stem":65},"Sécurité du navigateur et notions juridiques","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002Fsecurite-droits","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F6.securite-droits",{"title":67,"path":68,"stem":69,"children":70},"Les réseaux sociaux","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsc-reseaux-sociaux","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsc-reseaux-sociaux\u002F0.index",[71,72,76,80,84,88],{"title":67,"path":68,"stem":69},{"title":73,"path":74,"stem":75},"Panorama des réseaux sociaux","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsc-reseaux-sociaux\u002Fpanorama-rs","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsc-reseaux-sociaux\u002F1.panorama-rs",{"title":77,"path":78,"stem":79},"Identité numérique et authentification","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsc-reseaux-sociaux\u002Fidentite-numerique","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsc-reseaux-sociaux\u002F2.identite-numerique",{"title":81,"path":82,"stem":83},"Le modèle économique des réseaux sociaux","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsc-reseaux-sociaux\u002Fmodele-economique","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsc-reseaux-sociaux\u002F3.modele-economique",{"title":85,"path":86,"stem":87},"Petit monde et graphes","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsc-reseaux-sociaux\u002Fpetit-monde-graphes","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsc-reseaux-sociaux\u002F4.petit-monde-graphes",{"title":89,"path":90,"stem":91},"La cyberviolence","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsc-reseaux-sociaux\u002Fcyberviolence","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsc-reseaux-sociaux\u002F5.cyberviolence",{"title":93,"path":94,"stem":95,"children":96},"Les données structurées et leur traitement","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F0.index",[97,98,102,106,110,114],{"title":93,"path":94,"stem":95},{"title":99,"path":100,"stem":101},"Données et formats","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002Fdonnees-formats","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F1.donnees-formats",{"title":103,"path":104,"stem":105},"Données 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position","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fconfidentialite-position","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F5.confidentialite-position",{"title":145,"path":146,"stem":147,"children":148},"Informatique embarquée et objets connectés","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F0.index",[149,150,154,158],{"title":145,"path":146,"stem":147},{"title":151,"path":152,"stem":153},"Systèmes informatiques embarqués","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002Fsystemes-embarques","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F1.systemes-embarques",{"title":155,"path":156,"stem":157},"Capteurs et actionneurs","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002Fcapteurs-actionneurs","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F2.capteurs-actionneurs",{"title":159,"path":160,"stem":161},"IHM et objets connectés","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002Fihm-objet-connecte","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F3.ihm-objet-connecte",{"title":163,"path":164,"stem":165,"children":166},"Photographie numérique","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F0.index",[167,168,172,176,180],{"title":163,"path":164,"stem":165},{"title":169,"path":170,"stem":171},"Photosites, pixels et résolution","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Fpixels-resolution","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F1.pixels-resolution",{"title":173,"path":174,"stem":175},"Les algorithmes de l'appareil photo","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Falgorithmes-photo","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F2.algorithmes-photo",{"title":177,"path":178,"stem":179},"Les métadonnées EXIF","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Fmetadonnees-exif","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F3.metadonnees-exif",{"title":181,"path":182,"stem":183},"Traiter une image en Python","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Ftraitement-rgb","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F4.traitement-rgb",{"title":185,"path":186,"stem":187,"children":188},"Notions transversales de programmation","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F0.index",[189,190,194,198,202],{"title":185,"path":186,"stem":187},{"title":191,"path":192,"stem":193},"Séquences d'instructions et variables","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Fsequences-affectations","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F1.sequences-affectations",{"title":195,"path":196,"stem":197},"Instructions conditionnelles","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Fconditionnelles","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F2.conditionnelles",{"title":199,"path":200,"stem":201},"Boucles bornées et non bornées","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Fboucles","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F3.boucles",{"title":203,"path":204,"stem":205},"Définitions et appels de fonctions","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Ffonctions","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F4.fonctions",{"title":207,"path":208,"stem":209,"children":210},"Démo des widgets MDC","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F0.index",[211,212,216,220],{"title":207,"path":208,"stem":209},{"title":213,"path":214,"stem":215},"Démo statique — callouts, code, BO, illustration","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002Fstatique","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F1.statique",{"title":217,"path":218,"stem":219},"Démo interactive — self-eval et python-snippet","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002Finteractif","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F2.interactif",{"title":221,"path":222,"stem":223},"Démo · 14 widgets de manipulation NSI","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002Fwidgets-manipulation","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F3.widgets-manipulation",{"title":225,"path":226,"stem":227,"children":228},"NSI — Première","\u002Fnsi-1ere","1.nsi-1ere\u002F0.index",[229,230,234,256,282,304,328,354,380,410],{"title":225,"path":226,"stem":227},{"title":231,"path":232,"stem":233},"Relecture pédagogique — 8 chapitres NSI 1ère (PA → PH)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Freview","1.nsi-1ere\u002FREVIEW",{"title":235,"path":236,"stem":237,"children":238},"Histoire de l'informatique","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F0.index",[239,240,244,248,252],{"title":235,"path":236,"stem":237},{"title":241,"path":242,"stem":243},"De la préantiquité aux machines à calculer","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Fpreantiquite-aux-machines","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F1.preantiquite-aux-machines",{"title":245,"path":246,"stem":247},"La machine universelle (1930-1950)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Fmachine-universelle","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F2.machine-universelle",{"title":249,"path":250,"stem":251},"Les