[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1885},["ShallowReactive",2],{"navigation":3,"\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fconfidentialite-position":585,"\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fconfidentialite-position__counterpart":1093,"\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fconfidentialite-position__slides":1287,"annexes-memo:\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fconfidentialite-position":1559,"annexes-slides:\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fconfidentialite-position":1691},[4,224,440],{"title":5,"path":6,"stem":7,"children":8},"SNT — Seconde","\u002Fsnt-2nde","0.snt-2nde\u002F0.index",[9,10,14,36,66,92,118,144,162,184,206],{"title":5,"path":6,"stem":7},{"title":11,"path":12,"stem":13},"REVIEW pédagogique — SNT 2nde","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Freview","0.snt-2nde\u002FREVIEW",{"title":15,"path":16,"stem":17,"children":18},"Internet","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002F0.index",[19,20,24,28,32],{"title":15,"path":16,"stem":17},{"title":21,"path":22,"stem":23},"Adresses symboliques et DNS","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002Fadresses-dns","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002F1.adresses-dns",{"title":25,"path":26,"stem":27},"Internet et les réseaux physiques","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002Freseaux-physiques","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002F2.reseaux-physiques",{"title":29,"path":30,"stem":31},"Protocoles TCP\u002FIP et routage des paquets","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002Ftcp-ip-routage","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002F3.tcp-ip-routage",{"title":33,"path":34,"stem":35},"Réseaux pair-à-pair","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002Fpair-a-pair","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002F4.pair-a-pair",{"title":37,"path":38,"stem":39,"children":40},"Le Web","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsb-web","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F0.index",[41,42,46,50,54,58,62],{"title":37,"path":38,"stem":39},{"title":43,"path":44,"stem":45},"Histoire du Web","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002Fhistoire-web","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F1.histoire-web",{"title":47,"path":48,"stem":49},"URL et hypertexte","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002Furl-hypertexte","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F2.url-hypertexte",{"title":51,"path":52,"stem":53},"HTML et CSS — le contenu et la présentation","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002Fhtml-css","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F3.html-css",{"title":55,"path":56,"stem":57},"Client-serveur et requêtes HTTP","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002Fclient-serveur-http","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F4.client-serveur-http",{"title":59,"path":60,"stem":61},"Moteurs de recherche","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002Fmoteurs-recherche","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F5.moteurs-recherche",{"title":63,"path":64,"stem":65},"Sécurité du navigateur et notions juridiques","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002Fsecurite-droits","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F6.securite-droits",{"title":67,"path":68,"stem":69,"children":70},"Les réseaux sociaux","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsc-reseaux-sociaux","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsc-reseaux-sociaux\u002F0.index",[71,72,76,80,84,88],{"title":67,"path":68,"stem":69},{"title":73,"path":74,"stem":75},"Panorama des réseaux sociaux","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsc-reseaux-sociaux\u002Fpanorama-rs","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsc-reseaux-sociaux\u002F1.panorama-rs",{"title":77,"path":78,"stem":79},"Identité numérique et authentification","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsc-reseaux-sociaux\u002Fidentite-numerique","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsc-reseaux-sociaux\u002F2.identite-numerique",{"title":81,"path":82,"stem":83},"Le modèle économique des réseaux sociaux","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsc-reseaux-sociaux\u002Fmodele-economique","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsc-reseaux-sociaux\u002F3.modele-economique",{"title":85,"path":86,"stem":87},"Petit monde et graphes","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsc-reseaux-sociaux\u002Fpetit-monde-graphes","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsc-reseaux-sociaux\u002F4.petit-monde-graphes",{"title":89,"path":90,"stem":91},"La cyberviolence","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsc-reseaux-sociaux\u002Fcyberviolence","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsc-reseaux-sociaux\u002F5.cyberviolence",{"title":93,"path":94,"stem":95,"children":96},"Les données structurées et leur traitement","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F0.index",[97,98,102,106,110,114],{"title":93,"path":94,"stem":95},{"title":99,"path":100,"stem":101},"Données et formats","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002Fdonnees-formats","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F1.donnees-formats",{"title":103,"path":104,"stem":105},"Données structurées","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002Fdonnees-structurees","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F2.donnees-structurees",{"title":107,"path":108,"stem":109},"Métadonnées","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002Fmetadonnees","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F3.metadonnees",{"title":111,"path":112,"stem":113},"Traitement de tables","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002Ftraitement-tables","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F4.traitement-tables",{"title":115,"path":116,"stem":117},"Le cloud","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002Fcloud","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F5.cloud",{"title":119,"path":120,"stem":121,"children":122},"Localisation, cartographie et mobilité","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F0.index",[123,124,128,132,136,140],{"title":119,"path":120,"stem":121},{"title":125,"path":126,"stem":127},"GPS et Galileo — se situer grâce aux satellites","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fgps-galileo","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F1.gps-galileo",{"title":129,"path":130,"stem":131},"Décoder une trame NMEA","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Ftrame-nmea","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F2.trame-nmea",{"title":133,"path":134,"stem":135},"Cartes numériques — GeoPortail et OpenStreetMap","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fcartes-numeriques","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F3.cartes-numeriques",{"title":137,"path":138,"stem":139},"Itinéraires et graphes","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fitineraires-graphes","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F4.itineraires-graphes",{"title":141,"path":142,"stem":143},"Confidentialité de la position","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fconfidentialite-position","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F5.confidentialite-position",{"title":145,"path":146,"stem":147,"children":148},"Informatique embarquée et objets