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cyberviolence","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsc-reseaux-sociaux\u002Fcyberviolence","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsc-reseaux-sociaux\u002F5.cyberviolence",{"title":93,"path":94,"stem":95,"children":96},"Les données structurées et leur traitement","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F0.index",[97,98,102,106,110,114],{"title":93,"path":94,"stem":95},{"title":99,"path":100,"stem":101},"Données et formats","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002Fdonnees-formats","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F1.donnees-formats",{"title":103,"path":104,"stem":105},"Données structurées","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002Fdonnees-structurees","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F2.donnees-structurees",{"title":107,"path":108,"stem":109},"Métadonnées","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002Fmetadonnees","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F3.metadonnees",{"title":111,"path":112,"stem":113},"Traitement de tables","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002Ftraitement-tables","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F4.traitement-tables",{"title":115,"path":116,"stem":117},"Le cloud","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002Fcloud","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F5.cloud",{"title":119,"path":120,"stem":121,"children":122},"Localisation, cartographie et mobilité","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F0.index",[123,124,128,132,136,140],{"title":119,"path":120,"stem":121},{"title":125,"path":126,"stem":127},"GPS et Galileo — se situer grâce aux satellites","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fgps-galileo","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F1.gps-galileo",{"title":129,"path":130,"stem":131},"Décoder une trame NMEA","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Ftrame-nmea","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F2.trame-nmea",{"title":133,"path":134,"stem":135},"Cartes numériques — GeoPortail et OpenStreetMap","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fcartes-numeriques","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F3.cartes-numeriques",{"title":137,"path":138,"stem":139},"Itinéraires et graphes","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fitineraires-graphes","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F4.itineraires-graphes",{"title":141,"path":142,"stem":143},"Confidentialité de la position","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fconfidentialite-position","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F5.confidentialite-position",{"title":145,"path":146,"stem":147,"children":148},"Informatique embarquée et objets connectés","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F0.index",[149,150,154,158],{"title":145,"path":146,"stem":147},{"title":151,"path":152,"stem":153},"Systèmes informatiques embarqués","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002Fsystemes-embarques","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F1.systemes-embarques",{"title":155,"path":156,"stem":157},"Capteurs et actionneurs","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002Fcapteurs-actionneurs","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F2.capteurs-actionneurs",{"title":159,"path":160,"stem":161},"IHM et objets connectés","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002Fihm-objet-connecte","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F3.ihm-objet-connecte",{"title":163,"path":164,"stem":165,"children":166},"Photographie numérique","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F0.index",[167,168,172,176,180],{"title":163,"path":164,"stem":165},{"title":169,"path":170,"stem":171},"Photosites, pixels et résolution","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Fpixels-resolution","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F1.pixels-resolution",{"title":173,"path":174,"stem":175},"Les algorithmes de l'appareil photo","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Falgorithmes-photo","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F2.algorithmes-photo",{"title":177,"path":178,"stem":179},"Les métadonnées EXIF","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Fmetadonnees-exif","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F3.metadonnees-exif",{"title":181,"path":182,"stem":183},"Traiter une image en Python","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Ftraitement-rgb","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F4.traitement-rgb",{"title":185,"path":186,"stem":187,"children":188},"Notions transversales de programmation","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F0.index",[189,190,194,198,202],{"title":185,"path":186,"stem":187},{"title":191,"path":192,"stem":193},"Séquences d'instructions et variables","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Fsequences-affectations","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F1.sequences-affectations",{"title":195,"path":196,"stem":197},"Instructions conditionnelles","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Fconditionnelles","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F2.conditionnelles",{"title":199,"path":200,"stem":201},"Boucles bornées et non bornées","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Fboucles","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F3.boucles",{"title":203,"path":204,"stem":205},"Définitions et appels de fonctions","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Ffonctions","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F4.fonctions",{"title":207,"path":208,"stem":209,"children":210},"Démo des widgets MDC","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F0.index",[211,212,216,220],{"title":207,"path":208,"stem":209},{"title":213,"path":214,"stem":215},"Démo statique — callouts, code, BO, illustration","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002Fstatique","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F1.statique",{"title":217,"path":218,"stem":219},"Démo interactive — self-eval et python-snippet","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002Finteractif","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F2.interactif",{"title":221,"path":222,"stem":223},"Démo · 14 widgets de manipulation NSI","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002Fwidgets-manipulation","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F3.widgets-manipulation",{"title":225,"path":226,"stem":227,"children":228},"NSI — Première","\u002Fnsi-1ere","1.nsi-1ere\u002F0.index",[229,230,234,256,282,304,328,354,380,410],{"title":225,"path":226,"stem":227},{"title":231,"path":232,"stem":233},"Relecture pédagogique — 8 chapitres NSI 1ère (PA → PH)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Freview","1.nsi-1ere\u002FREVIEW",{"title":235,"path":236,"stem":237,"children":238},"Histoire