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cloud","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002Fcloud","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F5.cloud",{"title":119,"path":120,"stem":121,"children":122},"Localisation, cartographie et mobilité","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F0.index",[123,124,128,132,136,140],{"title":119,"path":120,"stem":121},{"title":125,"path":126,"stem":127},"GPS et Galileo — se situer grâce aux satellites","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fgps-galileo","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F1.gps-galileo",{"title":129,"path":130,"stem":131},"Décoder une trame NMEA","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Ftrame-nmea","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F2.trame-nmea",{"title":133,"path":134,"stem":135},"Cartes numériques — GeoPortail et 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l'appareil photo","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Falgorithmes-photo","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F2.algorithmes-photo",{"title":177,"path":178,"stem":179},"Les métadonnées EXIF","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Fmetadonnees-exif","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F3.metadonnees-exif",{"title":181,"path":182,"stem":183},"Traiter une image en Python","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Ftraitement-rgb","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F4.traitement-rgb",{"title":185,"path":186,"stem":187,"children":188},"Notions transversales de programmation","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F0.index",[189,190,194,198,202],{"title":185,"path":186,"stem":187},{"title":191,"path":192,"stem":193},"Séquences d'instructions et variables","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Fsequences-affectations","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F1.sequences-affectations",{"title":195,"path":196,"stem":197},"Instructions conditionnelles","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Fconditionnelles","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F2.conditionnelles",{"title":199,"path":200,"stem":201},"Boucles bornées et non bornées","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Fboucles","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F3.boucles",{"title":203,"path":204,"stem":205},"Définitions et appels de fonctions","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Ffonctions","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F4.fonctions",{"title":207,"path":208,"stem":209,"children":210},"Démo des widgets MDC","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F0.index",[211,212,216,220],{"title":207,"path":208,"stem":209},{"title":213,"path":214,"stem":215},"Démo statique — callouts, code, BO, illustration","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002Fstatique","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F1.statique",{"title":217,"path":218,"stem":219},"Démo interactive — self-eval et python-snippet","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002Finteractif","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F2.interactif",{"title":221,"path":222,"stem":223},"Démo · 14 widgets de manipulation NSI","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002Fwidgets-manipulation","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F3.widgets-manipulation",{"title":225,"path":226,"stem":227,"children":228},"NSI — Première","\u002Fnsi-1ere","1.nsi-1ere\u002F0.index",[229,230,234,256,282,304,328,354,380,410],{"title":225,"path":226,"stem":227},{"title":231,"path":232,"stem":233},"Relecture pédagogique — 8 chapitres NSI 1ère (PA → PH)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Freview","1.nsi-1ere\u002FREVIEW",{"title":235,"path":236,"stem":237,"children":238},"Histoire de 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filtrage","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Frecherche","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F2.recherche",{"title":319,"path":320,"stem":321},"Trier une table","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Ftri","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F3.tri",{"title":323,"path":324,"stem":325,"children":326},"Fusion et indexation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Ffusion-indexation","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F4.fusion-indexation",[327],{"title":323,"path":324,"stem":325},{"title":329,"path":330,"stem":331,"children":332},"IHM sur le Web","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F0.index",[333,334,338,342,346,350],{"title":329,"path":330,"stem":331},{"title":335,"path":336,"stem":337},"HTML et CSS — rappel de structure","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fhtml-css-bases","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F1.html-css-bases",{"title":339,"path":340,"stem":341},"Formulaires HTML","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fformulaires","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F2.formulaires",{"title":343,"path":344,"stem":345},"Événements JavaScript","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fevenements-js","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F3.evenements-js",{"title":347,"path":348,"stem":349},"Manipulation