connectés","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F0.index",[149,150,154,158],{"title":145,"path":146,"stem":147},{"title":151,"path":152,"stem":153},"Systèmes informatiques embarqués","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002Fsystemes-embarques","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F1.systemes-embarques",{"title":155,"path":156,"stem":157},"Capteurs et actionneurs","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002Fcapteurs-actionneurs","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F2.capteurs-actionneurs",{"title":159,"path":160,"stem":161},"IHM et objets connectés","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002Fihm-objet-connecte","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F3.ihm-objet-connecte",{"title":163,"path":164,"stem":165,"children":166},"Photographie numérique","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F0.index",[167,168,172,176,180],{"title":163,"path":164,"stem":165},{"title":169,"path":170,"stem":171},"Photosites, pixels et résolution","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Fpixels-resolution","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F1.pixels-resolution",{"title":173,"path":174,"stem":175},"Les algorithmes de l'appareil photo","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Falgorithmes-photo","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F2.algorithmes-photo",{"title":177,"path":178,"stem":179},"Les métadonnées EXIF","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Fmetadonnees-exif","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F3.metadonnees-exif",{"title":181,"path":182,"stem":183},"Traiter une image en Python","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Ftraitement-rgb","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F4.traitement-rgb",{"title":185,"path":186,"stem":187,"children":188},"Notions transversales de programmation","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F0.index",[189,190,194,198,202],{"title":185,"path":186,"stem":187},{"title":191,"path":192,"stem":193},"Séquences d'instructions et variables","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Fsequences-affectations","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F1.sequences-affectations",{"title":195,"path":196,"stem":197},"Instructions conditionnelles","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Fconditionnelles","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F2.conditionnelles",{"title":199,"path":200,"stem":201},"Boucles bornées et non bornées","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Fboucles","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F3.boucles",{"title":203,"path":204,"stem":205},"Définitions et appels de fonctions","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Ffonctions","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F4.fonctions",{"title":207,"path":208,"stem":209,"children":210},"Démo des widgets MDC","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F0.index",[211,212,216,220],{"title":207,"path":208,"stem":209},{"title":213,"path":214,"stem":215},"Démo statique — callouts, code, BO, illustration","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002Fstatique","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F1.statique",{"title":217,"path":218,"stem":219},"Démo interactive — self-eval et python-snippet","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002Finteractif","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F2.interactif",{"title":221,"path":222,"stem":223},"Démo · 14 widgets de manipulation NSI","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002Fwidgets-manipulation","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F3.widgets-manipulation",{"title":225,"path":226,"stem":227,"children":228},"NSI — Première","\u002Fnsi-1ere","1.nsi-1ere\u002F0.index",[229,230,234,256,282,304,328,354,380,410],{"title":225,"path":226,"stem":227},{"title":231,"path":232,"stem":233},"Relecture pédagogique — 8 chapitres NSI 1ère (PA → PH)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Freview","1.nsi-1ere\u002FREVIEW",{"title":235,"path":236,"stem":237,"children":238},"Histoire de l'informatique","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F0.index",[239,240,244,248,252],{"title":235,"path":236,"stem":237},{"title":241,"path":242,"stem":243},"De la préantiquité aux machines à calculer","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Fpreantiquite-aux-machines","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F1.preantiquite-aux-machines",{"title":245,"path":246,"stem":247},"La machine universelle (1930-1950)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Fmachine-universelle","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F2.machine-universelle",{"title":249,"path":250,"stem":251},"Les ordinateurs modernes (1947-1990)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Fordinateurs-modernes","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F3.ordinateurs-modernes",{"title":253,"path":254,"stem":255},"Réseaux, Web et IA (1969 à aujourd'hui)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Freseaux-et-web","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F4.reseaux-et-web",{"title":257,"path":258,"stem":259,"children":260},"Représentation des données — types et valeurs","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F0.index",[261,262,266,270,274,278],{"title":257,"path":258,"stem":259},{"title":263,"path":264,"stem":265},"Bases de numération et entiers positifs","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002Fbases-entiers-positifs","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F1.bases-entiers-positifs",{"title":267,"path":268,"stem":269},"Entiers relatifs et complément à deux","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002Fentiers-relatifs","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F2.entiers-relatifs",{"title":271,"path":272,"stem":273},"Nombres flottants et virgule flottante","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002Fflottants","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F3.flottants",{"title":275,"path":276,"stem":277},"Textes et encodages — ASCII, ISO-8859-1, Unicode","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002Ftextes-encodages","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F4.textes-encodages",{"title":279,"path":280,"stem":281},"Valeurs booléennes et opérateurs logiques","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002Fbooleens","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F5.booleens",{"title":283,"path":284,"stem":285,"children":286},"Représentation des données : types construits","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002F0.index",[287,288,292,296,300],{"title":283,"path":284,"stem":285},{"title":289,"path":290,"stem":291},"Tableaux et listes","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002Ftableaux-listes","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002F1.tableaux-listes",{"title":293,"path":294,"stem":295},"Listes en compréhension","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002Fcomprehension","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002F2.comprehension",{"title":297,"path":298,"stem":299},"Tuples et p-uplets nommés","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002Ftuples","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002F3.tuples",{"title":301,"path":302,"stem":303},"Dictionnaires","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002Fdictionnaires","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002F4.dictionnaires",{"title":305,"path":306,"stem":307,"children":308},"Traitement