de l'informatique","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F0.index",[239,240,244,248,252],{"title":235,"path":236,"stem":237},{"title":241,"path":242,"stem":243},"De la préantiquité aux machines à calculer","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Fpreantiquite-aux-machines","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F1.preantiquite-aux-machines",{"title":245,"path":246,"stem":247},"La machine universelle (1930-1950)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Fmachine-universelle","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F2.machine-universelle",{"title":249,"path":250,"stem":251},"Les ordinateurs modernes (1947-1990)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Fordinateurs-modernes","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F3.ordinateurs-modernes",{"title":253,"path":254,"stem":255},"Réseaux, Web et IA (1969 à aujourd'hui)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Freseaux-et-web","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F4.reseaux-et-web",{"title":257,"path":258,"stem":259,"children":260},"Représentation des données — types et valeurs","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F0.index",[261,262,266,270,274,278],{"title":257,"path":258,"stem":259},{"title":263,"path":264,"stem":265},"Bases de numération et entiers positifs","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002Fbases-entiers-positifs","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F1.bases-entiers-positifs",{"title":267,"path":268,"stem":269},"Entiers relatifs et complément à deux","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002Fentiers-relatifs","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F2.entiers-relatifs",{"title":271,"path":272,"stem":273},"Nombres flottants et virgule 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compréhension","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002Fcomprehension","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002F2.comprehension",{"title":297,"path":298,"stem":299},"Tuples et p-uplets nommés","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002Ftuples","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002F3.tuples",{"title":301,"path":302,"stem":303},"Dictionnaires","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002Fdictionnaires","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002F4.dictionnaires",{"title":305,"path":306,"stem":307,"children":308},"Traitement de données en tables","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F0.index",[309,310,314,318,322],{"title":305,"path":306,"stem":307},{"title":311,"path":312,"stem":313},"Tables et CSV","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Ftables-csv","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F1.tables-csv",{"title":315,"path":316,"stem":317},"Recherche et filtrage","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Frecherche","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F2.recherche",{"title":319,"path":320,"stem":321},"Trier une table","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Ftri","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F3.tri",{"title":323,"path":324,"stem":325,"children":326},"Fusion et indexation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Ffusion-indexation","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F4.fusion-indexation",[327],{"title":323,"path":324,"stem":325},{"title":329,"path":330,"stem":331,"children":332},"IHM sur le Web","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F0.index",[333,334,338,342,346,350],{"title":329,"path":330,"stem":331},{"title":335,"path":336,"stem":337},"HTML et CSS — rappel de structure","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fhtml-css-bases","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F1.html-css-bases",{"title":339,"path":340,"stem":341},"Formulaires HTML","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fformulaires","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F2.formulaires",{"title":343,"path":344,"stem":345},"Événements JavaScript","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fevenements-js","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F3.evenements-js",{"title":347,"path":348,"stem":349},"Manipulation du DOM","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fdom-interaction","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F4.dom-interaction",{"title":351,"path":352,"stem":353},"Client, serveur et HTTP","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fclient-serveur-http","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F5.client-serveur-http",{"title":355,"path":356,"stem":357,"children":358},"Architectures matérielles et systèmes d'exploitation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F0.index",[359,360,364,368,372,376],{"title":355,"path":356,"stem":357},{"title":361,"path":362,"stem":363},"Le modèle de von Neumann","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Fvon-neumann","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F1.von-neumann",{"title":365,"path":366,"stem":367},"Périphériques et interface homme-machine","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Fperipheriques-ihm","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F2.peripheriques-ihm",{"title":369,"path":370,"stem":371},"Les systèmes d'exploitation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Fsystemes-exploitation","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F3.systemes-exploitation",{"title":373,"path":374,"stem":375},"Linux et le shell","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Flinux-shell","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F4.linux-shell",{"title":377,"path":378,"stem":379},"Réseaux et protocoles","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Freseaux","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F5.reseaux",{"title":381,"path":382,"stem":383,"children":384},"Langages et programmation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F0.index",[385,386,390,394,398,402,406],{"title":381,"path":382,"stem":383},{"title":387,"path":388,"stem":389},"Diversité et unité des langages de programmation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fdiversite-langages","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F1.diversite-langages",{"title":391,"path":392,"stem":393},"Constructions élémentaires","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fconstructions-elementaires","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F2.constructions-elementaires",{"title":395,"path":396,"stem":397},"Fonctions","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Ffonctions","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F3.fonctions",{"title":399,"path":400,"stem":401},"Spécification d'une