ordinateurs modernes (1947-1990)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Fordinateurs-modernes","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F3.ordinateurs-modernes",{"title":253,"path":254,"stem":255},"Réseaux, Web et IA (1969 à aujourd'hui)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Freseaux-et-web","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F4.reseaux-et-web",{"title":257,"path":258,"stem":259,"children":260},"Représentation des données — types et valeurs","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F0.index",[261,262,266,270,274,278],{"title":257,"path":258,"stem":259},{"title":263,"path":264,"stem":265},"Bases de numération et entiers positifs","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002Fbases-entiers-positifs","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F1.bases-entiers-positifs",{"title":267,"path":268,"stem":269},"Entiers relatifs et complément à deux","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002Fentiers-relatifs","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F2.entiers-relatifs",{"title":271,"path":272,"stem":273},"Nombres flottants et virgule flottante","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002Fflottants","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F3.flottants",{"title":275,"path":276,"stem":277},"Textes et encodages — ASCII, ISO-8859-1, Unicode","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002Ftextes-encodages","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F4.textes-encodages",{"title":279,"path":280,"stem":281},"Valeurs booléennes et opérateurs logiques","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002Fbooleens","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F5.booleens",{"title":283,"path":284,"stem":285,"children":286},"Représentation des données : types construits","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002F0.index",[287,288,292,296,300],{"title":283,"path":284,"stem":285},{"title":289,"path":290,"stem":291},"Tableaux et listes","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002Ftableaux-listes","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002F1.tableaux-listes",{"title":293,"path":294,"stem":295},"Listes en compréhension","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002Fcomprehension","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002F2.comprehension",{"title":297,"path":298,"stem":299},"Tuples et p-uplets nommés","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002Ftuples","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002F3.tuples",{"title":301,"path":302,"stem":303},"Dictionnaires","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002Fdictionnaires","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002F4.dictionnaires",{"title":305,"path":306,"stem":307,"children":308},"Traitement de données en tables","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F0.index",[309,310,314,318,322],{"title":305,"path":306,"stem":307},{"title":311,"path":312,"stem":313},"Tables et CSV","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Ftables-csv","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F1.tables-csv",{"title":315,"path":316,"stem":317},"Recherche et filtrage","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Frecherche","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F2.recherche",{"title":319,"path":320,"stem":321},"Trier une table","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Ftri","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F3.tri",{"title":323,"path":324,"stem":325,"children":326},"Fusion et indexation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Ffusion-indexation","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F4.fusion-indexation",[327],{"title":323,"path":324,"stem":325},{"title":329,"path":330,"stem":331,"children":332},"IHM sur le Web","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F0.index",[333,334,338,342,346,350],{"title":329,"path":330,"stem":331},{"title":335,"path":336,"stem":337},"HTML et CSS — rappel de structure","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fhtml-css-bases","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F1.html-css-bases",{"title":339,"path":340,"stem":341},"Formulaires HTML","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fformulaires","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F2.formulaires",{"title":343,"path":344,"stem":345},"Événements JavaScript","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fevenements-js","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F3.evenements-js",{"title":347,"path":348,"stem":349},"Manipulation du DOM","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fdom-interaction","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F4.dom-interaction",{"title":351,"path":352,"stem":353},"Client, serveur et HTTP","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fclient-serveur-http","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F5.client-serveur-http",{"title":355,"path":356,"stem":357,"children":358},"Architectures matérielles et systèmes d'exploitation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F0.index",[359,360,364,368,372,376],{"title":355,"path":356,"stem":357},{"title":361,"path":362,"stem":363},"Le modèle de von Neumann","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Fvon-neumann","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F1.von-neumann",{"title":365,"path":366,"stem":367},"Périphériques et interface homme-machine","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Fperipheriques-ihm","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F2.peripheriques-ihm",{"title":369,"path":370,"stem":371},"Les systèmes d'exploitation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Fsystemes-exploitation","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F3.systemes-exploitation",{"title":373,"path":374,"stem":375},"Linux et le shell","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Flinux-shell","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F4.linux-shell",{"title":377,"path":378,"stem":379},"Réseaux et protocoles","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Freseaux","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F5.reseaux",{"title":381,"path":382,"stem":383,"children":384},"Langages et programmation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F0.index",[385,386,390,394,398,402,406],{"title":381,"path":382,"stem":383},{"title":387,"path":388,"stem":389},"Diversité et unité des langages de programmation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fdiversite-langages","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F1.diversite-langages",{"title":391,"path":392,"stem":393},"Constructions élémentaires","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fconstructions-elementaires","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F2.constructions-elementaires",{"title":395,"path":396,"stem":397},"Fonctions","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Ffonctions","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F3.fonctions",{"title":399,"path":400,"stem":401},"Spécification d'une