de données en tables","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F0.index",[309,310,314,318,322],{"title":305,"path":306,"stem":307},{"title":311,"path":312,"stem":313},"Tables et CSV","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Ftables-csv","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F1.tables-csv",{"title":315,"path":316,"stem":317},"Recherche et filtrage","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Frecherche","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F2.recherche",{"title":319,"path":320,"stem":321},"Trier une table","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Ftri","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F3.tri",{"title":323,"path":324,"stem":325,"children":326},"Fusion et indexation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Ffusion-indexation","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F4.fusion-indexation",[327],{"title":323,"path":324,"stem":325},{"title":329,"path":330,"stem":331,"children":332},"IHM sur le Web","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F0.index",[333,334,338,342,346,350],{"title":329,"path":330,"stem":331},{"title":335,"path":336,"stem":337},"HTML et CSS — rappel de structure","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fhtml-css-bases","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F1.html-css-bases",{"title":339,"path":340,"stem":341},"Formulaires HTML","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fformulaires","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F2.formulaires",{"title":343,"path":344,"stem":345},"Événements JavaScript","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fevenements-js","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F3.evenements-js",{"title":347,"path":348,"stem":349},"Manipulation du DOM","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fdom-interaction","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F4.dom-interaction",{"title":351,"path":352,"stem":353},"Client, serveur et HTTP","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fclient-serveur-http","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F5.client-serveur-http",{"title":355,"path":356,"stem":357,"children":358},"Architectures matérielles et systèmes d'exploitation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F0.index",[359,360,364,368,372,376],{"title":355,"path":356,"stem":357},{"title":361,"path":362,"stem":363},"Le modèle de von Neumann","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Fvon-neumann","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F1.von-neumann",{"title":365,"path":366,"stem":367},"Périphériques et interface homme-machine","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Fperipheriques-ihm","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F2.peripheriques-ihm",{"title":369,"path":370,"stem":371},"Les systèmes d'exploitation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Fsystemes-exploitation","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F3.systemes-exploitation",{"title":373,"path":374,"stem":375},"Linux et le shell","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Flinux-shell","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F4.linux-shell",{"title":377,"path":378,"stem":379},"Réseaux et protocoles","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Freseaux","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F5.reseaux",{"title":381,"path":382,"stem":383,"children":384},"Langages et programmation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F0.index",[385,386,390,394,398,402,406],{"title":381,"path":382,"stem":383},{"title":387,"path":388,"stem":389},"Diversité et unité des langages de programmation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fdiversite-langages","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F1.diversite-langages",{"title":391,"path":392,"stem":393},"Constructions élémentaires","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fconstructions-elementaires","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F2.constructions-elementaires",{"title":395,"path":396,"stem":397},"Fonctions","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Ffonctions","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F3.fonctions",{"title":399,"path":400,"stem":401},"Spécification d'une fonction","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fspecification","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F4.specification",{"title":403,"path":404,"stem":405},"Mise au point des programmes","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fmise-au-point","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F5.mise-au-point",{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409},"Utilisation de bibliothèques","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fbibliotheques","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F6.bibliotheques",{"title":411,"path":412,"stem":413,"children":414},"Algorithmique","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F0.index",[415,416,420,424,428,432,436],{"title":411,"path":412,"stem":413},{"title":417,"path":418,"stem":419},"Parcours séquentiel d'un tableau","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fparcours-sequentiel","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F1.parcours-sequentiel",{"title":421,"path":422,"stem":423},"Bases de la complexité","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fcomplexite-bases","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F2.complexite-bases",{"title":425,"path":426,"stem":427},"Tris par sélection et par insertion","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Ftris","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F3.tris",{"title":429,"path":430,"stem":431},"Recherche dichotomique","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fdichotomie","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F4.dichotomie",{"title":433,"path":434,"stem":435},"Algorithmes gloutons","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fgloutons","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F5.gloutons",{"title":437,"path":438,"stem":439},"Les k plus proches voisins (k-NN)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fknn","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F6.knn",{"title":441,"path":442,"stem":443,"children":444},"NSI — Terminale","\u002Fnsi-tale","2.nsi-tale\u002F0.index",[445,446,450,476,498,536,560],{"title":441,"path":442,"stem":443},{"title":447,"path":448,"stem":449},"Review pédagogique — chapitres NSI Terminale (TA, TB, TC, TD, TE)","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Freview","2.nsi-tale\u002FREVIEW",{"title":451,"path":452,"stem":453,"children":454},"Structures de données","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F0.index",[455,456,460,464,468,472],{"title":451,"path":452,"stem":453},{"title":457,"path":458,"stem":459},"Objet, classe, interface","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Finterface-implementation","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F1.interface-implementation",{"title":461,"path":462,"stem":463},"Implémenter une structure — l'exemple de la file FIFO","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Fimplementer-une-structure","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F2.implementer-une-structure",{"title":465,"path":466,"stem":467},"Listes, piles, files, dictionnaires","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Flistes-piles-files-dict","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F3.listes-piles-files-dict",{"title":469,"path":470,"stem":471},"Arbres