fonction","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fspecification","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F4.specification",{"title":403,"path":404,"stem":405},"Mise au point des programmes","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fmise-au-point","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F5.mise-au-point",{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409},"Utilisation de bibliothèques","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fbibliotheques","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F6.bibliotheques",{"title":411,"path":412,"stem":413,"children":414},"Algorithmique","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F0.index",[415,416,420,424,428,432,436],{"title":411,"path":412,"stem":413},{"title":417,"path":418,"stem":419},"Parcours séquentiel d'un tableau","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fparcours-sequentiel","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F1.parcours-sequentiel",{"title":421,"path":422,"stem":423},"Bases de la complexité","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fcomplexite-bases","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F2.complexite-bases",{"title":425,"path":426,"stem":427},"Tris par sélection et par insertion","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Ftris","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F3.tris",{"title":429,"path":430,"stem":431},"Recherche dichotomique","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fdichotomie","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F4.dichotomie",{"title":433,"path":434,"stem":435},"Algorithmes gloutons","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fgloutons","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F5.gloutons",{"title":437,"path":438,"stem":439},"Les k plus proches voisins (k-NN)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fknn","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F6.knn",{"title":441,"path":442,"stem":443,"children":444},"NSI — Terminale","\u002Fnsi-tale","2.nsi-tale\u002F0.index",[445,446,450,476,498,536,560],{"title":441,"path":442,"stem":443},{"title":447,"path":448,"stem":449},"Review pédagogique — chapitres NSI Terminale (TA, TB, TC, TD, TE)","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Freview","2.nsi-tale\u002FREVIEW",{"title":451,"path":452,"stem":453,"children":454},"Structures de données","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F0.index",[455,456,460,464,468,472],{"title":451,"path":452,"stem":453},{"title":457,"path":458,"stem":459},"Objet, classe, interface","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Finterface-implementation","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F1.interface-implementation",{"title":461,"path":462,"stem":463},"Implémenter une structure — l'exemple de la file FIFO","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Fimplementer-une-structure","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F2.implementer-une-structure",{"title":465,"path":466,"stem":467},"Listes, piles, files, dictionnaires","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Flistes-piles-files-dict","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F3.listes-piles-files-dict",{"title":469,"path":470,"stem":471},"Arbres binaires","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Farbres-binaires","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F4.arbres-binaires",{"title":473,"path":474,"stem":475},"Graphes","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Fgraphes","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F5.graphes",{"title":477,"path":478,"stem":479,"children":480},"Bases de données","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F0.index",[481,482,486,490,494],{"title":477,"path":478,"stem":479},{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Le modèle relationnel","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fmodele-relationnel","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F1.modele-relationnel",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Bases de données relationnelles et anomalies de schéma","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fbase-relationnelle","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F2.base-relationnelle",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Le langage SQL","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fsql","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F3.sql",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Les systèmes de gestion de bases de données","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fsgbd","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F4.sgbd",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501,"children":502},"Architectures matérielles, systèmes d'exploitation et réseaux","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F0.index",[503,504,508,512,516,520,524,528,532],{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},{"title":505,"path":506,"stem":507},"Le système sur puce (SoC)","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fsysteme-sur-puce","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F1.systeme-sur-puce",{"title":509,"path":510,"stem":511},"Processus et ordonnancement par l'OS","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fprocessus-os","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F2.processus-os",{"title":513,"path":514,"stem":515},"L'interblocage (deadlock)","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Finterblocage","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F3.interblocage",{"title":517,"path":518,"stem":519},"Principes du routage","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Froutage-principes","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F4.routage-principes",{"title":521,"path":522,"stem":523},"Protocoles de routage RIP et OSPF","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fprotocoles-rip-ospf","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F5.protocoles-rip-ospf",{"title":525,"path":526,"stem":527},"Chiffrement symétrique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fchiffrement-symetrique","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F6.chiffrement-symetrique",{"title":529,"path":530,"stem":531},"Chiffrement asymétrique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fchiffrement-asymetrique","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F7.chiffrement-asymetrique",{"title":533,"path":534,"stem":535},"HTTPS — l'échange de clé symétrique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fhttps-tls","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F8.https-tls",{"title":381,"path":537,"stem":538,"children":539},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F0.index",[540,541,544,548,552,556],{"title":381,"path":537,"stem":538},{"title":403,"path":542,"stem":543},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fmise-au-point","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F1.mise-au-point",{"title":545,"path":546,"stem":547},"Modularité","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fmodularite","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F2.modularite",{"title":549,"path":550,"stem":551},"Récursivité","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Frecursivite","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F3.recursivite",{"title":553,"path":554,"stem":555},"Paradigmes