du DOM","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fdom-interaction","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F4.dom-interaction",{"title":351,"path":352,"stem":353},"Client, serveur et HTTP","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fclient-serveur-http","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F5.client-serveur-http",{"title":355,"path":356,"stem":357,"children":358},"Architectures matérielles et systèmes d'exploitation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F0.index",[359,360,364,368,372,376],{"title":355,"path":356,"stem":357},{"title":361,"path":362,"stem":363},"Le modèle de von Neumann","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Fvon-neumann","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F1.von-neumann",{"title":365,"path":366,"stem":367},"Périphériques et interface homme-machine","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Fperipheriques-ihm","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F2.peripheriques-ihm",{"title":369,"path":370,"stem":371},"Les systèmes d'exploitation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Fsystemes-exploitation","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F3.systemes-exploitation",{"title":373,"path":374,"stem":375},"Linux et le shell","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Flinux-shell","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F4.linux-shell",{"title":377,"path":378,"stem":379},"Réseaux et protocoles","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Freseaux","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F5.reseaux",{"title":381,"path":382,"stem":383,"children":384},"Langages et programmation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F0.index",[385,386,390,394,398,402,406],{"title":381,"path":382,"stem":383},{"title":387,"path":388,"stem":389},"Diversité et unité des langages de programmation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fdiversite-langages","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F1.diversite-langages",{"title":391,"path":392,"stem":393},"Constructions élémentaires","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fconstructions-elementaires","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F2.constructions-elementaires",{"title":395,"path":396,"stem":397},"Fonctions","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Ffonctions","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F3.fonctions",{"title":399,"path":400,"stem":401},"Spécification d'une fonction","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fspecification","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F4.specification",{"title":403,"path":404,"stem":405},"Mise au point des programmes","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fmise-au-point","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F5.mise-au-point",{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409},"Utilisation de bibliothèques","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fbibliotheques","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F6.bibliotheques",{"title":411,"path":412,"stem":413,"children":414},"Algorithmique","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F0.index",[415,416,420,424,428,432,436],{"title":411,"path":412,"stem":413},{"title":417,"path":418,"stem":419},"Parcours séquentiel d'un tableau","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fparcours-sequentiel","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F1.parcours-sequentiel",{"title":421,"path":422,"stem":423},"Bases de la complexité","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fcomplexite-bases","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F2.complexite-bases",{"title":425,"path":426,"stem":427},"Tris par sélection et par insertion","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Ftris","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F3.tris",{"title":429,"path":430,"stem":431},"Recherche dichotomique","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fdichotomie","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F4.dichotomie",{"title":433,"path":434,"stem":435},"Algorithmes gloutons","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fgloutons","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F5.gloutons",{"title":437,"path":438,"stem":439},"Les k plus proches voisins (k-NN)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fknn","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F6.knn",{"title":441,"path":442,"stem":443,"children":444},"NSI — Terminale","\u002Fnsi-tale","2.nsi-tale\u002F0.index",[445,446,450,476,498,536,560],{"title":441,"path":442,"stem":443},{"title":447,"path":448,"stem":449},"Review pédagogique — chapitres NSI Terminale (TA, TB, TC, TD, TE)","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Freview","2.nsi-tale\u002FREVIEW",{"title":451,"path":452,"stem":453,"children":454},"Structures de données","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F0.index",[455,456,460,464,468,472],{"title":451,"path":452,"stem":453},{"title":457,"path":458,"stem":459},"Objet, classe, interface","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Finterface-implementation","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F1.interface-implementation",{"title":461,"path":462,"stem":463},"Implémenter une