binaires","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Farbres-binaires","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F4.arbres-binaires",{"title":473,"path":474,"stem":475},"Graphes","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Fgraphes","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F5.graphes",{"title":477,"path":478,"stem":479,"children":480},"Bases de données","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F0.index",[481,482,486,490,494],{"title":477,"path":478,"stem":479},{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Le modèle relationnel","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fmodele-relationnel","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F1.modele-relationnel",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Bases de données relationnelles et anomalies de schéma","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fbase-relationnelle","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F2.base-relationnelle",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Le langage SQL","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fsql","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F3.sql",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Les systèmes de gestion de bases de données","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fsgbd","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F4.sgbd",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501,"children":502},"Architectures matérielles, systèmes d'exploitation et réseaux","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F0.index",[503,504,508,512,516,520,524,528,532],{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},{"title":505,"path":506,"stem":507},"Le système sur puce (SoC)","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fsysteme-sur-puce","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F1.systeme-sur-puce",{"title":509,"path":510,"stem":511},"Processus et ordonnancement par l'OS","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fprocessus-os","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F2.processus-os",{"title":513,"path":514,"stem":515},"L'interblocage (deadlock)","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Finterblocage","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F3.interblocage",{"title":517,"path":518,"stem":519},"Principes du routage","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Froutage-principes","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F4.routage-principes",{"title":521,"path":522,"stem":523},"Protocoles de routage RIP et OSPF","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fprotocoles-rip-ospf","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F5.protocoles-rip-ospf",{"title":525,"path":526,"stem":527},"Chiffrement symétrique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fchiffrement-symetrique","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F6.chiffrement-symetrique",{"title":529,"path":530,"stem":531},"Chiffrement asymétrique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fchiffrement-asymetrique","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F7.chiffrement-asymetrique",{"title":533,"path":534,"stem":535},"HTTPS — l'échange de clé symétrique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fhttps-tls","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F8.https-tls",{"title":381,"path":537,"stem":538,"children":539},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F0.index",[540,541,544,548,552,556],{"title":381,"path":537,"stem":538},{"title":403,"path":542,"stem":543},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fmise-au-point","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F1.mise-au-point",{"title":545,"path":546,"stem":547},"Modularité","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fmodularite","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F2.modularite",{"title":549,"path":550,"stem":551},"Récursivité","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Frecursivite","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F3.recursivite",{"title":553,"path":554,"stem":555},"Paradigmes de programmation","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fparadigmes","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F4.paradigmes",{"title":557,"path":558,"stem":559},"Programme comme donnée — calculabilité et indécidabilité","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fprogramme-comme-donnee","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F5.programme-comme-donnee",{"title":411,"path":561,"stem":562,"children":563},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F0.index",[564,565,569,573,577,581],{"title":411,"path":561,"stem":562},{"title":566,"path":567,"stem":568},"Algorithmes sur les arbres binaires","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Farbres-binaires-algos","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F1.arbres-binaires-algos",{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"Parcours de graphes — DFS, BFS, cycles, chemins","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Fgraphes-parcours","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F2.graphes-parcours",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"Diviser pour régner","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Fdiviser-pour-regner","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F3.diviser-pour-regner",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Programmation dynamique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Fprogrammation-dynamique","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F4.programmation-dynamique",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},"Recherche textuelle — l'algorithme de Boyer-Moore","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Frecherche-textuelle","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F5.recherche-textuelle",{"id":586,"title":141,"bo":587,"body":589,"description":1076,"eval":1077,"extension":1078,"labo":1077,"meta":1079,"navigation":1080,"path":142,"quizzes":1081,"readingTime":1090,"seo":1091,"stem":143,"tp":1077,"__hash__":1092},"cours\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F5.confidentialite-position.md",[588],"SE03",{"type":590,"value":591,"toc":1065},"minimark",[592,597,610,613,617,628,635,642,724,752,756,759,775,786,793,800,814,818,821,831,838,857,861,868,906,924,928,935,968,974,978,1013,1035,1039,1042,1062],[593,594,596],"h2",{"id":595},"introduction","Introduction",[598,599,600,601,605,606,609],"p",{},"Vous l'avez vu dans le premier cours : utiliser le GPS, en soi, ",[602,603,604],"strong",{},"ne transmet\naucune donnée",". Le récepteur écoute des satellites en silence. Pourtant, vous\navez sans doute entendu parler de « publicités ciblées sur la base de votre\nlocalisation », de scandales liés à des « données de déplacement vendues à\ndes courtiers », ou de procès liés à un suivi non consenti. D'où viennent ces\ndonnées ? De vous, plus exactement de votre ",[602,607,608],{},"téléphone et de ses\napplications",". Ce cours vous propose de comprendre ce que ces dernières\ncollectent par défaut, et comment vous reprenez la main.",[611,612],"bo-ref",{"code":588},[593,614,616],{"id":615},"ce-que-partage-un-téléphone-vraiment","Ce que partage un téléphone, vraiment",[598,618,619,620,623,624,627],{},"Quand vous installez une application — un jeu, un réseau social, une appli\nmétéo — celle-ci demande souvent l'autorisation d'accéder à votre\n",[602,621,622],{},"position",". C'est cette autorisation, et ce qu'en fait l'application, qui\ncréent les flux de données. Le GPS n'est qu'un capteur, neutre. L'enjeu est\n",[602,625,626],{},"l'usage"," qu'on en fait.",[629,630],"illustration",{"alt":631,"kind":632,"src":633,"svg":634},"Trois niveaux : satellite → téléphone → applications → Internet","schema","\u002Fillustrations\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fetages-position.svg","\u003Csvg class=\"illustration-svg\" xmlns=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2000\u002Fsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 460 360\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Trois étages empilés verticalement. En bas, des satellites émettent un signal capté par le téléphone. Au milieu, le téléphone calcule sa position. En haut, des applications reçoivent la position et l'envoient à leurs serveurs sur Internet. Des flèches verticales relient les étages.