de programmation","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fparadigmes","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F4.paradigmes",{"title":557,"path":558,"stem":559},"Programme comme donnée — calculabilité et indécidabilité","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fprogramme-comme-donnee","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F5.programme-comme-donnee",{"title":411,"path":561,"stem":562,"children":563},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F0.index",[564,565,569,573,577,581],{"title":411,"path":561,"stem":562},{"title":566,"path":567,"stem":568},"Algorithmes sur les arbres binaires","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Farbres-binaires-algos","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F1.arbres-binaires-algos",{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"Parcours de graphes — DFS, BFS, cycles, chemins","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Fgraphes-parcours","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F2.graphes-parcours",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"Diviser pour régner","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Fdiviser-pour-regner","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F3.diviser-pour-regner",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Programmation dynamique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Fprogrammation-dynamique","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F4.programmation-dynamique",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},"Recherche textuelle — l'algorithme de Boyer-Moore","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Frecherche-textuelle","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F5.recherche-textuelle",{"id":586,"title":21,"bo":587,"body":589,"description":1166,"eval":1167,"extension":1168,"labo":1167,"meta":1169,"navigation":1170,"path":22,"quizzes":1171,"readingTime":1034,"seo":1178,"stem":23,"tp":1167,"__hash__":1179},"cours\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002F1.adresses-dns.md",[588],"SA01",{"type":590,"value":591,"toc":1157},"minimark",[592,597,623,626,630,636,646,661,715,726,732,765,769,782,789,804,813,893,896,902,906,916,985,988,1012,1016,1019,1095,1102,1106,1142,1146,1153],[593,594,596],"h2",{"id":595},"introduction","Introduction",[598,599,600,601,605,606,608,609,613,614,617,618,622],"p",{},"Vous tapez ",[602,603,604],"code",{},"nsi.rocks"," dans la barre d'adresse de votre navigateur et la page\ns'affiche en une fraction de seconde. Pourtant, votre ordinateur ne sait pas ce\nqu'est ",[602,607,604],{}," : pour lui, une machine sur Internet est identifiée par une\nsuite de chiffres appelée ",[610,611,612],"strong",{},"adresse IP",". Comment passer alors de l'un à\nl'autre ? La réponse tient en trois lettres : ",[610,615,616],{},"DNS"," (",[619,620,621],"em",{},"Domain Name System","),\nun immense annuaire distribué qui traduit les noms en adresses.",[624,625],"bo-ref",{"code":588},[593,627,629],{"id":628},"adresse-ip-et-adresse-symbolique","Adresse IP et adresse symbolique",[598,631,632,633,635],{},"Chaque machine connectée à Internet possède une ",[610,634,612],{},", une suite de\nquatre nombres séparés par des points pour la version la plus répandue (IPv4) :",[637,638,644],"pre",{"className":639,"code":641,"language":642,"meta":643},[640],"language-text","192.168.1.42\n172.217.18.131\n2a00:1450:4007:80f::200e   (IPv6, version plus récente)\n","text","",[602,645,641],{"__ignoreMap":643},[598,647,648,649,652,653,656,657,660],{},"Les nombres entre 0 et 255 constituent les quatre octets d'une adresse IPv4.\nCette numérotation est efficace pour les machines mais pénible pour les humains :\nqui mémoriserait ",[602,650,651],{},"142.250.179.142"," pour visiter Google ? On utilise donc, en\nparallèle, des ",[610,654,655],{},"adresses symboliques"," — les fameux ",[619,658,659],{},"noms de domaine"," :",[662,663,664,677],"table",{},[665,666,667],"thead",{},[668,669,670,674],"tr",{},[671,672,673],"th",{},"Adresse symbolique",[671,675,676],{},"Adresse IP possible",[678,679,680,692,703],"tbody",{},[668,681,682,688],{},[683,684,685],"td",{},[602,686,687],{},"google.com",[683,689,690],{},[602,691,651],{},[668,693,694,698],{},[683,695,696],{},[602,697,604],{},[683,699,700],{},[602,701,702],{},"185.158.133.1",[668,704,705,710],{},[683,706,707],{},[602,708,709],{},"wikipedia.org",[683,711,712],{},[602,713,714],{},"208.80.154.224",[598,716,717,718,721,722,725],{},"Une analogie utile : l'adresse symbolique est le ",[610,719,720],{},"nom inscrit sur un\ninterphone",", l'adresse IP est le ",[610,723,724],{},"numéro d'appartement",". Vous appuyez sur le\nnom, le système se charge de vous mettre en relation avec la bonne porte.",[727,728,729],"note",{},[598,730,731],{},"Une même adresse symbolique peut pointer vers plusieurs adresses IP (pour\nrépartir la charge entre serveurs), et une adresse IP peut héberger plusieurs\nadresses symboliques (un même serveur peut servir plusieurs sites).",[733,734,737,743],"self-eval-qcm",{"correct":735,"slug":736},"1","adresses-dns-c1",[738,739,740],"template",{"v-slot:question":643},[598,741,742],{},"Laquelle de ces écritures est une adresse IP valide ?",[738,744,745],{"v-slot:choices":643},[746,747,748,751,754,762],"ul",{},[749,750,687],"li",{},[749,752,753],{},"192.168.1.10",[749,755,756],{},[757,758,759],"a",{"href":759,"rel":760},"https:\u002F\u002Fnsi.rocks",[761],"nofollow",[749,763,764],{},"2a00 1450",[593,766,768],{"id":767},"le-rôle-du-dns","Le rôle du DNS",[598,770,771,772,774,775,777,778,781],{},"Le ",[610,773,616],{}," est le service chargé de cette traduction. Quand vous tapez\n",[602,776,604],{},", votre ordinateur n'envoie pas la requête directement : il\ninterroge d'abord un ",[610,779,780],{},"serveur DNS",", qui lui répond par l'adresse IP\ncorrespondante. Ensuite seulement, votre navigateur contacte cette IP.",[783,784],"illustration",{"alt":785,"kind":786,"src":787,"svg":788},"Étapes d'une résolution DNS","mermaid","\u002Fillustrations\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002Fdns-resolution.svg","\u003Csvg class=\"illustration-svg\" id=\"ill-0-snt-2nde-sa-internet-dns-resolution\" xmlns=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2000\u002Fsvg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" viewBox=\"-32 -16 626 241\" role=\"graphics-document document\" aria-roledescription=\"sequence\">\u003Cg>\u003Cline id=\"actor2\" x1=\"487\" y1=\"65\" x2=\"487\" y2=\"2000\" class=\"actor-line 200\" stroke-width=\"0.5px\" stroke=\"#999\" name=\"W\" data-et=\"life-line\" data-id=\"W\"\u002F>\u003Cg id=\"root-2\" data-et=\"participant\" data-type=\"participant\" data-id=\"W\">\u003Crect x=\"412\" y=\"0\" fill=\"#eaeaea\" stroke=\"#666\" width=\"150\" height=\"65\" name=\"W\" rx=\"3\" ry=\"3\" class=\"actor actor-top\"\u002F>\u003Ctext 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text-anchor=\"middle\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" alignment-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"messageText\" dy=\"1em\" style=\"font-family: Geist, Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 500;\">nsi.rocks ?