structure — l'exemple de la file FIFO","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Fimplementer-une-structure","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F2.implementer-une-structure",{"title":465,"path":466,"stem":467},"Listes, piles, files, dictionnaires","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Flistes-piles-files-dict","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F3.listes-piles-files-dict",{"title":469,"path":470,"stem":471},"Arbres binaires","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Farbres-binaires","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F4.arbres-binaires",{"title":473,"path":474,"stem":475},"Graphes","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Fgraphes","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F5.graphes",{"title":477,"path":478,"stem":479,"children":480},"Bases de données","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F0.index",[481,482,486,490,494],{"title":477,"path":478,"stem":479},{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Le modèle relationnel","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fmodele-relationnel","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F1.modele-relationnel",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Bases de données relationnelles et anomalies de schéma","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fbase-relationnelle","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F2.base-relationnelle",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Le langage SQL","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fsql","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F3.sql",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Les systèmes de gestion de bases de données","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fsgbd","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F4.sgbd",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501,"children":502},"Architectures matérielles, systèmes d'exploitation et réseaux","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F0.index",[503,504,508,512,516,520,524,528,532],{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},{"title":505,"path":506,"stem":507},"Le système sur puce (SoC)","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fsysteme-sur-puce","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F1.systeme-sur-puce",{"title":509,"path":510,"stem":511},"Processus et ordonnancement par l'OS","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fprocessus-os","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F2.processus-os",{"title":513,"path":514,"stem":515},"L'interblocage (deadlock)","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Finterblocage","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F3.interblocage",{"title":517,"path":518,"stem":519},"Principes du routage","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Froutage-principes","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F4.routage-principes",{"title":521,"path":522,"stem":523},"Protocoles de routage RIP et OSPF","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fprotocoles-rip-ospf","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F5.protocoles-rip-ospf",{"title":525,"path":526,"stem":527},"Chiffrement symétrique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fchiffrement-symetrique","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F6.chiffrement-symetrique",{"title":529,"path":530,"stem":531},"Chiffrement asymétrique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fchiffrement-asymetrique","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F7.chiffrement-asymetrique",{"title":533,"path":534,"stem":535},"HTTPS — l'échange de clé symétrique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fhttps-tls","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F8.https-tls",{"title":381,"path":537,"stem":538,"children":539},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F0.index",[540,541,544,548,552,556],{"title":381,"path":537,"stem":538},{"title":403,"path":542,"stem":543},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fmise-au-point","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F1.mise-au-point",{"title":545,"path":546,"stem":547},"Modularité","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fmodularite","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F2.modularite",{"title":549,"path":550,"stem":551},"Récursivité","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Frecursivite","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F3.recursivite",{"title":553,"path":554,"stem":555},"Paradigmes de programmation","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fparadigmes","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F4.paradigmes",{"title":557,"path":558,"stem":559},"Programme comme donnée — calculabilité et indécidabilité","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fprogramme-comme-donnee","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F5.programme-comme-donnee",{"title":411,"path":561,"stem":562,"children":563},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F0.index",[564,565,569,573,577,581],{"title":411,"path":561,"stem":562},{"title":566,"path":567,"stem":568},"Algorithmes sur les arbres