\">\n  \u003Ctitle>Du signal satellite à l'usage des applications\u003C\u002Ftitle>\n  \u003Cstyle>\n    .ep-stage  { fill: var(--diagram-surface); stroke: var(--diagram-border); stroke-width: 1.5; }\n    .ep-eyebrow{ fill: var(--diagram-line); font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 9.5px; letter-spacing: 1.2px; }\n    .ep-node   { fill: var(--diagram-node-bg); stroke: var(--diagram-node-border); stroke-width: 1.5; }\n    .ep-label  { fill: var(--diagram-text); font-family: Geist, Inter, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 500; }\n    .ep-strong { fill: var(--diagram-text); font-family: Geist, Inter, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 600; }\n    .ep-arrow-line { stroke: var(--diagram-node-border); stroke-width: 2; fill: none; }\n    .ep-arrow-head { fill: var(--diagram-node-border); }\n    .ep-arrow-lbl  { fill: var(--diagram-line); font-family: Geist, Inter, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; }\n  \u003C\u002Fstyle>\n\n  \u003C!-- ░░ ÉTAGE 3 (haut) : applications -> Internet ░░ -->\n  \u003Crect class=\"ep-stage\" x=\"30\" y=\"20\" width=\"400\" height=\"86\" rx=\"6\"\u002F>\n  \u003Ctext x=\"46\" y=\"38\" class=\"ep-eyebrow\">APPLICATIONS — USAGE\u003C\u002Ftext>\n  \u003Cg>\n    \u003Crect class=\"ep-node\" x=\"52\"  y=\"50\" width=\"74\" height=\"40\" rx=\"5\"\u002F>\u003Ctext x=\"89\"  y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ep-label\">jeu\u003C\u002Ftext>\n    \u003Crect class=\"ep-node\" x=\"146\" y=\"50\" width=\"74\" height=\"40\" rx=\"5\"\u002F>\u003Ctext x=\"183\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ep-label\">réseau\u003C\u002Ftext>\n    \u003Crect class=\"ep-node\" x=\"240\" y=\"50\" width=\"74\" height=\"40\" rx=\"5\"\u002F>\u003Ctext x=\"277\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ep-label\">météo\u003C\u002Ftext>\n  \u003C\u002Fg>\n  \u003C!-- bras vers Internet -->\n  \u003Ctext x=\"396\" y=\"64\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ep-strong\">Internet\u003C\u002Ftext>\n  \u003Ctext x=\"396\" y=\"80\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ep-arrow-lbl\">(serveurs)\u003C\u002Ftext>\n  \u003Cpath class=\"ep-arrow-line\" d=\"M 318 70 L 358 70\"\u002F>\n  \u003Cpolygon class=\"ep-arrow-head\" points=\"364,70 354,65 354,75\"\u002F>\n\n  \u003C!-- flèche étage 2 -> étage 3 -->\n  \u003Cpath class=\"ep-arrow-line\" d=\"M 230 162 L 230 112\"\u002F>\n  \u003Cpolygon class=\"ep-arrow-head\" points=\"230,106 225,116 235,116\"\u002F>\n  \u003Ctext x=\"244\" y=\"138\" class=\"ep-arrow-lbl\">position partagée\u003C\u002Ftext>\n\n  \u003C!-- ░░ ÉTAGE 2 (milieu) : le téléphone calcule ░░ -->\n  \u003Crect class=\"ep-stage\" x=\"30\" y=\"168\" width=\"400\" height=\"64\" rx=\"6\"\u002F>\n  \u003Ctext x=\"46\" y=\"186\" class=\"ep-eyebrow\">TÉLÉPHONE — CALCUL\u003C\u002Ftext>\n  \u003Crect class=\"ep-node\" x=\"162\" y=\"194\" width=\"136\" height=\"30\" rx=\"5\"\u002F>\n  \u003Ctext x=\"230\" y=\"213\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ep-label\">calcule sa position\u003C\u002Ftext>\n\n  \u003C!-- flèche étage 1 -> étage 2 -->\n  \u003Cpath class=\"ep-arrow-line\" d=\"M 230 286 L 230 238\"\u002F>\n  \u003Cpolygon class=\"ep-arrow-head\" points=\"230,232 225,242 235,242\"\u002F>\n  \u003Ctext x=\"244\" y=\"264\" class=\"ep-arrow-lbl\">signal capté\u003C\u002Ftext>\n\n  \u003C!-- ░░ ÉTAGE 1 (bas) : satellites émettent ░░ -->\n  \u003Crect class=\"ep-stage\" x=\"30\" y=\"292\" width=\"400\" height=\"56\" rx=\"6\"\u002F>\n  \u003Ctext x=\"46\" y=\"310\" class=\"ep-eyebrow\">SATELLITES — ÉMISSION\u003C\u002Ftext>\n  \u003Cg>\n    \u003Crect class=\"ep-node\" x=\"150\" y=\"316\" width=\"50\" height=\"26\" rx=\"5\"\u002F>\u003Ctext x=\"175\" y=\"333\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ep-label\">S1\u003C\u002Ftext>\n    \u003Crect class=\"ep-node\" x=\"210\" y=\"316\" width=\"50\" height=\"26\" rx=\"5\"\u002F>\u003Ctext x=\"235\" y=\"333\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ep-label\">S2\u003C\u002Ftext>\n    \u003Crect class=\"ep-node\" x=\"270\" y=\"316\" width=\"50\" height=\"26\" rx=\"5\"\u002F>\u003Ctext x=\"295\" y=\"333\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ep-label\">S3\u003C\u002Ftext>\n  \u003C\u002Fg>\n\u003C\u002Fsvg>\n",[598,636,637,638,641],{},"Les ",[602,639,640],{},"types de données de position"," qu'une application peut récolter :",[643,644,645,664],"table",{},[646,647,648],"thead",{},[649,650,651,655,658,661],"tr",{},[652,653,654],"th",{},"Donnée",[652,656,657],{},"Précision",[652,659,660],{},"Exemple d'usage légitime",[652,662,663],{},"Exemple d'abus",[665,666,667,682,696,710],"tbody",{},[649,668,669,673,676,679],{},[670,671,672],"td",{},"Position ponctuelle",[670,674,675],{},"quelques mètres",[670,677,678],{},"météo locale, carte",[670,680,681],{},"partage involontaire d'adresse personnelle",[649,683,684,687,690,693],{},[670,685,686],{},"Trajectoire continue",[670,688,689],{},"parcours complet",[670,691,692],{},"suivi sportif, livraison",[670,694,695],{},"profilage des trajets quotidiens",[649,697,698,701,704,707],{},[670,699,700],{},"Historique de lieux",[670,702,703],{},"jours\u002Fsemaines",[670,705,706],{},"rappel de souvenirs photo",[670,708,709],{},"inférence du domicile, du travail, des fréquentations",[649,711,712,715,718,721],{},[670,713,714],{},"Présence en un lieu",[670,716,717],{},"binaire",[670,719,720],{},"pointage horaire",[670,722,723],{},"surveillance d'un employé",[725,726,730,737],"self-eval-qcm",{"correct":727,"explanation":728,"slug":729},"1","C'est l'usage qui est fait de la position calculée par votre téléphone qui pose question — pas la réception des signaux satellites.","confidentialite-position-c1",[731,732,734],"template",{"v-slot:question":733},"",[598,735,736],{},"Pourquoi le GPS en lui-même ne pose-t-il pas de problème de confidentialité ?",[731,738,739],{"v-slot:choices":733},[740,741,742,746,749],"ul",{},[743,744,745],"li",{},"Parce qu il est chiffré",[743,747,748],{},"Parce que le récepteur écoute passivement les satellites, sans rien transmettre",[743,750,751],{},"Parce que les satellites refusent les nouveaux récepteurs",[593,753,755],{"id":754},"les-trois-modes-dautorisation","Les trois modes d'autorisation",[598,757,758],{},"Sur Android comme sur iOS, l'utilisateur peut accorder l'accès à la position\nselon trois grands modes :",[760,761,764],"card",{"icon":762,"title":763},"i-lucide-circle-dot","Autoriser toujours",[598,765,766,767,770,771,774],{},"L'application peut accéder à votre position ",[602,768,769],{},"même quand elle n'est pas\nutilisée",", en arrière-plan. C'est le mode le plus permissif. À réserver aux\napplications qui en ont ",[602,772,773],{},"strictement besoin en continu"," (navigation\nguidée, suivi de course en cours