fonction","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fspecification","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F4.specification",{"title":403,"path":404,"stem":405},"Mise au point des programmes","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fmise-au-point","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F5.mise-au-point",{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409},"Utilisation de bibliothèques","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fbibliotheques","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F6.bibliotheques",{"title":411,"path":412,"stem":413,"children":414},"Algorithmique","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F0.index",[415,416,420,424,428,432,436],{"title":411,"path":412,"stem":413},{"title":417,"path":418,"stem":419},"Parcours séquentiel d'un tableau","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fparcours-sequentiel","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F1.parcours-sequentiel",{"title":421,"path":422,"stem":423},"Bases de la complexité","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fcomplexite-bases","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F2.complexite-bases",{"title":425,"path":426,"stem":427},"Tris par sélection et par insertion","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Ftris","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F3.tris",{"title":429,"path":430,"stem":431},"Recherche dichotomique","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fdichotomie","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F4.dichotomie",{"title":433,"path":434,"stem":435},"Algorithmes gloutons","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fgloutons","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F5.gloutons",{"title":437,"path":438,"stem":439},"Les k plus proches voisins (k-NN)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fknn","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F6.knn",{"title":441,"path":442,"stem":443,"children":444},"NSI — Terminale","\u002Fnsi-tale","2.nsi-tale\u002F0.index",[445,446,450,476,498,536,560],{"title":441,"path":442,"stem":443},{"title":447,"path":448,"stem":449},"Review pédagogique — chapitres NSI Terminale (TA, TB, TC, TD, TE)","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Freview","2.nsi-tale\u002FREVIEW",{"title":451,"path":452,"stem":453,"children":454},"Structures de données","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F0.index",[455,456,460,464,468,472],{"title":451,"path":452,"stem":453},{"title":457,"path":458,"stem":459},"Objet, classe, interface","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Finterface-implementation","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F1.interface-implementation",{"title":461,"path":462,"stem":463},"Implémenter une structure — l'exemple de la file FIFO","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Fimplementer-une-structure","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F2.implementer-une-structure",{"title":465,"path":466,"stem":467},"Listes, piles, files, dictionnaires","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Flistes-piles-files-dict","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F3.listes-piles-files-dict",{"title":469,"path":470,"stem":471},"Arbres binaires","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Farbres-binaires","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F4.arbres-binaires",{"title":473,"path":474,"stem":475},"Graphes","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Fgraphes","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F5.graphes",{"title":477,"path":478,"stem":479,"children":480},"Bases de données","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F0.index",[481,482,486,490,494],{"title":477,"path":478,"stem":479},{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Le modèle relationnel","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fmodele-relationnel","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F1.modele-relationnel",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Bases de données relationnelles et anomalies de schéma","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fbase-relationnelle","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F2.base-relationnelle",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Le langage SQL","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fsql","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F3.sql",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Les systèmes de gestion de bases de données","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fsgbd","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F4.sgbd",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501,"children":502},"Architectures matérielles, systèmes d'exploitation et réseaux","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F0.index",[503,504,508,512,516,520,524,528,532],{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},{"title":505,"path":506,"stem":507},"Le système sur puce (SoC)","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fsysteme-sur-puce","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F1.systeme-sur-puce",{"title":509,"path":510,"stem":511},"Processus et ordonnancement par l'OS","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fprocessus-os","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F2.processus-os",{"title":513,"path":514,"stem":515},"L'interblocage (deadlock)","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Finterblocage","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F3.interblocage",{"title":517,"path":518,"stem":519},"Principes du routage","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Froutage-principes","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F4.routage-principes",{"title":521,"path":522,"stem":523},"Protocoles de routage RIP et OSPF","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fprotocoles-rip-ospf","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F5.protocoles-rip-ospf",{"title":525,"path":526,"stem":527},"Chiffrement symétrique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fchiffrement-symetrique","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F6.chiffrement-symetrique",{"title":529,"path":530,"stem":531},"Chiffrement asymétrique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fchiffrement-asymetrique","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F7.chiffrement-asymetrique",{"title":533,"path":534,"stem":535},"HTTPS — l'échange de clé symétrique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fhttps-tls","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F8.https-tls",{"title":381,"path":537,"stem":538,"children":539},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F0.index",[540,541,544,548,552,556],{"title":381,"path":537,"stem":538},{"title":403,"path":542,"stem":543},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fmise-au-point","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F1.mise-au-point",{"title":545,"path":546,"stem":547},"Modularité","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fmodularite","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F2.modularite",{"title":549,"path":550,"stem":551},"Récursivité","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Frecursivite","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F3.recursivite",{"title":553,"path":554,"stem":555},"Paradigmes