binaires","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Farbres-binaires-algos","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F1.arbres-binaires-algos",{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"Parcours de graphes — DFS, BFS, cycles, chemins","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Fgraphes-parcours","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F2.graphes-parcours",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"Diviser pour régner","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Fdiviser-pour-regner","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F3.diviser-pour-regner",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Programmation dynamique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Fprogrammation-dynamique","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F4.programmation-dynamique",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},"Recherche textuelle — l'algorithme de Boyer-Moore","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Frecherche-textuelle","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F5.recherche-textuelle",[586,1063,1657,2206,3551],{"id":587,"title":99,"bo":588,"body":590,"description":1048,"eval":1049,"extension":1050,"labo":1049,"meta":1051,"navigation":1052,"path":100,"quizzes":1053,"readingTime":1060,"seo":1061,"stem":101,"tp":1049,"__hash__":1062},"cours\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F1.donnees-formats.md",[589],"SD03",{"type":591,"value":592,"toc":1039},"minimark",[593,598,619,622,626,637,649,661,665,672,840,857,867,897,901,911,914,928,937,948,952,955,987,999,1021,1025],[594,595,597],"h2",{"id":596},"introduction","Introduction",[599,600,601,602,606,607,610,611,614,615,618],"p",{},"À chaque seconde, des milliards de ",[603,604,605],"strong",{},"données"," circulent sur les réseaux : un\nSMS, une photo, un relevé de température, un identifiant de connexion, un like\nsur une vidéo. Toutes ces informations très différentes partagent pourtant un\npoint commun : elles peuvent être ",[603,608,609],{},"représentées et stockées par une machine",".\nAvant même de réfléchir à la façon de les organiser ou de les traiter, il est\nutile de comprendre ",[603,612,613],{},"ce qu'est"," précisément une donnée et ",[603,616,617],{},"sous quelle\nforme"," on la conserve.",[620,621],"bo-ref",{"code":589},[594,623,625],{"id":624},"quest-ce-quune-donnée","Qu'est-ce qu'une donnée ?",[599,627,628,629,632,633,636],{},"En informatique, une ",[603,630,631],{},"donnée"," est une information codée sous une forme\nexploitable par une machine. Une donnée brute, isolée, n'a pas forcément de\nsens : c'est lorsqu'on l'interprète dans un contexte qu'elle devient une\n",[603,634,635],{},"information",".",[599,638,639,640,644,645,648],{},"Par exemple, le nombre ",[641,642,643],"code",{},"36.7"," n'est qu'un nombre. Mais associé à l'étiquette\n« température corporelle, le 12 mai à 8 h », il devient une information\nexploitable par un médecin. Une donnée seule est muette ; ",[603,646,647],{},"encadrée par un\ncontexte"," elle parle.",[650,651,652],"note",{},[599,653,654,655,657,658,636],{},"Donnée brute : ",[641,656,643],{},". Information : « la température de Lila ce matin était\nde 36,7 °C ». La différence se joue sur ",[603,659,660],{},"le contexte associé",[594,662,664],{"id":663},"les-principaux-formats-de-fichier","Les principaux formats de fichier",[599,666,667,668,671],{},"Une donnée numérique doit être stockée dans un ",[603,669,670],{},"format"," : une convention\ndécrivant comment écrire l'information dans un fichier pour qu'une machine\nsache la relire. Les formats que vous croiserez le plus souvent en SNT :",[673,674,675,694],"table",{},[676,677,678],"thead",{},[679,680,681,685,688,691],"tr",{},[682,683,684],"th",{},"Format",[682,686,687],{},"Type de contenu",[682,689,690],{},"Extensions",[682,692,693],{},"Exemple d'usage",[695,696,697,716,734,752,774,798,819],"tbody",{},[679,698,699,705,708,713],{},[700,701,702],"td",{},[603,703,704],{},"Texte brut",[700,706,707],{},"Texte sans mise en forme",[700,709,710],{},[641,711,712],{},".txt",[700,714,715],{},"Une note rapide",[679,717,718,723,726,731],{},[700,719,720],{},[603,721,722],{},"CSV",[700,724,725],{},"Tableau (lignes + virgules)",[700,727,728],{},[641,729,730],{},".csv",[700,732,733],{},"Notes d'élèves, relevés",[679,735,736,741,744,749],{},[700,737,738],{},[603,739,740],{},"JSON",[700,742,743],{},"Données arborescentes",[700,745,746],{},[641,747,748],{},".json",[700,750,751],{},"Échanges entre sites Web",[679,753,754,759,762,771],{},[700,755,756],{},[603,757,758],{},"XML \u002F HTML",[700,760,761],{},"Documents structurés",[700,763,764,767,768],{},[641,765,766],{},".xml",", ",[641,769,770],{},".html",[700,772,773],{},"Pages Web, documents Office",[679,775,776,781,784,795],{},[700,777,778],{},[603,779,780],{},"Image",[700,782,783],{},"Pixels ou vecteurs",[700,785,786,767,789,767,792],{},[641,787,788],{},".png",[641,790,791],{},".jpg",[641,793,794],{},".svg",[700,796,797],{},"Photos, schémas",[679,799,800,805,808,816],{},[700,801,802],{},[603,803,804],{},"Son",[700,806,807],{},"Échantillons audio",[700,809,810,767,813],{},[641,811,812],{},".mp3",[641,814,815],{},".wav",[700,817,818],{},"Musiques, enregistrements",[679,820,821,826,829,837],{},[700,822,823],{},[603,824,825],{},"Vidéo",[700,827,828],{},"Images + son",[700,830,831,767,834],{},[641,832,833],{},".mp4",[641,835,836],{},".webm",[700,838,839],{},"Films, captures