d'exercice).",[760,776,779],{"icon":777,"title":778},"i-lucide-circle-half","Autoriser pendant l'utilisation",[598,780,781,782,785],{},"L'application n'a accès à la position que lorsque vous l'avez ",[602,783,784],{},"ouverte au\npremier plan",". Mode raisonnable pour la plupart des cas (carte, météo,\nappel d'un service).",[760,787,790],{"icon":788,"title":789},"i-lucide-circle","Refuser",[598,791,792],{},"L'application ne reçoit aucune position. La plupart des applications\nfonctionnent très bien sans (même certaines applications de météo, qui\npeuvent demander votre ville manuellement).",[598,794,795,796,799],{},"Depuis quelques années, un quatrième niveau est apparu : l'",[602,797,798],{},"accès une fois","\n— l'application reçoit la position pour cette session, puis l'autorisation\nexpire. Excellent compromis : utile sans engagement durable.",[801,802,803],"tip",{},[598,804,805,806,809,810,813],{},"Sur iOS, vous voyez parfois une ",[602,807,808],{},"flèche bleue"," dans la barre d'état : elle\nsignale qu'une application ",[602,811,812],{},"vient d'accéder à votre position",". Sur Android,\nune icône similaire apparaît dans le bandeau de notifications. Y prêter\nattention vous donne en temps réel l'état réel du partage.",[593,815,817],{"id":816},"où-trouver-ces-réglages","Où trouver ces réglages ?",[598,819,820],{},"Les chemins exacts changent au fil des versions, mais l'arborescence reste\nproche d'un système à l'autre :",[822,823,828],"pre",{"className":824,"code":826,"language":827,"meta":733},[825],"language-text","iOS :\n  Réglages\n    → Confidentialité et sécurité\n      → Service de localisation\n        → liste de toutes les applications\n\nAndroid :\n  Paramètres\n    → Localisation\n      → Autorisations des applis\n        → liste de toutes les applications\n","text",[829,830,826],"code",{"__ignoreMap":733},[598,832,833,834,837],{},"Pour chaque application, vous voyez le mode actuel et pouvez le modifier.\n",[602,835,836],{},"Prenez 5 minutes une fois par an"," pour passer en revue la liste : vous\nserez probablement surpris du nombre d'applis qui ont obtenu un accès\n« toujours » sans que vous ne vous en souveniez.",[725,839,842,847],{"correct":727,"explanation":840,"slug":841},"Une alerte météo peut s'appuyer sur la ville saisie manuellement ou sur la dernière position connue. L'accès en arrière-plan en continu est presque toujours surdimensionné.","confidentialite-position-c2",[731,843,844],{"v-slot:question":733},[598,845,846],{},"Une application météo qui affiche la pluie de votre ville a-t-elle besoin de l accès en arrière-plan ?",[731,848,849],{"v-slot:choices":733},[740,850,851,854],{},[743,852,853],{},"Oui, sinon elle ne pourrait pas vous alerter",[743,855,856],{},"Non, elle peut très bien fonctionner avec l accès pendant utilisation, voire un accès ponctuel",[593,858,860],{"id":859},"les-données-auxiliaires-oubliées","Les données « auxiliaires » oubliées",[598,862,863,864,867],{},"Même si vous refusez l'accès à la position, votre téléphone laisse d'autres\ntraces qui permettent à un service tiers de ",[602,865,866],{},"reconstituer une localisation\napproximative"," :",[740,869,870,877,884,890,900],{},[743,871,872,873,876],{},"L'",[602,874,875],{},"adresse IP"," de votre connexion (en général à l'échelle de la ville).",[743,878,879,880,883],{},"Le ",[602,881,882],{},"réseau Wi-Fi"," que vous rejoignez (sa position est connue de bases\ncomme Apple, Google, Mozilla).",[743,885,637,886,889],{},[602,887,888],{},"antennes mobiles"," auxquelles votre téléphone se connecte.",[743,891,637,892,895,896,899],{},[602,893,894],{},"métadonnées EXIF"," des photos (latitude\u002Flongitude embarquées dans le\nfichier, sauf si désactivées — vous étudierez cela dans le chapitre ",[602,897,898],{},"SG —\nphotographie numérique",").",[743,901,637,902,905],{},[602,903,904],{},"adresses postales"," que vous saisissez dans les formulaires.",[907,908,909],"warning",{},[598,910,911,912,915,916,919,920,923],{},"Refuser le GPS ne suffit pas à devenir invisible : la ",[602,913,914],{},"convergence"," de\nplusieurs signaux faibles donne souvent une position aussi précise que le\nGPS lui-même. C'est tout l'enjeu de la ",[602,917,918],{},"privacy by design"," — concevoir des\nservices qui demandent ",[602,921,922],{},"le minimum"," de données.",[593,925,927],{"id":926},"géolocalisation-et-droits","Géolocalisation et droits",[598,929,930,931,934],{},"En France et dans l'Union européenne, le ",[602,932,933],{},"RGPD"," (Règlement Général sur la\nProtection des Données, 2018) encadre strictement la collecte de données\npersonnelles, dont la position. Quelques principes à retenir :",[740,936,937,948,955,961],{},[743,938,939,940,943,944,947],{},"Une application doit ",[602,941,942],{},"demander explicitement"," l'autorisation, avec une\n",[602,945,946],{},"finalité claire",".",[743,949,950,951,954],{},"Vous avez le droit de ",[602,952,953],{},"consulter, modifier et supprimer"," les données\nvous concernant.",[743,956,950,957,960],{},[602,958,959],{},"retirer votre consentement"," à tout moment.",[743,962,963,964,967],{},"Une donnée de position est une ",[602,965,966],{},"donnée à caractère personnel"," dès lors\nqu'elle peut être rattachée à une personne.",[969,970,971],"note",{},[598,972,973],{},"La CNIL (Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertés) reçoit et\ninstruit les plaintes en France. En 2023, elle a sanctionné plusieurs\nacteurs majeurs pour des manquements à la confidentialité des données de\nlocalisation. Ce n'est pas un sujet abstrait : c'est un terrain juridique\nactif.",[593,975,977],{"id":976},"bonnes-pratiques-en-quatre-points","Bonnes pratiques en quatre points",[760,979,982],{"icon":980,"title":981},"i-lucide-shield-check","Hygiène numérique de localisation",[983,984,985,991,1001,1007],"ol",{},[743,986,987,990],{},[602,988,989],{},"Passer en revue la liste"," des applications ayant accès à votre\nposition une fois par an.",[743,992,993,996,997,1000],{},[602,994,995],{},"Préférer « pendant l'utilisation »"," ou ",[602,998,999],{},"« une seule fois »"," au\n« toujours ».",[743,1002,1003,1006],{},[602,1004,1005],{},"Désactiver les métadonnées EXIF"," dans les paramètres de la caméra si\nvous partagez beaucoup de photos publiquement.",[743,1008,1009,1012],{},[602,1010,1011],{},"Refuser le suivi publicitaire"," (option système, sur iOS depuis 2021,\nsur Android depuis 2024) — cela limite l'usage commercial de votre\nhistorique de déplacement.",[725,1014,1017,1022],{"correct":727,"explanation":1015,"slug":1016},"Le mode 'pendant l'utilisation' ou 'une fois' donne un excellent compromis. Désactiver totalement le GPS gêne les usages légitimes ; changer d'IP est marginal face aux autres signaux.","confidentialite-position-c3",[731,1018,1019],{"v-slot:question":733},[598,1020,1021],{},"Quelle pratique réduit le mieux le risque d un partage involontaire de position ?",[731,1023,1024],{"v-slot:choices":733},[740,1025,1026,1029,1032],{},[743,1027,1028],{},"Désactiver totalement le GPS du téléphone",[743,1030,1031],{},"Refuser le mode ’toujours’ aux applications qui n en ont pas besoin",[743,1033,1034],{},"Changer d adresse IP en permanence",[593,1036,1038],{"id":1037},"pour-aller-plus-loin","Pour aller plus loin",[598,1040,1041],{},"Quelques affaires marquantes à connaître :",[740,1043,1044,1050,1056],{},[743,1045,1046,1049],{},[602,1047,1048],{},"Strava heatmap"," (2018) : la carte mondiale des trajets de coureurs a\nrévélé l'emplacement de bases militaires secrètes.",[743,1051,1052,1055],{},[602,1053,1054],{},"Données Cuebiq, X-Mode et autres courtiers"," : revente à grande échelle\nde données de position aux annonceurs et, parfois, aux