de programmation","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fparadigmes","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F4.paradigmes",{"title":557,"path":558,"stem":559},"Programme comme donnée — calculabilité et indécidabilité","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fprogramme-comme-donnee","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F5.programme-comme-donnee",{"title":411,"path":561,"stem":562,"children":563},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F0.index",[564,565,569,573,577,581],{"title":411,"path":561,"stem":562},{"title":566,"path":567,"stem":568},"Algorithmes sur les arbres binaires","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Farbres-binaires-algos","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F1.arbres-binaires-algos",{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"Parcours de graphes — DFS, BFS, cycles, chemins","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Fgraphes-parcours","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F2.graphes-parcours",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"Diviser pour régner","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Fdiviser-pour-regner","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F3.diviser-pour-regner",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Programmation dynamique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Fprogrammation-dynamique","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F4.programmation-dynamique",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},"Recherche textuelle — l'algorithme de Boyer-Moore","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Frecherche-textuelle","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F5.recherche-textuelle",{"id":586,"title":125,"bo":587,"body":589,"description":1121,"eval":1122,"extension":1123,"labo":1122,"meta":1124,"navigation":1125,"path":126,"quizzes":1126,"readingTime":1133,"seo":1134,"stem":127,"tp":1122,"__hash__":1135},"cours\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F1.gps-galileo.md",[588],"SE04",{"type":590,"value":591,"toc":1112},"minimark",[592,597,610,613,617,624,706,725,729,740,809,933,952,959,966,997,1001,1012,1038,1052,1056,1075,1098,1102],[593,594,596],"h2",{"id":595},"introduction","Introduction",[598,599,600,601,605,606,609],"p",{},"Quand vous ouvrez une application de cartographie sur votre téléphone, un petit\npoint bleu apparaît presque instantanément à votre position. Ce point ne vient\npas du téléphone lui-même : il est calculé à partir de signaux émis par des\n",[602,603,604],"strong",{},"satellites"," situés à plus de vingt mille kilomètres au-dessus de votre tête.\nComprendre ce calcul, c'est comprendre la ",[602,607,608],{},"géolocalisation par satellites"," —\nau cœur du GPS américain, du Galileo européen, et de la plupart des services\nde mobilité contemporains.",[611,612],"bo-ref",{"code":588},[593,614,616],{"id":615},"plusieurs-systèmes-un-même-principe","Plusieurs systèmes, un même principe",[598,618,619,620,623],{},"Le mot « GPS » est devenu un nom commun, mais il désigne précisément un\nsystème : le ",[602,621,622],{},"Global Positioning System",", mis en service par les États-Unis\nà la fin des années 1970 pour des besoins militaires, puis ouvert à un usage\ncivil. Aujourd'hui, plusieurs constellations cohabitent et un récepteur moderne\npeut combiner leurs signaux.",[625,626,627,646],"table",{},[628,629,630],"thead",{},[631,632,633,637,640,643],"tr",{},[634,635,636],"th",{},"Système",[634,638,639],{},"Pays \u002F Région",[634,641,642],{},"Mise en service",[634,644,645],{},"Nb satellites",[647,648,649,664,678,692],"tbody",{},[631,650,651,655,658,661],{},[652,653,654],"td",{},"GPS",[652,656,657],{},"États-Unis",[652,659,660],{},"1978 (civil dès 1983)",[652,662,663],{},"~31",[631,665,666,669,672,675],{},[652,667,668],{},"Galileo",[652,670,671],{},"Union européenne",[652,673,674],{},"opérationnel depuis 2016",[652,676,677],{},"~28",[631,679,680,683,686,689],{},[652,681,682],{},"GLONASS",[652,684,685],{},"Russie",[652,687,688],{},"1982",[652,690,691],{},"~24",[631,693,694,697,700,703],{},[652,695,696],{},"BeiDou",[652,698,699],{},"Chine",[652,701,702],{},"2018",[652,704,705],{},"~35",[707,708,709],"note",{},[598,710,711,712,715,716,720,721,724],{},"Le terme générique pour ces systèmes est ",[602,713,714],{},"GNSS"," (",[717,718,719],"em",{},"Global Navigation Satellite\nSystem","). Votre téléphone est un récepteur GNSS qui utilise le plus souvent GPS\n",[602,722,723],{},"et"," Galileo simultanément pour gagner en précision.",[593,726,728],{"id":727},"le-principe-la-trilatération","Le principe : la trilatération",[598,730,731,732,735,736,739],{},"Chaque satellite émet en continu un signal radio qui contient deux\ninformations essentielles : ",[602,733,734],{},"son identifiant",", et ",[602,737,738],{},"l'heure très précise","\nà laquelle le signal est parti. Votre récepteur capte ce signal, compare\nl'heure d'émission avec l'heure de réception, et en déduit le temps de trajet.",[598,741,742,743,804,805,808],{},"Comme les ondes radio se propagent à la vitesse de la lumière (environ\n",[744,745,748,778],"span",{"className":746},[747],"katex",[744,749,752],{"className":750},[751],"katex-mathml",[753,754,756],"math",{"xmlns":755},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML",[757,758,759,773],"semantics",{},[760,761,762,766,770],"mrow",{},[763,764,765],"mn",{},"300",[767,768,769],"mtext",{}," ",[763,771,772],{},"000",[774,775,777],"annotation",{"encoding":776},"application\u002Fx-tex","300\\,000",[744,779,783],{"className":780,"ariaHidden":782},[781],"katex-html","true",[744,784,787,792,796,801],{"className":785},[786],"base",[744,788],{"className":789,"style":791},[790],"strut","height:0.6444em;",[744,793,765],{"className":794},[795],"mord",[744,797],{"className":798,"style":800},[799],"mspace","margin-right:0.1667em;",[744,802,772],{"className":803},[795]," km\u002Fs), connaître la durée du trajet revient à connaître la\n",[602,806,807],{},"distance"," entre le satellite et vous.",[810,811,812],"tip",{},[598,813,814,815,932],{},"Si le signal a mis 70 millisecondes pour vous parvenir, le satellite est à\nenviron ",[744,816,818,853],{"className":817},[747],[744,819,821],{"className":820},[751],[753,822,823],{"xmlns":755},[757,824,825,850],{},[760,826,827,829,831,833,837,840,843,846,848],{},[763,828,765],{},[767,830,769],{},[763,832,772],{},[834,835,836],"mo",{},"×",[763,838,839],{},"0,070",[834,841,842],{},"=",[763,844,845],{},"21",[767,847,769],{},[763,849,772],{},[774,851,852],{"encoding":776},"300\\,000 \\times 0{,}070 = 