\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003Cline x1=\"82\" y1=\"113\" x2=\"277\" y2=\"113\" class=\"messageLine0\" data-et=\"message\" data-id=\"i1\" data-from=\"O\" data-to=\"D\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke=\"none\" marker-end=\"url(#ill-0-snt-2nde-sa-internet-dns-resolution-arrowhead)\" style=\"fill: none;\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"75\" y1=\"113\" x2=\"75\" y2=\"113\" stroke-width=\"0\" marker-start=\"url(#ill-0-snt-2nde-sa-internet-dns-resolution-sequencenumber)\"\u002F>\u003Ctext x=\"75\" y=\"117\" font-family=\"sans-serif\" font-size=\"12px\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"sequenceNumber\">1\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003Ctext x=\"180\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" alignment-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"messageText\" dy=\"1em\" style=\"font-family: Geist, Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 500;\">185.158.133.1\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003Cline x1=\"286\" y1=\"161\" x2=\"79\" y2=\"161\" class=\"messageLine1\" data-et=\"message\" data-id=\"i2\" data-from=\"D\" data-to=\"O\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke=\"none\" marker-end=\"url(#ill-0-snt-2nde-sa-internet-dns-resolution-arrowhead)\" style=\"stroke-dasharray: 3, 3; fill: none;\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"281\" y1=\"161\" x2=\"281\" y2=\"161\" stroke-width=\"0\" marker-start=\"url(#ill-0-snt-2nde-sa-internet-dns-resolution-sequencenumber)\"\u002F>\u003Ctext x=\"281\" y=\"165\" font-family=\"sans-serif\" font-size=\"12px\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"sequenceNumber\">2\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003Ctext x=\"280\" y=\"176\" text-anchor=\"middle\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" alignment-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"messageText\" dy=\"1em\" style=\"font-family: Geist, Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 500;\">requête HTTP vers 185.158.133.1\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003Cline x1=\"82\" y1=\"209\" x2=\"483\" y2=\"209\" class=\"messageLine0\" data-et=\"message\" data-id=\"i3\" data-from=\"O\" data-to=\"W\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke=\"none\" marker-end=\"url(#ill-0-snt-2nde-sa-internet-dns-resolution-arrowhead)\" style=\"fill: none;\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"75\" y1=\"209\" x2=\"75\" y2=\"209\" stroke-width=\"0\" marker-start=\"url(#ill-0-snt-2nde-sa-internet-dns-resolution-sequencenumber)\"\u002F>\u003Ctext x=\"75\" y=\"213\" font-family=\"sans-serif\" font-size=\"12px\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"sequenceNumber\">3\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003C\u002Fsvg>",[598,790,791,792,795,796,799,800,803],{},"Le système est ",[610,793,794],{},"distribué"," : il n'existe pas un unique serveur DNS qui\nconnaîtrait tous les noms du monde. Il existe ",[610,797,798],{},"plusieurs serveurs en\ncascade",", chacun spécialisé dans une partie du nom, et chaque réponse est\n",[610,801,802],{},"mémorisée temporairement"," (mise en cache) pour gagner du temps la fois\nsuivante.",[598,805,806,807,809,810,660],{},"Pour rendre la chose tangible, voici ce qui se passe quand vous tapez\n",[602,808,604],{}," pour la première fois — l'ensemble dure typiquement ",[610,811,812],{},"moins de\n50 ms",[662,814,815,825],{},[665,816,817],{},[668,818,819,822],{},[671,820,821],{},"Temps écoulé",[671,823,824],{},"Étape",[678,826,827,842,853,864,874,885],{},[668,828,829,832],{},[683,830,831],{},"0 ms",[683,833,834,835,838,839,841],{},"Vous appuyez sur Entrée. Votre ordinateur demande à son ",[610,836,837],{},"résolveur DNS"," s'il connaît ",[602,840,604],{},".",[668,843,844,847],{},[683,845,846],{},"5 ms",[683,848,849,850,841],{},"Le résolveur ne connaît pas. Il interroge un serveur qui s'occupe des noms en ",[602,851,852],{},".rocks",[668,854,855,858],{},[683,856,857],{},"25 ms",[683,859,860,861,863],{},"Ce serveur répond : « pour ",[602,862,604],{},", va voir tel autre serveur ».",[668,865,866,869],{},[683,867,868],{},"40 ms",[683,870,871,872,841],{},"Le résolveur interroge ce serveur, qui renvoie enfin l'IP ",[602,873,702],{},[668,875,876,879],{},[683,877,878],{},"45 ms",[683,880,881,882,884],{},"Le résolveur ",[610,883,727],{}," la réponse dans son cache et vous la transmet.",[668,886,887,890],{},[683,888,889],{},"50 ms",[683,891,892],{},"Votre navigateur peut enfin contacter le site.",[598,894,895],{},"La fois d'après, plus besoin de tout refaire : la réponse est dans le cache,\nc'est instantané.",[897,898,899],"tip",{},[598,900,901],{},"Cette mise en cache explique pourquoi un nom de domaine récemment modifié peut\nsembler pointer encore vers l'ancienne adresse pendant quelques heures : les\nrésolveurs intermédiaires conservent leur souvenir de la réponse précédente.",[593,903,905],{"id":904},"lire-un-nom-de-domaine-de-droite-à-gauche","Lire un nom de domaine de droite à gauche",[598,907,908,909,912,913,660],{},"Un nom de domaine se lit du ",[610,910,911],{},"plus général au plus spécifique en allant de\ndroite à gauche",". Prenons ",[602,914,915],{},"dashboard.nsi.rocks",[662,917,918,931],{},[665,919,920],{},[668,921,922,925,928],{},[671,923,924],{},"Partie",[671,926,927],{},"Niveau",[671,929,930],{},"Rôle",[678,932,933,946,959,972],{},[668,934,935,940,943],{},[683,936,937,939],{},[602,938,841],{}," (implicite)",[683,941,942],{},"racine",[683,944,945],{},"sommet de la hiérarchie DNS",[668,947,948,953,956],{},[683,949,950],{},[602,951,952],{},"rocks",[683,954,955],{},"TLD",[683,957,958],{},"extension générique",[668,960,961,966,969],{},[683,962,963],{},[602,964,965],{},"nsi",[683,967,968],{},"domaine",[683,970,971],{},"enregistré par le propriétaire",[668,973,974,979,982],{},[683,975,976],{},[602,977,978],{},"dashboard",[683,980,981],{},"sous-domaine",[683,983,984],{},"choisi par le propriétaire pour un service",[598,986,987],{},"C'est l'inverse d'une adresse postale, où le pays s'écrit en dernier. Ici, le\nplus large (le TLD) se trouve à droite.",[733,989,992,997],{"correct":990,"slug":991},"2","adresses-dns-c2",[738,993,994],{"v-slot:question":643},[598,995,996],{},"Dans 'cours.lycee-jaures.fr', quel élément est le TLD ?",[738,998,999],{"v-slot:choices":643},[746,1000,1001,1004,1007,1010],{},[749,1002,1003],{},"cours",[749,1005,1006],{},"lycee-jaures",[749,1008,1009],{},"fr",[749,1011,841],{},[593,1013,1015],{"id":1014},"retrouver-lip-en-pratique","Retrouver l'IP en pratique",[598,1017,1018],{},"Plusieurs outils permettent d'observer le DNS au travail. Sous un terminal :",[1020,1021,1022,1061],"code-group",{},[637,1023,1028],{"className":1024,"code":1025,"filename":1026,"language":1027,"meta":643,"style":643},"language-bash shiki shiki-themes github-light github-light github-dark","$ host nsi.rocks\nnsi.rocks has address 185.158.133.1\n","Linux\u002FmacOS","bash",[602,1029,1030,1046],{"__ignoreMap":643},[1031,1032,1035,1039,1043],"span",{"class":1033,"line":1034},"line",1,[1031,1036,1038],{"class":1037},"snPdu","$",[1031,1040,1042],{"class":1041},"sIIMD"," host",[1031,1044,1045],{"class":1041}," nsi.rocks\n",[1031,1047,1049,1051,1054,1057],{"class":1033,"line":1048},2,[1031,1050,604],{"class":1037},[1031,1052,1053],{"class":1041}," has",[1031,1055,1056],{"class":1041}," address",[1031,1058,1060],{"class":1059},"sBjJW"," 185.158.133.1\n",[637,1062,1065],{"className":1024,"code":1063,"filename":1064,"language":1027,"meta":643,"style":643},"> nslookup nsi.rocks\nNom :    nsi.rocks\nAddress: 185.158.133.1\n","Windows",[602,1066,1067,1077,1087],{"__ignoreMap":643},[1031,1068,1069,1073],{"class":1033,"line":1034},[1031,1070,1072],{"class":1071},"s8jYJ",">",[1031,1074,1076],{"class":1075},"sxrX7"," nslookup nsi.rocks\n",[1031,1078,1079,1082,1084],{"class":1033,"line":1048},[1031,1080,1081],{"class":1037},"Nom",[1031,1083,660],{"class":1041},[1031,1085,1086],{"class":1041},"    nsi.rocks\n",[1031,1088,1090,1093],{"class":1033,"line":1089},3,[1031,1091,1092],{"class":1037},"Address:",[1031,1094,1060],{"class":1059},[598,1096,1097,1098,1101],{},"L'opération inverse — retrouver le nom à partir d'une IP — s'appelle une\n",[610,1099,1100],{},"résolution inverse",". Elle n'est pas toujours possible : certaines adresses\nIP n'ont pas de nom associé.",[593,1103,1105],{"id":1104},"pièges-courants","Pièges courants",[1107,1108,1109],"warning",{},[746,1110,1111,1125,1132],{},[749,1112,1113,1114,1117,1118,1120,1121,1124],{},"Un nom de domaine n'est ",[610,1115,1116],{},"pas"," une URL. ",[602,1119,604],{}," est un nom de domaine ;\n",[602,1122,1123],{},"https:\u002F\u002Fnsi.rocks\u002Fcours"," est une URL complète, qui inclut un protocole et\nun chemin.",[749,1126,1127,1128,1131],{},"L'adresse IP ",[610,1129,1130],{},"change"," : un site peut déménager d'un serveur à l'autre sans\nprévenir. C'est tout l'intérêt du DNS, qui découple le nom (stable) de\nl'adresse (variable).",[749,1133,1134,1135,1138,1139,1141],{},"Une ",[610,1136,1137],{},"adresse IP locale"," (par exemple ",[602,1140,753],{},") n'est pas visible\ndepuis Internet. Elle n'a de sens qu'à l'intérieur du réseau local de la\nmaison ou du lycée.",[593,1143,1145],{"id":1144},"pour-aller-plus-loin","Pour aller plus loin",[598,1147,1148,1149,1152],{},"Le DNS a une responsabilité critique : si tous les serveurs DNS d'une\ncatégorie tombent, des pans entiers d'Internet deviennent inatteignables — non\npas parce que les serveurs hébergeant les sites sont en panne, mais parce que\nplus personne ne sait les trouver. La panne Facebook du 4 octobre 2021 illustre\nce maillon vital : un retrait accidentel des routes ",[610,1150,1151],{},"BGP"," (le protocole qui\nindique aux routeurs comment atteindre les réseaux de Facebook) a rendu les\nserveurs DNS de Facebook inaccessibles pendant plusieurs heures, plongeant\nFacebook, Instagram et WhatsApp dans le noir alors que les serveurs eux-mêmes\nfonctionnaient toujours.",[1154,1155,1156],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .snPdu, html code.shiki .snPdu{--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .sIIMD, html code.shiki .sIIMD{--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sBjJW, html code.shiki .sBjJW{--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .s8jYJ, html code.shiki .s8jYJ{--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sxrX7, html code.shiki .sxrX7{--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}",{"title":643,"searchDepth":1048,"depth":1048,"links":1158},[1159,1160,1161,1162,1163,1164,1165],{"id":595,"depth":1048,"text":596},{"id":628,"depth":1048,"text":629},{"id":767,"depth":1048,"text":768},{"id":904,"depth":1048,"text":905},{"id":1014,"depth":1048,"text":1015},{"id":1104,"depth":1048,"text":1105},{"id":1144,"depth":1048,"text":1145},"D'un nom lisible comme nsi.rocks à une adresse IP, le détour obligé par le DNS.",null,"md",{},true,[1172,1176],{"slug":736,"kind":1173,"question":742,"choices":1174,"correct":735,"multi":1175,"explanation":643},"qcm",[687,753,759,764],false,{"slug":991,"kind":1173,"question":996,"choices":1177,"correct":990,"multi":1175,"explanation":643},[1003,1006,1009,841],{"title":21,"description":1166},"jsS19xwb1r-czvdxoS0yNq3EJIj7PzmDZeJBQ3OoZeU",{"id":1181,"title":1182,"bo":1183,"body":1184,"description":1379,"eval":1167,"extension":1168,"labo":1167,"meta":1380,"navigation":1175,"path":1381,"quizzes":1382,"readingTime":1034,"seo":1383,"stem":1384,"tp":1167,"__hash__":1385},"coursMemo\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002F1.adresses-dns.memo.md","Adresses symboliques et DNS — l'essentiel",[588],{"type":590,"value":1185,"toc":1372},[1186,1190,1199,1203,1260,1264,1325,1327,1338,1342,1369],[593,1187,1189],{"id":1188},"en-une-phrase","En une phrase",[598,1191,771,1192,1194,1195,1198],{},[610,1193,616],{}," est l'annuaire distribué d'Internet : il ",[610,1196,1197],{},"traduit un nom de domaine\nen adresse IP"," pour que votre ordinateur sache à quelle machine s'adresser.",[593,1200,1202],{"id":1201},"à-mémoriser","À mémoriser",[746,1204,1205,1215,1223,1231,1249],{},[749,1206,1207,1210,1211,1214],{},[610,1208,1209],{},"Adresse IP"," : suite de chiffres qui identifie une machine. IPv4 = quatre\noctets ",[602,1212,1213],{},"a.b.c.d"," (de 0 à 255). IPv6 = format plus long, plus récent.",[749,1216,1217,1219,1220,1222],{},[610,1218,673],{}," = nom de domaine, lisible humain (",[602,1221,604],{},").",[749,1224,1225,1227,1228,1230],{},[610,1226,616],{}," = ",[619,1229,621],{},", service de traduction nom ↔ IP.",[749,1232,1233,1234,1237,1238,1240,1241,1244,1245,1248],{},"Un nom se lit ",[610,1235,1236],{},"de droite à gauche"," : racine ",[602,1239,841],{}," → TLD (",[602,1242,1243],{},".fr",", ",[602,1246,1247],{},".com",") →\ndomaine → sous-domaine.",[749,1250,1251,1252,1255,1256,1259],{},"La résolution passe par ",[610,1253,1254],{},"plusieurs serveurs en cascade"," (un résolveur\nqui interroge des serveurs spécialisés par extension), et chaque réponse\nest ",[610,1257,1258],{},"mise en cache"," pour aller plus vite la fois d'après.",[593,1261,1263],{"id":1262},"à-savoir-reconnaître","À savoir reconnaître",[662,1265,1266,1276],{},[665,1267,1268],{},[668,1269,1270,1273],{},[671,1271,1272],{},"Élément",[671,1274,1275],{},"Type",[678,1277,1278,1287,1296,1305,1314],{},[668,1279,1280,1284],{},[683,1281,1282],{},[602,1283,753],{},[683,1285,1286],{},"adresse