services\ngouvernementaux.",[743,1057,1058,1061],{},[602,1059,1060],{},"TikTok, Meta, Google"," : multiples sanctions CNIL et RGPD pour collecte\nexcessive ou consentement insuffisamment éclairé.",[598,1063,1064],{},"Ces affaires ne sont pas anecdotiques : elles cadrent désormais la manière\ndont les régulateurs européens encadrent les services numériques.",{"title":733,"searchDepth":1066,"depth":1066,"links":1067},2,[1068,1069,1070,1071,1072,1073,1074,1075],{"id":595,"depth":1066,"text":596},{"id":615,"depth":1066,"text":616},{"id":754,"depth":1066,"text":755},{"id":816,"depth":1066,"text":817},{"id":859,"depth":1066,"text":860},{"id":926,"depth":1066,"text":927},{"id":976,"depth":1066,"text":977},{"id":1037,"depth":1066,"text":1038},"Ce que votre téléphone partage de votre position, comment le constater, et comment reprendre la main sur ces réglages.",null,"md",{},true,[1082,1086,1088],{"slug":729,"kind":1083,"question":736,"choices":1084,"correct":727,"multi":1085,"explanation":728},"qcm",[745,748,751],false,{"slug":841,"kind":1083,"question":846,"choices":1087,"correct":727,"multi":1085,"explanation":840},[853,856],{"slug":1016,"kind":1083,"question":1021,"choices":1089,"correct":727,"multi":1085,"explanation":1015},[1028,1031,1034],1,{"title":141,"description":1076},"J5CXWCULSGSoq3WoFbGXFASuDU3ZDfJxwFP_YgbiGpk",{"id":1094,"title":1095,"bo":1096,"body":1097,"description":1280,"eval":1077,"extension":1078,"labo":1077,"meta":1281,"navigation":1085,"path":1282,"quizzes":1283,"readingTime":1090,"seo":1284,"stem":1285,"tp":1077,"__hash__":1286},"coursMemo\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F5.confidentialite-position.memo.md","Confidentialité de la position — l'essentiel",[588],{"type":590,"value":1098,"toc":1273},[1099,1103,1114,1118,1177,1181,1235,1239,1250,1254],[593,1100,1102],{"id":1101},"en-une-phrase","En une phrase",[598,1104,1105,1106,1109,1110,1113],{},"Le GPS, en lui-même, ",[602,1107,1108],{},"ne transmet rien"," ; ce sont les ",[602,1111,1112],{},"applications","\nauxquelles vous accordez l'accès à votre position qui créent les enjeux de\nconfidentialité.",[593,1115,1117],{"id":1116},"à-mémoriser","À mémoriser",[740,1119,1120,1138,1145,1151,1162],{},[743,1121,1122,1123,1126,1127,1130,1131,1134,1135,899],{},"Trois modes d'autorisation : ",[602,1124,1125],{},"toujours",", ",[602,1128,1129],{},"pendant l'utilisation",",\n",[602,1132,1133],{},"refuser"," (+ une variante moderne : ",[602,1136,1137],{},"une seule fois",[743,1139,1140,1141,947],{},"Réglages sur iOS : ",[1142,1143,1144],"em",{},"Réglages > Confidentialité > Service de localisation",[743,1146,1147,1148,947],{},"Réglages sur Android : ",[1142,1149,1150],{},"Paramètres > Localisation > Autorisations des applis",[743,1152,1153,1154,1157,1158,1161],{},"Une ",[602,1155,1156],{},"donnée de position"," est une ",[602,1159,1160],{},"donnée personnelle"," (RGPD).",[743,1163,1164,1165,1126,1168,1126,1171,1126,1174,1176],{},"Même sans GPS, on peut être localisé via : ",[602,1166,1167],{},"IP",[602,1169,1170],{},"Wi-Fi",[602,1172,1173],{},"antennes\nmobiles",[602,1175,894],{}," des photos.",[593,1178,1180],{"id":1179},"à-savoir-reconnaître","À savoir reconnaître",[643,1182,1183,1193],{},[646,1184,1185],{},[649,1186,1187,1190],{},[652,1188,1189],{},"Cas",[652,1191,1192],{},"Réglage adapté",[665,1194,1195,1206,1216,1226],{},[649,1196,1197,1200],{},[670,1198,1199],{},"Navigation guidée en cours",[670,1201,1202,1205],{},[602,1203,1204],{},"Toujours"," (le temps du trajet)",[649,1207,1208,1211],{},[670,1209,1210],{},"Application de carte ouverte",[670,1212,1213],{},[602,1214,1215],{},"Pendant l'utilisation",[649,1217,1218,1221],{},[670,1219,1220],{},"Météo locale ponctuelle",[670,1222,1223],{},[602,1224,1225],{},"Une seule fois",[649,1227,1228,1231],{},[670,1229,1230],{},"Jeu, lampe-torche, calculatrice",[670,1232,1233],{},[602,1234,789],{},[593,1236,1238],{"id":1237},"pièges-courants","Pièges courants",[740,1240,1241,1244,1247],{},[743,1242,1243],{},"Croire que désactiver le GPS rend invisible — d'autres signaux (Wi-Fi, IP,\nEXIF) suffisent souvent à localiser.",[743,1245,1246],{},"Accepter par défaut « toujours » sans réfléchir au besoin réel.",[743,1248,1249],{},"Ignorer les métadonnées EXIF d'une photo postée publiquement (révèlent\nl'adresse précise de prise de vue).",[593,1251,1253],{"id":1252},"cadre-juridique-fr-ue","Cadre juridique (FR \u002F UE)",[740,1255,1256,1261,1267],{},[743,1257,1258,1260],{},[602,1259,933],{}," (2018) : consentement explicite, finalité claire, droit\nd'accès\u002Frectification\u002Fsuppression.",[743,1262,1263,1266],{},[602,1264,1265],{},"CNIL"," : autorité française qui reçoit les plaintes et sanctionne.",[743,1268,879,1269,1272],{},[602,1270,1271],{},"retrait du consentement"," est un droit, à tout moment.",{"title":733,"searchDepth":1066,"depth":1066,"links":1274},[1275,1276,1277,1278,1279],{"id":1101,"depth":1066,"text":1102},{"id":1116,"depth":1066,"text":1117},{"id":1179,"depth":1066,"text":1180},{"id":1237,"depth":1066,"text":1238},{"id":1252,"depth":1066,"text":1253},"Mémo de révision sur les enjeux de confidentialité liés à la géolocalisation.",{},"\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fconfidentialite-position.memo",[],{"title":1095,"description":1280},"0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F5.confidentialite-position.memo","MbDGN18BbF0apMRcut-OHNn2cE4QqLbr93k_KSvCHh4",{"id":1288,"title":1289,"body":1290,"description":1553,"extension":1078,"meta":1554,"navigation":1085,"path":1555,"seo":1556,"stem":1557,"__hash__":1558},"coursSlides\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F5.confidentialite-position.slides.md","Confidentialité de la position — diapositives",{"type":590,"value":1291,"toc":1551},[1292,1296,1299,1302,1306,1312,1318,1325,1327,1331,1381,1383,1387,1393,1399,1401,1405,1408,1436,1439,1441,1445,1448,1485,1490,1492,1496,1509,1512,1514,1518,1535,1537,1541],[1293,1294,141],"h1",{"id":1295},"confidentialité-de-la-position",[598,1297,1298],{},"Ce que partage votre téléphone — et comment reprendre la main.",[1300,1301],"hr",{},[1293,1303,1305],{"id":1304},"le-gps-ne-transmet-rien","Le GPS ne transmet rien",[598,1307,1308,1309,947],{},"Rappel du cours 1 : le récepteur ",[602,1310,1311],{},"écoute passivement",[598,1313,1314,1315,947],{},"Mais une fois la position calculée, le téléphone la ",[602,1316,1317],{},"transmet à toutes les\napplis qui ont l'autorisation",[598,1319,1320,1321,1324],{},"⇒ L'enjeu n'est pas le GPS, c'est ce que les ",[602,1322,1323],{},"apps"," en font.",[1300,1326],{},[1293,1328,1330],{"id":1329},"trois-modes-dautorisation","Trois modes d'autorisation",[643,1332,1333,1343],{},[646,1334,1335],{},[649,1336,1337,1340],{},[652,1338,1339],{},"Mode",[652,1341,1342],{},"Quand l'app reçoit votre position",[665,1344,1345,1354,1363,1372],{},[649,1346,1347,1351],{},[670,1348,1349],{},[602,1350,1204],{},[670,1352,1353],{},"même fermée, en arrière-plan",[649,1355,1356,1360],{},[670,1357,1358],{},[602,1359,1215],{},[670,1361,1362],{},"seulement quand ouverte au premier plan",[649,1364,1365,1369],{},[670,1366,1367],{},[602,1368,1225],{},[670,1370,1371],{},"session courante, puis expire",[649,1373,1374,1378],{},[670,1375,1376],{},[602,1377,789],{},[670,1379,1380],{},"jamais",[1300,1382],{},[1293,1384,1386],{"id":1385},"où-régler-ces-autorisations","Où régler ces autorisations ?",[822,1388,1391],{"className":1389,"code":1390,"language":827,"meta":733},[825],"iOS :\n  Réglages > Confidentialité et sécurité\n    > Service de localisation\n      > liste des applications\n\nAndroid :\n  Paramètres > Localisation\n    > Autorisations des applis\n      > liste des applications\n",[829,1392,1390],{"__ignoreMap":733},[598,1394,1395,1396],{},"⇒ ",[602,1397,1398],{},"À passer en revue 1 fois par an.",[1300,1400],{},[1293,1402,1404],{"id":1403},"signaux-faibles-position-quand-même","Signaux faibles, position quand même",[598,1406,1407],{},"Même GPS désactivé, on peut être localisé via :",[740,1409,1410,1415,1420,1424,1430],{},[743,1411,1412,1414],{},[602,1413,875],{}," (ville)",[743,1416,1417,1419],{},[602,1418,882],{}," (positions connues)",[743,1421,1422],{},[602,1423,888],{},[743,1425,1426,1429],{},[602,1427,1428],{},"EXIF"," des photos (lat\u002Flon embarquées)",[743,1431,1432,1435],{},[602,1433,1434],{},"adresses saisies"," dans des formulaires",[598,1437,1438],{},"La convergence donne souvent une précision GPS.",[1300,1440],{},[1293,1442,1444],{"id":1443},"le-cadre-juridique-rgpd","Le cadre juridique — RGPD",[598,1446,1447],{},"Depuis 2018, en UE :",[740,1449,1450,1460,1465,1478],{},[743,1451,1452,1453,1456,1457],{},"consentement ",[602,1454,1455],{},"explicite"," et ",[602,1458,1459],{},"éclairé",[743,1461,1462,1464],{},[602,1463,946],{}," (à quoi sert la collecte)",[743,1466,1467,1468,1471,1472,1471,1475],{},"droit d'",[602,1469,1470],{},"accès",", de ",[602,1473,1474],{},"rectification",[602,1476,1477],{},"suppression",[743,1479,1480,1481,1484],{},"droit de ",[602,1482,1483],{},"retirer son consentement"," à tout moment",[598,1486,1487,1488,947],{},"Autorité française : ",[602,1489,1265],{},[1300,1491],{},[1293,1493,1495],{"id":1494},"affaires-marquantes","Affaires marquantes",[740,1497,1498,1503,1506],{},[743,1499,1500,1502],{},[602,1501,1048],{}," (2018) — bases militaires révélées par les courses des\nsoldats.",[743,1504,1505],{},"Courtiers en données (X-Mode, Cuebiq) — revente massive de positions.",[743,1507,1508],{},"Sanctions CNIL contre TikTok, Meta, Google.",[598,1510,1511],{},"⇒ Pas un sujet abstrait. Régulations actives.",[1300,1513],{},[1293,1515,1517],{"id":1516},"bonnes-pratiques","Bonnes pratiques",[760,1519,1521],{"icon":980,"title":1520},"Hygiène de localisation",[983,1522,1523,1526,1529,1532],{},[743,1524,1525],{},"Revue annuelle de la liste d'applis.",[743,1527,1528],{},"Préférer « pendant l'utilisation » au « toujours ».",[743,1530,1531],{},"Désactiver EXIF si photos publiques.",[743,1533,1534],{},"Refuser le suivi publicitaire (option système).",[1300,1536],{},[1293,1538,1540],{"id":1539},"à-retenir","À retenir",[598,1542,1543,1544,1547,1548,947],{},"Vous êtes le ",[602,1545,1546],{},"dernier rempart"," sur vos données de position.\nLe système d'exploitation vous donne les manettes ;\nles utiliser est un ",[602,1549,1550],{},"réflexe de citoyen numérique",{"title":733,"searchDepth":1066,"depth":1066,"links":1552},[],"Deck projetable pour la séance sur la confidentialité des géodonnées personnelles.",{},"\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fconfidentialite-position.slides",{"title":1289,"description":1553},"0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F5.confidentialite-position.slides","0Y6S9hjSq4ugbmPUHxFMpcSvEv2EMizyoShZ5_A1dTQ",{"id":1094,"title":1095,"bo":1560,"body":1561,"description":1280,"eval":1077,"extension":1078,"labo":1077,"meta":1688,"navigation":1085,"path":1282,"quizzes":1689,"readingTime":1090,"seo":1690,"stem":1285,"tp":1077,"__hash__":1286},[588],{"type":590,"value":1562,"toc":1681},[1563,1565,1571,1573,1609,1611,1655,1657,1665,1667],[593,1564,1102],{"id":1101},[598,1566,1105,1567,1109,1569,1113],{},[602,1568,1108],{},[602,1570,1112],{},[593,1572,1117],{"id":1116},[740,1574,1575,1585,1589,1593,1599],{},[743,1576,1122,1577,1126,1579,1130,1581,1134,1583,899],{},[602,1578,1125],{},[602,1580,1129],{},[602,1582,1133],{},[602,1584,1137],{},[743,1586,1140,1587,947],{},[1142,1588,1144],{},[743,1590,1147,1591,947],{},[1142,1592,1150],{},[743,1594,1153,1595,1157,1597,1161],{},[602,1596,1156],{},[602,1598,1160],{},[743,1600,1164,1601,1126,1603,1126,1605,1126,1607,1176],{},[602,1602,1167],{},[602,1604,1170],{},[602,1606,1173],{},[602,1608,894],{},[593,1610,1180],{"id":1179},[643,1612,1613,1621],{},[646,1614,1615],{},[649,1616,1617,1619],{},[652,1618,1189],{},[652,1620,1192],{},[665,1622,1623,1631,1639,1647],{},[649,1624,1625,1627],{},[670,1626,1199],{},[670,1628,1629,1205],{},[602,1630,1204],{},[649,1632,1633,1635],{},[670,1634,1210],{},[670,1636,1637],{},[602,1638,1215],{},[649,1640,1641,1643],{},[670,1642,1220],{},[670,1644,1645],{},[602,1646,1225],{},[649,1648,1649,1651],{},[670,1650,1230],{},[670,1652,1653],{},[602,1654,789],{},[593,1656,1238],{"id":1237},[740,1658,1659,1661,1663],{},[743,1660,1243],{},[743,1662,1246],{},[743,1664,1249],{},[593,1666,1253],{"id":1252},[740,1668,1669,1673,1677],{},[743,1670,1671,1260],{},[602,1672,933],{},[743,1674,1675,1266],{},[602,1676,1265],{},[743,1678,879,1679,1272],{},[602,1680,1271],{},{"title":733,"searchDepth":1066,"depth":1066,"links":1682},[1683,1684,1685,1686,1687],{"id":1101,"depth":1066,"text":1102},{"id":1116,"depth":1066,"text":1117},{"id":1179,"depth":1066,"text":1180},{"id":1237,"depth":1066,"text":1238},{"id":1252,"depth":1066,"text":1253},{},[],{"title":1095,"description":1280},{"id":1288,"title":1289,"body":1692,"description":1553,"extension":1078,"meta":1883,"navigation":1085,"path":1555,"seo":1884,"stem":1557,"__hash__":1558},{"type":590,"value":1693,"toc":1881},[1694,1696,1698,1700,1702,1706,1710,1714,1716,1718,1762,1764,1766,1771,1775,1777,1779,1781,1803,1805,1807,1809,1811,1835,1839,1841,1843,1853,1855,1857,1859,1871,1873,1875],[1293,1695,141],{"id":1295},[598,1697,1298],{},[1300,1699],{},[1293,1701,1305],{"id":1304},[598,1703,1308,1704,947],{},[602,1705,1311],{},[598,1707,1314,1708,947],{},[602,1709,1317],{},[598,1711,1320,1712,1324],{},[602,1713,1323],{},[1300,1715],{},[1293,1717,1330],{"id":1329},[643,1719,1720,1728],{},[646,1721,1722],{},[649,1723,1724,1726],{},[652,1725,1339],{},[652,1727,1342],{},[665,1729,1730,1738,1746,1754],{},[649,1731,1732,1736],{},[670,1733,1734],{},[602,1735,1204],{},[670,1737,1353],{},[649,1739,1740,1744],{},[670,1741,1742],{},[602,1743,1215],{},[670,1745,1362],{},[649,1747,1748,1752],{},[670,1749,1750],{},[602,1751,1225],{},[670,1753,1371],{},[649,1755,1756,1760],{},[670,1757,1758],{},[602,1759,789],{},[670,1761,1380],{},[1300,1763],{},[1293,1765,1386],{"id":1385},[822,1767,1769],{"className":1768,"code":1390,"language":827,"meta":733},[825],[829,1770,1390],{"__ignoreMap":733},[598,1772,1395,1773],{},[602,1774,1398],{},[1300,1776],{},[1293,1778,1404],{"id":1403},[598,1780,1407],{},[740,1782,1783,1787,1791,1795,1799],{},[743,1784,1785,1414],{},[602,1786,875],{},[743,1788,1789,1419],{},[602,1790,882],{},[743,1792,1793],{},[602,1794,888],{},[743,1796,1797,1429],{},[602,1798,1428],{},[743,1800,1801,1435],{},[602,1802,1434],{},[598,1804,1438],{},[1300,1806],{},[1293,1808,1444],{"id":1443},[598,1810,1447],{},[740,1812,1813,1819,1823,1831],{},[743,1814,1452,1815,1456,1817],{},[602,1816,1455],{},[602,1818,1459],{},[743,1820,1821,1464],{},[602,1822,946],{},[743,1824,1467,1825,1471,1827,1471,1829],{},[602,1826,1470],{},[602,1828,1474],{},[602,1830,1477],{},[743,1832,1480,1833,1484],{},[602,1834,1483],{},[598,1836,1487,1837,947],{},[602,1838,1265],{},[1300,1840],{},[1293,1842,1495],{"id":1494},[740,1844,1845,1849,1851],{},[743,1846,1847,1502],{},[602,1848,1048],{},[743,1850,1505],{},[743,1852,1508],{},[598,1854,1511],{},[1300,1856],{},[1293,1858,1517],{"id":1516},[760,1860,1861],{"icon":980,"title":1520},[983,1862,1863,1865,1867,1869],{},[743,1864,1525],{},[743,1866,1528],{},[743,1868,1531],{},[743,1870,1534],{},[1300,1872],{},[1293,1874,1540],{"id":1539},[598,1876,1543,1877,1547,1879,947],{},[602,1878,1546],{},[602,1880,1550],{},{"title":733,"searchDepth":1066,"depth":1066,"links":1882},[],{},{"title":1289,"description":1553},1788035574930]