21\\,000",[744,854,856,883,917],{"className":855,"ariaHidden":782},[781],[744,857,859,863,866,869,872,876,880],{"className":858},[786],[744,860],{"className":861,"style":862},[790],"height:0.7278em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[744,864,765],{"className":865},[795],[744,867],{"className":868,"style":800},[799],[744,870,772],{"className":871},[795],[744,873],{"className":874,"style":875},[799],"margin-right:0.2222em;",[744,877,836],{"className":878},[879],"mbin",[744,881],{"className":882,"style":875},[799],[744,884,886,890,894,902,906,910,914],{"className":885},[786],[744,887],{"className":888,"style":889},[790],"height:0.8389em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[744,891,893],{"className":892},[795],"0",[744,895,897],{"className":896},[795],[744,898,901],{"className":899},[900],"mpunct",",",[744,903,905],{"className":904},[795],"070",[744,907],{"className":908,"style":909},[799],"margin-right:0.2778em;",[744,911,842],{"className":912},[913],"mrel",[744,915],{"className":916,"style":909},[799],[744,918,920,923,926,929],{"className":919},[786],[744,921],{"className":922,"style":791},[790],[744,924,845],{"className":925},[795],[744,927],{"className":928,"style":800},[799],[744,930,772],{"className":931},[795]," kilomètres de vous. C'est cohérent\navec l'altitude des satellites GPS, qui orbitent à ~20 200 km.",[598,934,935,936,939,940,943,944,947,948,951],{},"Connaître la distance à ",[602,937,938],{},"un"," satellite ne suffit pas : vous savez que vous\nêtes quelque part sur une sphère de rayon donné autour de lui, ce qui fait\nbeaucoup d'endroits possibles. Avec ",[602,941,942],{},"deux"," satellites, vous êtes à l'intersection\nde deux sphères, soit un cercle. Avec ",[602,945,946],{},"trois"," satellites, ce cercle se réduit\nà deux points, dont l'un est généralement absurde (à l'intérieur de la Terre\nou très loin dans l'espace). Avec ",[602,949,950],{},"quatre"," satellites, on lève la dernière\nambiguïté et on corrige l'horloge du récepteur, qui n'est pas aussi précise\nque celles, atomiques, embarquées sur les satellites.",[953,954],"illustration",{"alt":955,"kind":956,"src":957,"svg":958},"Schéma de la trilatération avec trois satellites","schema","\u002Fillustrations\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Ftrilateration.svg","\u003Csvg class=\"illustration-svg\" xmlns=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2000\u002Fsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 480 320\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Trilatération : trois satellites au-dessus du sol, chacun entouré d'un cercle de distance. Les trois cercles se recoupent en un point unique au sol, légendé « votre position ».\">\n  \u003Ctitle>La trilatération à trois satellites\u003C\u002Ftitle>\n  \u003Cstyle>\n    .tl-text   { fill: var(--diagram-text); font-family: Geist, Inter, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 500; }\n    .tl-sat    { fill: var(--diagram-node-bg); stroke: var(--diagram-node-border); stroke-width: 1.5; }\n    .tl-satlbl { fill: var(--diagram-text); font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 11px; font-weight: 600; }\n    .tl-ring   { fill: none; stroke: var(--diagram-node-border); stroke-width: 1.5; opacity: 0.65; }\n    .tl-ground { stroke: var(--diagram-line); stroke-width: 1.5; }\n    .tl-dist   { stroke: var(--diagram-line); stroke-width: 1; stroke-dasharray: 3 3; fill: none; }\n    .tl-point  { fill: var(--diagram-node-border); }\n    .tl-pos    { fill: var(--diagram-text); font-family: Geist, Inter, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 12.5px; font-weight: 600; }\n    .tl-leader { stroke: var(--diagram-border); stroke-width: 1.5; stroke-dasharray: 4 3; fill: none; }\n  \u003C\u002Fstyle>\n\n  \u003C!-- Point au sol : intersection commune des trois cercles -->\n  \u003C!-- position P = (240, 250) -->\n\n  \u003C!-- trois cercles de distance, centrés sur chaque satellite, passant par P -->\n  \u003C!-- sat A (120, 60) : r = dist(A,P) = sqrt(120^2 + 190^2) = 224.7 -->\n  \u003Ccircle class=\"tl-ring\" cx=\"120\" cy=\"60\" r=\"224.7\"\u002F>\n  \u003C!-- sat B (360, 70) : r = sqrt(120^2 + 180^2) = 216.3 -->\n  \u003Ccircle class=\"tl-ring\" cx=\"360\" cy=\"70\" r=\"216.3\"\u002F>\n  \u003C!-- sat C (245, 30) : r = sqrt(5^2 + 220^2) = 220.1 -->\n  \u003Ccircle class=\"tl-ring\" cx=\"245\" cy=\"30\" r=\"220.1\"\u002F>\n\n  \u003C!-- traits de distance satellite -> position -->\n  \u003Cline class=\"tl-dist\" x1=\"120\" y1=\"60\" x2=\"240\" y2=\"250\"\u002F>\n  \u003Cline class=\"tl-dist\" x1=\"360\" y1=\"70\" x2=\"240\" y2=\"250\"\u002F>\n  \u003Cline class=\"tl-dist\" x1=\"245\" y1=\"30\" x2=\"240\" y2=\"250\"\u002F>\n\n  \u003C!-- satellites -->\n  \u003Cg>\n    \u003Crect x=\"98\"  y=\"44\"  width=\"44\" height=\"28\" rx=\"5\" class=\"tl-sat\"\u002F>\u003Ctext x=\"120\" y=\"62\"  text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"tl-satlbl\">S1\u003C\u002Ftext>\n    \u003Crect x=\"338\" y=\"54\"  width=\"44\" height=\"28\" rx=\"5\" class=\"tl-sat\"\u002F>\u003Ctext x=\"360\" y=\"72\"  text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"tl-satlbl\">S2\u003C\u002Ftext>\n    \u003Crect x=\"223\" y=\"14\"  width=\"44\" height=\"28\" rx=\"5\" class=\"tl-sat\"\u002F>\u003Ctext x=\"245\" y=\"32\"  text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"tl-satlbl\">S3\u003C\u002Ftext>\n  \u003C\u002Fg>\n\n  \u003C!-- sol -->\n  \u003Cline class=\"tl-ground\" x1=\"20\" y1=\"290\" x2=\"460\" y2=\"290\"\u002F>\n\n  \u003C!-- point de position -->\n  \u003Ccircle class=\"tl-point\" cx=\"240\" cy=\"250\" r=\"5\"\u002F>\n\n  \u003C!-- légende votre position -->\n  \u003Cpath class=\"tl-leader\" d=\"M 240 250 C 300 250, 330 256, 348 268\"\u002F>\n  \u003Ctext x=\"352\" y=\"272\" class=\"tl-pos\">votre position\u003C\u002Ftext>\n\u003C\u002Fsvg>\n",[598,960,961,962,965],{},"Ce principe s'appelle la ",[602,963,964],{},"trilatération",". Une analogie aide à le saisir :\nimaginez qu'on vous dise « je suis à 100 km de Lyon ». Vous savez juste que\nvous êtes sur un cercle autour de Lyon. Ajoutez « et à 80 km de Grenoble »,\nvous obtenez au plus deux endroits possibles. Une troisième mesure depuis\nSaint-Étienne lève le doute.",[967,968,972,979],"self-eval-qcm",{"correct":969,"explanation":970,"slug":971},"2","Il faut 4 satellites : 3 pour la position dans l'espace, et un 4e pour synchroniser l'horloge du récepteur avec celles des satellites.","gps-galileo-c1",[973,974,976],"template",{"v-slot:question":975},"",[598,977,978],{},"Combien de satellites au minimum pour calculer une position 3D précise (latitude, longitude, altitude) ?",[973,980,981],{"v-slot:choices":975},[982,983,984,988,991,994],"ul",{},[985,986,987],"li",{},"2 satellites",[985,989,990],{},"3 satellites",[985,992,993],{},"4 satellites",[985,995,996],{},"5 satellites",[593,998,1000],{"id":999},"la-précision-et-ses-limites","La précision et ses limites",[598,1002,1003,1004,1007,1008,1011],{},"En conditions idéales, le GPS civil annonce une précision d'environ ",[602,1005,1006],{},"5 à\n10 mètres",". Galileo, plus récent, descend en pratique à ",[602,1009,1010],{},"1 à 2 mètres"," pour\nle grand public. Plusieurs facteurs dégradent ce résultat :",[982,1013,1014,1020,1026,1032],{},[985,1015,1016,1019],{},[602,1017,1018],{},"L'atmosphère"," : la traversée de l'ionosphère ralentit légèrement le signal.",[985,1021,1022,1025],{},[602,1023,1024],{},"Le multitrajet"," : en ville, le signal rebondit sur les immeubles avant\nd'atteindre le récepteur, ce qui fausse le temps de trajet.",[985,1027,1028,1031],{},[602,1029,1030],{},"L'obstruction"," : en intérieur, en tunnel, en forêt dense, le signal\nn'arrive plus du tout ou très dégradé.",[985,1033,1034,1037],{},[602,1035,1036],{},"La géométrie"," : si tous les satellites visibles sont