IP (IPv4)",[668,1288,1289,1293],{},[683,1290,1291],{},[602,1292,604],{},[683,1294,1295],{},"nom de domaine",[668,1297,1298,1302],{},[683,1299,1300],{},[602,1301,1123],{},[683,1303,1304],{},"URL complète",[668,1306,1307,1311],{},[683,1308,1309],{},[602,1310,1243],{},[683,1312,1313],{},"TLD (extension)",[668,1315,1316,1323],{},[683,1317,1318,1320,1321],{},[602,1319,978],{}," dans ",[602,1322,915],{},[683,1324,981],{},[593,1326,1105],{"id":1104},[746,1328,1329,1332,1335],{},[749,1330,1331],{},"Une URL n'est pas un nom de domaine — l'URL contient en plus le protocole et\nun chemin.",[749,1333,1334],{},"Une même IP peut héberger plusieurs sites, un même site peut avoir plusieurs IP.",[749,1336,1337],{},"Le cache DNS retarde parfois la prise en compte d'un changement.",[593,1339,1341],{"id":1340},"commandes-utiles","Commandes utiles",[637,1343,1345],{"className":1024,"code":1344,"language":1027,"meta":643,"style":643},"host nsi.rocks       # Linux\u002FmacOS\nnslookup nsi.rocks   # Windows\n",[602,1346,1347,1359],{"__ignoreMap":643},[1031,1348,1349,1352,1355],{"class":1033,"line":1034},[1031,1350,1351],{"class":1037},"host",[1031,1353,1354],{"class":1041}," nsi.rocks",[1031,1356,1358],{"class":1357},"sCsY4","       # Linux\u002FmacOS\n",[1031,1360,1361,1364,1366],{"class":1033,"line":1048},[1031,1362,1363],{"class":1037},"nslookup",[1031,1365,1354],{"class":1041},[1031,1367,1368],{"class":1357},"   # Windows\n",[1154,1370,1371],{},"html pre.shiki code .snPdu, html code.shiki .snPdu{--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .sIIMD, html code.shiki .sIIMD{--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sCsY4, html code.shiki .sCsY4{--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}",{"title":643,"searchDepth":1048,"depth":1048,"links":1373},[1374,1375,1376,1377,1378],{"id":1188,"depth":1048,"text":1189},{"id":1201,"depth":1048,"text":1202},{"id":1262,"depth":1048,"text":1263},{"id":1104,"depth":1048,"text":1105},{"id":1340,"depth":1048,"text":1341},"Mémo de révision sur le DNS et la traduction nom → IP.",{},"\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002Fadresses-dns.memo",[],{"title":1182,"description":1379},"0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002F1.adresses-dns.memo","BnQV1woJ0UL3YkdF2OMJWYoz-IPjfGwuNJfA9IID5NU",{"id":1387,"title":1388,"body":1389,"description":1709,"extension":1168,"meta":1710,"navigation":1175,"path":1711,"seo":1712,"stem":1713,"__hash__":1714},"coursSlides\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002F1.adresses-dns.slides.md","Adresses symboliques et DNS — diapositives",{"type":590,"value":1390,"toc":1707},[1391,1395,1401,1406,1409,1413,1438,1440,1444,1485,1488,1490,1494,1499,1502,1505,1507,1511,1519,1577,1580,1582,1586,1590,1626,1629,1631,1635,1651,1654,1665,1667,1671,1692,1694,1698,1705],[1392,1393,21],"h1",{"id":1394},"adresses-symboliques-et-dns",[598,1396,1397,1398,1400],{},"D'un nom lisible comme ",[602,1399,604],{}," à une adresse IP numérique.",[598,1402,1403,1404],{},"SNT Seconde — chapitre Internet — ",[624,1405],{"code":588},[1407,1408],"hr",{},[1392,1410,1412],{"id":1411},"le-problème","Le problème",[746,1414,1415,1422,1431],{},[749,1416,1417,1418,617,1420,1222],{},"Une machine sur Internet est identifiée par une ",[610,1419,612],{},[602,1421,702],{},[749,1423,1424,1425,1428,1429,841],{},"Les humains préfèrent retenir un ",[610,1426,1427],{},"nom"," : ",[602,1430,604],{},[749,1432,1433,1434,1437],{},"Il faut un ",[610,1435,1436],{},"traducteur"," entre les deux.",[1407,1439],{},[1392,1441,1443],{"id":1442},"deux-formats-dadresses","Deux formats d'adresses",[662,1445,1446,1454],{},[665,1447,1448],{},[668,1449,1450,1452],{},[671,1451,1209],{},[671,1453,673],{},[678,1455,1456,1467,1477],{},[668,1457,1458,1463],{},[683,1459,1460],{},[602,1461,1462],{},"192.168.1.42",[683,1464,1465],{},[602,1466,604],{},[668,1468,1469,1473],{},[683,1470,1471],{},[602,1472,651],{},[683,1474,1475],{},[602,1476,687],{},[668,1478,1479,1482],{},[683,1480,1481],{},"Lisible par la machine",[683,1483,1484],{},"Lisible par l'humain",[598,1486,1487],{},"IPv4 : quatre octets de 0 à 255. IPv6 : format plus long, plus récent.",[1407,1489],{},[1392,1491,1493],{"id":1492},"le-dns-annuaire-dinternet","Le DNS, annuaire d'Internet",[598,1495,1496],{},[610,1497,1498],{},"DNS = Domain Name System.",[598,1500,1501],{},"Service distribué qui traduit un nom en adresse IP.",[598,1503,1504],{},"Analogie : le nom sur un interphone (symbolique) renvoie au numéro d'appartement (IP).",[1407,1506],{},[1392,1508,1510],{"id":1509},"une-résolution-dns-chronométrée","Une résolution DNS chronométrée",[598,1512,1513,1515,1516,1518],{},[602,1514,604],{}," la première fois : moins de ",[610,1517,889],{}," au total.",[662,1520,1521,1530],{},[665,1522,1523],{},[668,1524,1525,1528],{},[671,1526,1527],{},"Temps",[671,1529,824],{},[678,1531,1532,1541,1550,1557,1566],{},[668,1533,1534,1536],{},[683,1535,831],{},[683,1537,1538,1539],{},"Ordinateur → résolveur : demande ",[602,1540,604],{},[668,1542,1543,1545],{},[683,1544,846],{},[683,1546,1547,1548],{},"Résolveur → serveur des ",[602,1549,852],{},[668,1551,1552,1554],{},[683,1553,857],{},[683,1555,1556],{},"Réponse : « va voir tel serveur »",[668,1558,1559,1561],{},[683,1560,868],{},[683,1562,1563,1564],{},"Ce serveur renvoie l'IP ",[602,1565,702],{},[668,1567,1568,1570],{},[683,1569,889],{},[683,1571,1572,1573,1576],{},"Résolveur ",[610,1574,1575],{},"met en cache"," et répond à l'ordinateur",[598,1578,1579],{},"La fois d'après : réponse instantanée, depuis le cache.",[1407,1581],{},[1392,1583,1585],{"id":1584},"lire-un-nom-de-droite-à-gauche","Lire un nom de droite à gauche",[598,1587,1588],{},[602,1589,915],{},[662,1591,1592,1600],{},[665,1593,1594],{},[668,1595,1596,1598],{},[671,1597,924],{},[671,1599,927],{},[678,1601,1602,1610,1618],{},[668,1603,1604,1608],{},[683,1605,1606],{},[602,1607,952],{},[683,1609,955],{},[668,1611,1612,1616],{},[683,1613,1614],{},[602,1615,965],{},[683,1617,968],{},[668,1619,1620,1624],{},[683,1621,1622],{},[602,1623,978],{},[683,1625,981],{},[598,1627,1628],{},"Le plus général est à droite, contrairement à une adresse postale.",[1407,1630],{},[1392,1632,1634],{"id":1633},"observer-le-dns-au-travail","Observer le DNS au travail",[637,1636,1638],{"className":1024,"code":1637,"language":1027,"meta":643,"style":643},"host nsi.rocks\n# nsi.rocks has address 185.158.133.1\n",[602,1639,1640,1646],{"__ignoreMap":643},[1031,1641,1642,1644],{"class":1033,"line":1034},[1031,1643,1351],{"class":1037},[1031,1645,1045],{"class":1041},[1031,1647,1648],{"class":1033,"line":1048},[1031,1649,1650],{"class":1357},"# nsi.rocks has address 185.158.133.1\n",[598,1652,1653],{},"Ou sous Windows :",[637,1655,1657],{"className":1024,"code":1656,"language":1027,"meta":643,"style":643},"nslookup nsi.rocks\n",[602,1658,1659],{"__ignoreMap":643},[1031,1660,1661,1663],{"class":1033,"line":1034},[1031,1662,1363],{"class":1037},[1031,1664,1045],{"class":1041},[1407,1666],{},[1392,1668,1670],{"id":1669},"pièges-à-signaler","Pièges à signaler",[746,1672,1673,1682,1685],{},[749,1674,1675,1676,1678,1679,841],{},"Un ",[610,1677,1295],{}," n'est pas une ",[610,1680,1681],{},"URL",[749,1683,1684],{},"L'IP peut changer ; le nom reste stable — c'est le but du DNS.",[749,1686,1687,1688,1691],{},"Une IP locale (",[602,1689,1690],{},"192.168.x.x",") n'est pas visible depuis Internet.",[1407,1693],{},[1392,1695,1697],{"id":1696},"à-retenir","À retenir",[598,1699,1700,1701,1704],{},"Sans le DNS, ",[610,1702,1703],{},"plus personne ne saurait trouver les sites",", même si les serveurs fonctionnent. C'est un maillon vital, invisible la plupart du temps.",[1154,1706,1371],{},{"title":643,"searchDepth":1048,"depth":1048,"links":1708},[],"Deck projetable pour la séance sur le DNS.",{},"\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002Fadresses-dns.slides",{"title":1388,"description":1709},"0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002F1.adresses-dns.slides","7lEV_-QJ1HXisVqzp1wqidP3Z-fJIOKMu44aHu54AJQ",{"id":1181,"title":1182,"bo":1716,"body":1717,"description":1379,"eval":1167,"extension":1168,"labo":1167,"meta":1862,"navigation":1175,"path":1381,"quizzes":1863,"readingTime":1034,"seo":1864,"stem":1384,"tp":1167,"__hash__":1385},[588],{"type":590,"value":1718,"toc":1855},[1719,1721,1727,1729,1765,1767,1821,1823,1831,1833,1853],[593,1720,1189],{"id":1188},[598,1722,771,1723,1194,1725,1198],{},[610,1724,616],{},[610,1726,1197],{},[593,1728,1202],{"id":1201},[746,1730,1731,1737,1743,1749,1759],{},[749,1732,1733,1210,1735,1214],{},[610,1734,1209],{},[602,1736,1213],{},[749,1738,1739,1219,1741,1222],{},[610,1740,673],{},[602,1742,604],{},[749,1744,1745,1227,1747,1230],{},[610,1746,616],{},[619,1748,621],{},[749,1750,1233,1751,1237,1753,1240,1755,1244,1757,1248],{},[610,1752,1236],{},[602,1754,841],{},[602,1756,1243],{},[602,1758,1247],{},[749,1760,1251,1761,1255,1763,1259],{},[610,1762,1254],{},[610,1764,1258],{},[593,1766,1263],{"id":1262},[662,1768,1769,1777],{},[665,1770,1771],{},[668,1772,1773,1775],{},[671,1774,1272],{},[671,1776,1275],{},[678,1778,1779,1787,1795,1803,1811],{},[668,1780,1781,1785],{},[683,1782,1783],{},[602,1784,753],{},[683,1786,1286],{},[668,1788,1789,1793],{},[683,1790,1791],{},[602,1792,604],{},[683,1794,1295],{},[668,1796,1797,1801],{},[683,1798,1799],{},[602,1800,1123],{},[683,1802,1304],{},[668,1804,1805,1809],{},[683,1806,1807],{},[602,1808,1243],{},[683,1810,1313],{},[668,1812,1813,1819],{},[683,1814,1815,1320,1817],{},[602,1816,978],{},[602,1818,915],{},[683,1820,981],{},[593,1822,1105],{"id":1104},[746,1824,1825,1827,1829],{},[749,1826,1331],{},[749,1828,1334],{},[749,1830,1337],{},[593,1832,1341],{"id":1340},[637,1834,1835],{"className":1024,"code":1344,"language":1027,"meta":643,"style":643},[602,1836,1837,1845],{"__ignoreMap":643},[1031,1838,1839,1841,1843],{"class":1033,"line":1034},[1031,1840,1351],{"class":1037},[1031,1842,1354],{"class":1041},[1031,1844,1358],{"class":1357},[1031,1846,1847,1849,1851],{"class":1033,"line":1048},[1031,1848,1363],{"class":1037},[1031,1850,1354],{"class":1041},[1031,1852,1368],{"class":1357},[1154,1854,1371],{},{"title":643,"searchDepth":1048,"depth":1048,"links":1856},[1857,1858,1859,1860,1861],{"id":1188,"depth":1048,"text":1189},{"id":1201,"depth":1048,"text":1202},{"id":1262,"depth":1048,"text":1263},{"id":1104,"depth":1048,"text":1105},{"id":1340,"depth":1048,"text":1341},{},[],{"title":1182,"description":1379},{"id":1387,"title":1388,"body":1866,"description":1709,"extension":1168,"meta":2124,"navigation":1175,"path":1711,"seo":2125,"stem":1713,"__hash__":1714},{"type":590,"value":1867,"toc":2122},[1868,1870,1874,1878,1880,1882,1900,1902,1904,1942,1944,1946,1948,1952,1954,1956,1958,1960,1966,2016,2018,2020,2022,2026,2062,2064,2066,2068,2082,2084,2094,2096,2098,2112,2114,2116,2120],[1392,1869,21],{"id":1394},[598,1871,1397,1872,1400],{},[602,1873,604],{},[598,1875,1403,1876],{},[624,1877],{"code":588},[1407,1879],{},[1392,1881,1412],{"id":1411},[746,1883,1884,1890,1896],{},[749,1885,1417,1886,617,1888,1222],{},[610,1887,612],{},[602,1889,702],{},[749,1891,1424,1892,1428,1894,841],{},[610,1893,1427],{},[602,1895,604],{},[749,1897,1433,1898,1437],{},[610,1899,1436],{},[1407,1901],{},[1392,1903,1443],{"id":1442},[662,1905,1906,1914],{},[665,1907,1908],{},[668,1909,1910,1912],{},[671,1911,1209],{},[671,1913,673],{},[678,1915,1916,1926,1936],{},[668,1917,1918,1922],{},[683,1919,1920],{},[602,1921,1462],{},[683,1923,1924],{},[602,1925,604],{},[668,1927,1928,1932],{},[683,1929,1930],{},[602,1931,651],{},[683,1933,1934],{},[602,1935,687],{},[668,1937,1938,1940],{},[683,1939,1481],{},[683,1941,1484],{},[598,1943,1487],{},[1407,1945],{},[1392,1947,1493],{"id":1492},[598,1949,1950],{},[610,1951,1498],{},[598,1953,1501],{},[598,1955,1504],{},[1407,1957],{},[1392,1959,1510],{"id":1509},[598,1961,1962,1515,1964,1518],{},[602,1963,604],{},[610,1965,889],{},[662,1967,1968,1976],{},[665,1969,1970],{},[668,1971,1972,1974],{},[671,1973,1527],{},[671,1975,824],{},[678,1977,1978,1986,1994,2000,2008],{},[668,1979,1980,1982],{},[683,1981,831],{},[683,1983,1538,1984],{},[602,1985,604],{},[668,1987,1988,1990],{},[683,1989,846],{},[683,1991,1547,1992],{},[602,1993,852],{},[668,1995,1996,1998],{},[683,1997,857],{},[683,1999,1556],{},[668,2001,2002,2004],{},[683,2003,868],{},[683,2005,1563,2006],{},[602,2007,702],{},[668,2009,2010,2012],{},[683,2011,889],{},[683,2013,1572,2014,1576],{},[610,2015,1575],{},[598,2017,1579],{},[1407,2019],{},[1392,2021,1585],{"id":1584},[598,2023,2024],{},[602,2025,915],{},[662,2027,2028,2036],{},[665,2029,2030],{},[668,2031,2032,2034],{},[671,2033,924],{},[671,2035,927],{},[678,2037,2038,2046,2054],{},[668,2039,2040,2044],{},[683,2041,2042],{},[602,2043,952],{},[683,2045,955],{},[668,2047,2048,2052],{},[683,2049,2050],{},[602,2051,965],{},[683,2053,968],{},[668,2055,2056,2060],{},[683,2057,2058],{},[602,2059,978],{},[683,2061,981],{},[598,2063,1628],{},[1407,2065],{},[1392,2067,1634],{"id":1633},[637,2069,2070],{"className":1024,"code":1637,"language":1027,"meta":643,"style":643},[602,2071,2072,2078],{"__ignoreMap":643},[1031,2073,2074,2076],{"class":1033,"line":1034},[1031,2075,1351],{"class":1037},[1031,2077,1045],{"class":1041},[1031,2079,2080],{"class":1033,"line":1048},[1031,2081,1650],{"class":1357},[598,2083,1653],{},[637,2085,2086],{"className":1024,"code":1656,"language":1027,"meta":643,"style":643},[602,2087,2088],{"__ignoreMap":643},[1031,2089,2090,2092],{"class":1033,"line":1034},[1031,2091,1363],{"class":1037},[1031,2093,1045],{"class":1041},[1407,2095],{},[1392,2097,1670],{"id":1669},[746,2099,2100,2106,2108],{},[749,2101,1675,2102,1678,2104,841],{},[610,2103,1295],{},[610,2105,1681],{},[749,2107,1684],{},[749,2109,1687,2110,1691],{},[602,2111,1690],{},[1407,2113],{},[1392,2115,1697],{"id":1696},[598,2117,1700,2118,1704],{},[610,2119,1703],{},[1154,2121,1371],{},{"title":643,"searchDepth":1048,"depth":1048,"links":2123},[],{},{"title":1388,"description":1709},1788035572275]