regroupés dans la\nmême portion de ciel, la trilatération est moins précise.",[1039,1040,1041],"warning",{},[598,1042,1043,1044,1047,1048,1051],{},"Le GPS ",[602,1045,1046],{},"ne fonctionne pas en intérieur"," sans aide. Quand votre téléphone\ntrouve quand même votre position dans un bâtiment, c'est qu'il utilise d'autres\nsources : Wi-Fi connus, antennes 4G\u002F5G, capteurs internes. On parle alors de\n",[602,1049,1050],{},"géolocalisation hybride",".",[593,1053,1055],{"id":1054},"sens-unique-et-passif","Sens unique et passif",[598,1057,1058,1059,1062,1063,1066,1067,1070,1071,1074],{},"Un point essentiel à retenir, et souvent mal compris : ",[602,1060,1061],{},"le récepteur ne\ncommunique pas avec les satellites",". Il se contente d'",[602,1064,1065],{},"écouter"," leurs\nsignaux. Les satellites ne savent pas qui les écoute, ni combien d'utilisateurs\nles utilisent simultanément. Cela a une conséquence directe sur la\nconfidentialité, que vous étudierez dans le dernier cours : ",[602,1068,1069],{},"le seul fait\nd'utiliser le GPS ne transmet aucune donnée",". Ce qui en transmet, c'est ce\nque ",[602,1072,1073],{},"vos applications"," font ensuite de votre position.",[967,1076,1080,1085],{"correct":1077,"explanation":1078,"slug":1079},"1","Le GPS est strictement passif côté récepteur. Les satellites diffusent en permanence, sans connaître leurs auditeurs.","gps-galileo-c2",[973,1081,1082],{"v-slot:question":975},[598,1083,1084],{},"Quand vous utilisez le GPS de votre téléphone, les satellites savent-ils que vous êtes là ?",[973,1086,1087],{"v-slot:choices":975},[982,1088,1089,1092,1095],{},[985,1090,1091],{},"Oui, ils enregistrent chaque récepteur connecté",[985,1093,1094],{},"Non, le récepteur ne fait qu écouter passivement",[985,1096,1097],{},"Seulement si vous activez le mode haute précision",[593,1099,1101],{"id":1100},"pour-aller-plus-loin","Pour aller plus loin",[598,1103,1104,1105,715,1108,1111],{},"Galileo offre un service complémentaire payant, ",[602,1106,1107],{},"HAS",[717,1109,1110],{},"High Accuracy\nService","), qui descend à quelques centimètres pour l'agriculture de précision\net la conduite autonome. Pour le grand public en revanche, le service de base\nreste libre et gratuit dans le monde entier — un trait commun à tous les GNSS.",{"title":975,"searchDepth":1113,"depth":1113,"links":1114},2,[1115,1116,1117,1118,1119,1120],{"id":595,"depth":1113,"text":596},{"id":615,"depth":1113,"text":616},{"id":727,"depth":1113,"text":728},{"id":999,"depth":1113,"text":1000},{"id":1054,"depth":1113,"text":1055},{"id":1100,"depth":1113,"text":1101},"Le principe de la géolocalisation par satellites, expliqué intuitivement à partir de la trilatération.",null,"md",{},true,[1127,1131],{"slug":971,"kind":1128,"question":978,"choices":1129,"correct":969,"multi":1130,"explanation":970},"qcm",[987,990,993,996],false,{"slug":1079,"kind":1128,"question":1084,"choices":1132,"correct":1077,"multi":1130,"explanation":1078},[1091,1094,1097],1,{"title":125,"description":1121},"vJXSQURYvKFvO_ucvUFFuZPRy1YTrJHK1vRUZYQAurY",{"id":1137,"title":1138,"bo":1139,"body":1140,"description":1300,"eval":1122,"extension":1123,"labo":1122,"meta":1301,"navigation":1130,"path":1302,"quizzes":1303,"readingTime":1133,"seo":1304,"stem":1305,"tp":1122,"__hash__":1306},"coursMemo\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F1.gps-galileo.memo.md","GPS et Galileo — l'essentiel",[588],{"type":590,"value":1141,"toc":1293},[1142,1146,1155,1159,1223,1227,1273,1277,1288,1290],[593,1143,1145],{"id":1144},"en-une-phrase","En une phrase",[598,1147,1148,1149,1152,1153,1051],{},"Un récepteur GPS calcule sa position en ",[602,1150,1151],{},"mesurant le temps de trajet"," des signaux radio émis par plusieurs satellites — c'est la ",[602,1154,964],{},[593,1156,1158],{"id":1157},"à-mémoriser","À mémoriser",[982,1160,1161,1181,1190,1193,1201,1212],{},[985,1162,1163,715,1165,1168,1169,1171,1172,1174,1175,1177,1178,1180],{},[602,1164,714],{},[717,1166,1167],{},"Global Navigation Satellite System",") est le terme générique. Constellations principales : ",[602,1170,654],{}," (USA), ",[602,1173,668],{}," (UE), ",[602,1176,682],{}," (Russie), ",[602,1179,696],{}," (Chine).",[985,1182,1183,1184,1186,1187,1051],{},"Chaque satellite diffuse en continu : ",[602,1185,734],{}," + ",[602,1188,1189],{},"l'heure d'émission",[985,1191,1192],{},"Distance satellite-récepteur = vitesse de la lumière × durée du trajet.",[985,1194,1195,1197,1198,1200],{},[602,1196,990],{}," suffisent en théorie pour une position 2D ; ",[602,1199,993],{}," sont nécessaires en pratique (le 4ᵉ corrige l'horloge du récepteur).",[985,1202,1203,1204,1207,1208,1211],{},"Précision usuelle : ",[602,1205,1206],{},"5 à 10 m"," (GPS seul), ",[602,1209,1210],{},"1 à 2 m"," (GPS + Galileo).",[985,1213,1214,1215,1218,1219,1222],{},"Le récepteur ",[602,1216,1217],{},"n'émet rien"," : il est ",[602,1220,1221],{},"passif",". Les satellites ignorent qui les écoute.",[593,1224,1226],{"id":1225},"à-savoir-reconnaître","À savoir reconnaître",[625,1228,1229,1239],{},[628,1230,1231],{},[631,1232,1233,1236],{},[634,1234,1235],{},"Situation",[634,1237,1238],{},"Action \u002F Explication",[647,1240,1241,1249,1257],{},[631,1242,1243,1246],{},[652,1244,1245],{},"Le GPS ne fonctionne pas en intérieur",[652,1247,1248],{},"Signal trop atténué ; le téléphone utilise alors Wi-Fi + 4G\u002F5G (géolocalisation hybride).",[631,1250,1251,1254],{},[652,1252,1253],{},"Position imprécise en ville",[652,1255,1256],{},"Multitrajets dus aux immeubles : le signal rebondit avant d'atteindre le récepteur.",[631,1258,1259,1262],{},[652,1260,1261],{},"« Les satellites me suivent »",[652,1263,1264,1265,1268,1269,1272],{},"Faux. Le récepteur ",[602,1266,1267],{},"écoute"," sans rien envoyer. Le suivi vient des ",[602,1270,1271],{},"applications"," qui transmettent ensuite la position.",[593,1274,1276],{"id":1275},"pièges-courants","Pièges courants",[982,1278,1279,1282,1285],{},[985,1280,1281],{},"Confondre GPS (système américain) et GNSS (terme générique).",[985,1283,1284],{},"Croire que le récepteur dialogue avec les satellites — il ne fait qu'écouter.",[985,1286,1287],{},"Penser qu'on a besoin d'Internet pour se localiser : le calcul de position se fait hors-ligne, la connexion sert juste à charger la carte.",[593,1289,1101],{"id":1100},[598,1291,1292],{},"Galileo propose un service haute précision (HAS) à quelques centimètres pour l'agriculture, la conduite autonome, la topographie.",{"title":975,"searchDepth":1113,"depth":1113,"links":1294},[1295,1296,1297,1298,1299],{"id":1144,"depth":1113,"text":1145},{"id":1157,"depth":1113,"text":1158},{"id":1225,"depth":1113,"text":1226},{"id":1275,"depth":1113,"text":1276},{"id":1100,"depth":1113,"text":1101},"Mémo de révision sur la géolocalisation par satellites.",{},"\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fgps-galileo.memo",[],{"title":1138,"description":1300},"0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F1.gps-galileo.memo","hcP2wIaxe82AHQUQ892WFq7OH22ipzxUQOBbo5D-vdo",{"id":1308,"title":1309,"body":1310,"description":1756,"extension":1123,"meta":1757,"navigation":1130,"path":1758,"seo":1759,"stem":1760,"__hash__":1761},"coursSlides\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F1.gps-galileo.slides.md","GPS et Galileo — diapositives",{"type":590,"value":1311,"toc":1754},[1312,1317,1320,1323,1325,1352,1354,1358,1361,1377,1383,1385,1389,1485,1552,1609,1611,1615,1618,1634,1636,1640,1686,1688,1692,1698,1701,1712,1717,1719,1721,1729,1735,1745,1747,1751],[1313,1314,1316],"h1",{"id":1315},"gps-et-galileo","GPS et Galileo",[598,1318,1319],{},"Comment votre téléphone sait-il où vous êtes ?",[1321,1322],"hr",{},[1313,1324,616],{"id":615},[982,1326,1327,1332,1337,1344,1349],{},[985,1328,1329,1331],{},[602,1330,654],{}," (USA, 1978) — historique, dominant",[985,1333,1334,1336],{},[602,1335,668],{}," (UE, 2016) — précision civile accrue",[985,1338,1339,1177,1341,1343],{},[602,1340,682],{},[602,1342,696],{}," (Chine)",[985,1345,1346,1347],{},"Terme générique : ",[602,1348,714],{},[985,1350,1351],{},"Votre téléphone combine plusieurs constellations",[1321,1353],{},[1313,1355,1357],{"id":1356},"le-signal-dun-satellite","Le signal d'un satellite",[598,1359,1360],{},"Chaque satellite diffuse, en continu et en aveugle :",[1362,1363,1364,1370],"ol",{},[985,1365,1366,1367],{},"son ",[602,1368,1369],{},"identifiant",[985,1371,1372,1373,1376],{},"l'",[602,1374,1375],{},"heure très précise"," de l'émission",[598,1378,1379,1380,1051],{},"Le récepteur compare avec l'heure de réception → ",[602,1381,1382],{},"durée du trajet",[1321,1384],{},[1313,1386,1388],{"id":1387},"de-la-durée-à-la-distance","De la durée à la distance",[744,1390,1393],{"className":1391},[1392],"katex-display",[744,1394,1396,1426],{"className":1395},[747],[744,1397,1399],{"className":1398},[751],[753,1400,1402],{"xmlns":755,"display":1401},"block",[757,1403,1404,1423],{},[760,1405,1406,1408,1410,1414,1416,1420],{},[767,1407,807],{},[834,1409,842],{},[1411,1412,1413],"mi",{},"c",[834,1415,836],{},[1411,1417,1419],{"mathvariant":1418},"normal","Δ",[1411,1421,1422],{},"t",[774,1424,1425],{"encoding":776},"\\text{distance} = c \\times \\Delta t",[744,1427,1429,1452,1472],{"className":1428,"ariaHidden":782},[781],[744,1430,1432,1436,1443,1446,1449],{"className":1431},[786],[744,1433],{"className":1434,"style":1435},[790],"height:0.6944em;",[744,1437,1440],{"className":1438},[795,1439],"text",[744,1441,807],{"className":1442},[795],[744,1444],{"className":1445,"style":909},[799],[744,1447,842],{"className":1448},[913],[744,1450],{"className":1451,"style":909},[799],[744,1453,1455,1459,1463,1466,1469],{"className":1454},[786],[744,1456],{"className":1457,"style":1458},[790],"height:0.6667em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[744,1460,1413],{"className":1461},[795,1462],"mathnormal",[744,1464],{"className":1465,"style":875},[799],[744,1467,836],{"className":1468},[879],[744,1470],{"className":1471,"style":875},[799],[744,1473,1475,1479,1482],{"className":1474},[786],[744,1476],{"className":1477,"style":1478},[790],"height:0.6833em;",[744,1480,1419],{"className":1481},[795],[744,1483,1422],{"className":1484},[795,1462],[598,1486,1487,1488,1551],{},"avec ",[744,1489,1491,1514],{"className":1490},[747],[744,1492,1494],{"className":1493},[751],[753,1495,1496],{"xmlns":755},[757,1497,1498,1511],{},[760,1499,1500,1502,1505,1507,1509],{},[1411,1501,1413],{},[834,1503,1504],{},"≈",[763,1506,765],{},[767,1508,769],{},[763,1510,772],{},[774,1512,1513],{"encoding":776},"c \\approx 300\\,000",[744,1515,1517,1536],{"className":1516,"ariaHidden":782},[781],[744,1518,1520,1524,1527,1530,1533],{"className":1519},[786],[744,1521],{"className":1522,"style":1523},[790],"height:0.4831em;",[744,1525,1413],{"className":1526},[795,1462],[744,1528],{"className":1529,"style":909},[799],[744,1531,1504],{"className":1532},[913],[744,1534],{"className":1535,"style":909},[799],[744,1537,1539,1542,1545,1548],{"className":1538},[786],[744,1540],{"className":1541,"style":791},[790],[744,1543,765],{"className":1544},[795],[744,1546],{"className":1547,"style":800},[799],[744,1549,772],{"className":1550},[795]," km\u002Fs.",[598,1553,1554,1555,1608],{},"Exemple : 70 ms de trajet → ",[744,1556,1558,1578],{"className":1557},[747],[744,1559,1561],{"className":1560},[751],[753,1562,1563],{"xmlns":755},[757,1564,1565,1575],{},[760,1566,1567,1569,1571,1573],{},[834,1568,1504],{},[763,1570,845],{},[767,1572,769],{},[763,1574,772],{},[774,1576,1577],{"encoding":776},"\\approx 21\\,000",[744,1579,1581,1593],{"className":1580,"ariaHidden":782},[781],[744,1582,1584,1587,1590],{"className":1583},[786],[744,1585],{"className":1586,"style":1523},[790],[744,1588,1504],{"className":1589},[913],[744,1591],{"className":1592,"style":909},[799],[744,1594,1596,1599,1602,1605],{"className":1595},[786],[744,1597],{"className":1598,"style":791},[790],[744,1600,845],{"className":1601},[795],[744,1603],{"className":1604,"style":800},[799],[744,1606,772],{"className":1607},[795]," km. Cohérent avec l'altitude des satellites GPS (~20 200 km).",[1321,1610],{},[1313,1612,1614],{"id":1613},"la-trilatération","La trilatération",[953,1616],{"alt":1617,"kind":956,"src":957,"svg":958},"Trilatération à trois centres",[982,1619,1620,1623,1626,1629],{},[985,1621,1622],{},"1 satellite → une sphère de distance",[985,1624,1625],{},"2 satellites → un cercle d'intersection",[985,1627,1628],{},"3 satellites → 2 points possibles",[985,1630,1631,1633],{},[602,1632,993],{}," → position unique + horloge calée",[1321,1635],{},[1313,1637,1639],{"id":1638},"précision-et-limites","Précision et limites",[625,1641,1642,1652],{},[628,1643,1644],{},[631,1645,1646,1649],{},[634,1647,1648],{},"Facteur",[634,1650,1651],{},"Effet",[647,1653,1654,1662,1670,1678],{},[631,1655,1656,1659],{},[652,1657,1658],{},"Atmosphère",[652,1660,1661],{},"léger ralentissement du signal",[631,1663,1664,1667],{},[652,1665,1666],{},"Multitrajet (ville)",[652,1668,1669],{},"signal rebondit sur les immeubles",[631,1671,1672,1675],{},[652,1673,1674],{},"Obstruction (tunnel, intérieur)",[652,1676,1677],{},"signal trop faible",[631,1679,1680,1683],{},[652,1681,1682],{},"Géométrie satellites",[652,1684,1685],{},"mauvais cas si regroupés",[1321,1687],{},[1313,1689,1691],{"id":1690},"en-intérieur","En intérieur ?",[598,1693,1043,1694,1697],{},[602,1695,1696],{},"ne fonctionne pas"," en intérieur.",[598,1699,1700],{},"Votre téléphone compense avec :",[982,1702,1703,1706,1709],{},[985,1704,1705],{},"Wi-Fi connus (base de données géolocalisée)",[985,1707,1708],{},"antennes mobiles 4G\u002F5G",[985,1710,1711],{},"capteurs internes (gyroscope, accéléromètre)",[598,1713,1714,1715,1051],{},"On parle de ",[602,1716,1050],{},[1321,1718],{},[1313,1720,1055],{"id":1054},[598,1722,1214,1723,1725,1726,1728],{},[602,1724,1267],{},". Il ",[602,1727,1217],{}," vers les satellites.",[598,1730,1731,1732,1051],{},"Conséquence : utiliser le GPS ",[602,1733,1734],{},"ne transmet aucune donnée",[598,1736,1737,1738,1740,1741,1744],{},"Ce sont les ",[602,1739,1271],{}," qui font ensuite ce qu'elles veulent de votre position — d'où l'enjeu de la ",[602,1742,1743],{},"confidentialité"," (cours 5).",[1321,1746],{},[1313,1748,1750],{"id":1749},"à-retenir","À retenir",[598,1752,1753],{},"Une position GPS = quatre signaux, une vitesse, et beaucoup de mathématiques.\nVous ne dialoguez pas avec l'espace : vous l'écoutez.",{"title":975,"searchDepth":1113,"depth":1113,"links":1755},[],"Deck projetable pour la séance sur la géolocalisation par satellites.",{},"\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fgps-galileo.slides",{"title":1309,"description":1756},"0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F1.gps-galileo.slides","5Y6P6zkPxUFQjNnBxy9Ip5IGRBSW4rVpJxyoEeNNjps",{"id":1137,"title":1138,"bo":1763,"body":1764,"description":1300,"eval":1122,"extension":1123,"labo":1122,"meta":1875,"navigation":1130,"path":1302,"quizzes":1876,"readingTime":1133,"seo":1877,"stem":1305,"tp":1122,"__hash__":1306},[588],{"type":590,"value":1765,"toc":1868},[1766,1768,1774,1776,1818,1820,1854,1856,1864,1866],[593,1767,1145],{"id":1144},[598,1769,1148,1770,1152,1772,1051],{},[602,1771,1151],{},[602,1773,964],{},[593,1775,1158],{"id":1157},[982,1777,1778,1792,1798,1800,1806,1812],{},[985,1779,1780,715,1782,1168,1784,1171,1786,1174,1788,1177,1790,1180],{},[602,1781,714],{},[717,1783,1167],{},[602,1785,654],{},[602,1787,668],{},[602,1789,682],{},[602,1791,696],{},[985,1793,1183,1794,1186,1796,1051],{},[602,1795,734],{},[602,1797,1189],{},[985,1799,1192],{},[985,1801,1802,1197,1804,1200],{},[602,1803,990],{},[602,1805,993],{},[985,1807,1203,1808,1207,1810,1211],{},[602,1809,1206],{},[602,1811,1210],{},[985,1813,1214,1814,1218,1816,1222],{},[602,1815,1217],{},[602,1817,1221],{},[593,1819,1226],{"id":1225},[625,1821,1822,1830],{},[628,1823,1824],{},[631,1825,1826,1828],{},[634,1827,1235],{},[634,1829,1238],{},[647,1831,1832,1838,1844],{},[631,1833,1834,1836],{},[652,1835,1245],{},[652,1837,1248],{},[631,1839,1840,1842],{},[652,1841,1253],{},[652,1843,1256],{},[631,1845,1846,1848],{},[652,1847,1261],{},[652,1849,1264,1850,1268,1852,1272],{},[602,1851,1267],{},[602,1853,1271],{},[593,1855,1276],{"id":1275},[982,1857,1858,1860,1862],{},[985,1859,1281],{},[985,1861,1284],{},[985,1863,1287],{},[593,1865,1101],{"id":1100},[598,1867,1292],{},{"title":975,"searchDepth":1113,"depth":1113,"links":1869},[1870,1871,1872,1873,1874],{"id":1144,"depth":1113,"text":1145},{"id":1157,"depth":1113,"text":1158},{"id":1225,"depth":1113,"text":1226},{"id":1275,"depth":1113,"text":1276},{"id":1100,"depth":1113,"text":1101},{},[],{"title":1138,"description":1300},{"id":1308,"title":1309,"body":1879,"description":1756,"extension":1123,"meta":2242,"navigation":1130,"path":1758,"seo":2243,"stem":1760,"__hash__":1761},{"type":590,"value":1880,"toc":2240},[1881,1883,1885,1887,1889,1911,1913,1915,1917,1927,1931,1933,1935,2018,2080,2134,2136,2138,2140,2152,2154,2156,2192,2194,2196,2200,2202,2210,2214,2216,2218,2224,2228,2234,2236,2238],[1313,1882,1316],{"id":1315},[598,1884,1319],{},[1321,1886],{},[1313,1888,616],{"id":615},[982,1890,1891,1895,1899,1905,1909],{},[985,1892,1893,1331],{},[602,1894,654],{},[985,1896,1897,1336],{},[602,1898,668],{},[985,1900,1901,1177,1903,1343],{},[602,1902,682],{},[602,1904,696],{},[985,1906,1346,1907],{},[602,1908,714],{},[985,1910,1351],{},[1321,1912],{},[1313,1914,1357],{"id":1356},[598,1916,1360],{},[1362,1918,1919,1923],{},[985,1920,1366,1921],{},[602,1922,1369],{},[985,1924,1372,1925,1376],{},[602,1926,1375],{},[598,1928,1379,1929,1051],{},[602,1930,1382],{},[1321,1932],{},[1313,1934,1388],{"id":1387},[744,1936,1938],{"className":1937},[1392],[744,1939,1941,1964],{"className":1940},[747],[744,1942,1944],{"className":1943},[751],[753,1945,1946],{"xmlns":755,"display":1401},[757,1947,1948,1962],{},[760,1949,1950,1952,1954,1956,1958,1960],{},[767,1951,807],{},[834,1953,842],{},[1411,1955,1413],{},[834,1957,836],{},[1411,1959,1419],{"mathvariant":1418},[1411,1961,1422],{},[774,1963,1425],{"encoding":776},[744,1965,1967,1988,2006],{"className":1966,"ariaHidden":782},[781],[744,1968,1970,1973,1979,1982,1985],{"className":1969},[786],[744,1971],{"className":1972,"style":1435},[790],[744,1974,1976],{"className":1975},[795,1439],[744,1977,807],{"className":1978},[795],[744,1980],{"className":1981,"style":909},[799],[744,1983,842],{"className":1984},[913],[744,1986],{"className":1987,"style":909},[799],[744,1989,1991,1994,1997,2000,2003],{"className":1990},[786],[744,1992],{"className":1993,"style":1458},[790],[744,1995,1413],{"className":1996},[795,1462],[744,1998],{"className":1999,"style":875},[799],[744,2001,836],{"className":2002},[879],[744,2004],{"className":2005,"style":875},[799],[744,2007,2009,2012,2015],{"className":2008},[786],[744,2010],{"className":2011,"style":1478},[790],[744,2013,1419],{"className":2014},[795],[744,2016,1422],{"className":2017},[795,1462],[598,2019,1487,2020,1551],{},[744,2021,2023,2044],{"className":2022},[747],[744,2024,2026],{"className":2025},[751],[753,2027,2028],{"xmlns":755},[757,2029,2030,2042],{},[760,2031,2032,2034,2036,2038,2040],{},[1411,2033,1413],{},[834,2035,1504],{},[763,2037,765],{},[767,2039,769],{},[763,2041,772],{},[774,2043,1513],{"encoding":776},[744,2045,2047,2065],{"className":2046,"ariaHidden":782},[781],[744,2048,2050,2053,2056,2059,2062],{"className":2049},[786],[744,2051],{"className":2052,"style":1523},[790],[744,2054,1413],{"className":2055},[795,1462],[744,2057],{"className":2058,"style":909},[799],[744,2060,1504],{"className":2061},[913],[744,2063],{"className":2064,"style":909},[799],[744,2066,2068,2071,2074,2077],{"className":2067},[786],[744,2069],{"className":2070,"style":791},[790],[744,2072,765],{"className":2073},[795],[744,2075],{"className":2076,"style":800},[799],[744,2078,772],{"className":2079},[795],[598,2081,1554,2082,1608],{},[744,2083,2085,2104],{"className":2084},[747],[744,2086,2088],{"className":2087},[751],[753,2089,2090],{"xmlns":755},[757,2091,2092,2102],{},[760,2093,2094,2096,2098,2100],{},[834,2095,1504],{},[763,2097,845],{},[767,2099,769],{},[763,2101,772],{},[774,2103,1577],{"encoding":776},[744,2105,2107,2119],{"className":2106,"ariaHidden":782},[781],[744,2108,2110,2113,2116],{"className":2109},[786],[744,2111],{"className":2112,"style":1523},[790],[744,2114,1504],{"className":2115},[913],[744,2117],{"className":2118,"style":909},[799],[744,2120,2122,2125,2128,2131],{"className":2121},[786],[744,2123],{"className":2124,"style":791},[790],[744,2126,845],{"className":2127},[795],[744,2129],{"className":2130,"style":800},[799],[744,2132,772],{"className":2133},[795],[1321,2135],{},[1313,2137,1614],{"id":1613},[953,2139],{"alt":1617,"kind":956,"src":957,"svg":958},[982,2141,2142,2144,2146,2148],{},[985,2143,1622],{},[985,2145,1625],{},[985,2147,1628],{},[985,2149,2150,1633],{},[602,2151,993],{},[1321,2153],{},[1313,2155,1639],{"id":1638},[625,2157,2158,2166],{},[628,2159,2160],{},[631,2161,2162,2164],{},[634,2163,1648],{},[634,2165,1651],{},[647,2167,2168,2174,2180,2186],{},[631,2169,2170,2172],{},[652,2171,1658],{},[652,2173,1661],{},[631,2175,2176,2178],{},[652,2177,1666],{},[652,2179,1669],{},[631,2181,2182,2184],{},[652,2183,1674],{},[652,2185,1677],{},[631,2187,2188,2190],{},[652,2189,1682],{},[652,2191,1685],{},[1321,2193],{},[1313,2195,1691],{"id":1690},[598,2197,1043,2198,1697],{},[602,2199,1696],{},[598,2201,1700],{},[982,2203,2204,2206,2208],{},[985,2205,1705],{},[985,2207,1708],{},[985,2209,1711],{},[598,2211,1714,2212,1051],{},[602,2213,1050],{},[1321,2215],{},[1313,2217,1055],{"id":1054},[598,2219,1214,2220,1725,2222,1728],{},[602,2221,1267],{},[602,2223,1217],{},[598,2225,1731,2226,1051],{},[602,2227,1734],{},[598,2229,1737,2230,1740,2232,1744],{},[602,2231,1271],{},[602,2233,1743],{},[1321,2235],{},[1313,2237,1750],{"id":1749},[598,2239,1753],{},{"title":975,"searchDepth":1113,"depth":1113,"links":2241},[],{},{"title":1309,"description":1756},1788035574671]