d'écran",[599,841,842,843,846,847,850,851,853,854,856],{},"On distingue deux grandes familles : les ",[603,844,845],{},"formats texte"," (lisibles par un être\nhumain en ouvrant le fichier dans un éditeur) et les ",[603,848,849],{},"formats binaires"," (codés\nen octets, illisibles sans un programme dédié — comme ",[641,852,833],{}," ou ",[641,855,788],{},").",[858,859,860],"tip",{},[599,861,862,863,866],{},"Un fichier CSV (",[641,864,865],{},"Comma-Separated Values",") est juste un fichier texte où chaque\nligne est une rangée et où les valeurs d'une même rangée sont séparées par une\nvirgule. Vous pouvez l'ouvrir avec un simple éditeur de texte.",[868,869,873,880],"self-eval-qcm",{"correct":870,"explanation":871,"slug":872},"1","CSV est un format texte : il suffit d'un éditeur pour le lire. Les trois autres sont des formats binaires.","donnees-formats-c1",[874,875,877],"template",{"v-slot:question":876},"",[599,878,879],{},"Lequel de ces formats est un format texte lisible par un être humain ?",[874,881,882],{"v-slot:choices":876},[883,884,885,889,891,894],"ul",{},[886,887,888],"li",{},"MP4",[886,890,722],{},[886,892,893],{},"PNG",[886,895,896],{},"MP3",[594,898,900],{"id":899},"les-données-personnelles","Les données personnelles",[599,902,903,904,907,908,636],{},"Toutes les données ne se valent pas devant la loi. Une ",[603,905,906],{},"donnée personnelle","\nest, selon le RGPD (Règlement Général sur la Protection des Données), toute\ninformation ",[603,909,910],{},"se rapportant à une personne physique identifiée ou\nidentifiable",[599,912,913],{},"Cette définition est plus large qu'il n'y paraît :",[883,915,916,922],{},[886,917,918,921],{},[603,919,920],{},"Identification directe"," : nom et prénom, photo de visage, numéro de\nsécurité sociale.",[886,923,924,927],{},[603,925,926],{},"Identification indirecte"," : adresse IP, numéro de plaque d'immatriculation,\nadresse e-mail, voire combinaison de plusieurs indices (« femme née le X,\nhabitant à Y, inscrite à l'association Z »).",[929,930,931],"warning",{},[599,932,933,934,936],{},"Une adresse IP est une ",[603,935,906],{}," au sens du RGPD, même si elle ne\ncontient pas votre nom. Elle permet de remonter à votre abonnement Internet,\ndonc à vous.",[599,938,939,940,943,944,947],{},"À l'intérieur des données personnelles, on isole les ",[603,941,942],{},"données sensibles"," :\norigine, opinions politiques, religion, santé, orientation sexuelle, données\nbiométriques. Leur collecte est ",[603,945,946],{},"interdite par défaut",", sauf consentement\nexplicite ou cas prévu par la loi.",[594,949,951],{"id":950},"vos-droits-face-à-vos-données","Vos droits face à vos données",[599,953,954],{},"Le RGPD, applicable dans toute l'Union européenne depuis 2018, garantit à\nchaque personne plusieurs droits sur les données qui la concernent :",[883,956,957,963,969,975,981],{},[886,958,959,962],{},[603,960,961],{},"Droit d'accès"," — savoir ce qu'un service détient sur vous.",[886,964,965,968],{},[603,966,967],{},"Droit de rectification"," — corriger une donnée erronée.",[886,970,971,974],{},[603,972,973],{},"Droit à l'effacement"," — demander la suppression (« droit à l'oubli »).",[886,976,977,980],{},[603,978,979],{},"Droit à la portabilité"," — récupérer ses données dans un format ouvert.",[886,982,983,986],{},[603,984,985],{},"Droit d'opposition"," — refuser un traitement (par exemple à des fins\npublicitaires).",[988,989,992],"card",{"icon":990,"title":991},"i-lucide-shield-check","L'autorité française : la CNIL",[599,993,994,995,998],{},"La ",[603,996,997],{},"CNIL"," (Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertés) veille au\nrespect du RGPD en France. Elle peut être saisie gratuitement par tout citoyen\nen cas de manquement.",[868,1000,1003,1008],{"correct":870,"explanation":1001,"slug":1002},"L'adresse IP permet à un fournisseur d'accès de remonter à un abonné précis. Elle est considérée comme une donnée personnelle par la CNIL.","donnees-formats-c2",[874,1004,1005],{"v-slot:question":876},[599,1006,1007],{},"Une adresse IP est-elle une donnée personnelle ?",[874,1009,1010],{"v-slot:choices":876},[883,1011,1012,1015,1018],{},[886,1013,1014],{},"Non, c'est juste un numéro",[886,1016,1017],{},"Oui, car elle peut identifier un abonnement et donc une personne",[886,1019,1020],{},"Seulement si elle est associée à un nom",[594,1022,1024],{"id":1023},"à-retenir","À retenir",[599,1026,1027,1028,1031,1032,1035,1036,1038],{},"Une donnée est un fragment d'information codé pour une machine. Elle prend du\nsens dans un ",[603,1029,1030],{},"contexte",". Selon le type de contenu, on la stocke dans des\n",[603,1033,1034],{},"formats"," différents (texte brut, CSV, JSON, images, sons…). Lorsqu'elle se\nrapporte à une personne identifiable, elle devient une ",[603,1037,906],{},"\nprotégée par le RGPD et placée sous la vigilance de la CNIL.",{"title":876,"searchDepth":1040,"depth":1040,"links":1041},2,[1042,1043,1044,1045,1046,1047],{"id":596,"depth":1040,"text":597},{"id":624,"depth":1040,"text":625},{"id":663,"depth":1040,"text":664},{"id":899,"depth":1040,"text":900},{"id":950,"depth":1040,"text":951},{"id":1023,"depth":1040,"text":1024},"Qu'est-ce qu'une donnée ? Quels sont les principaux formats utilisés en informatique, et pourquoi certaines données méritent une protection particulière ?",null,"md",{},true,[1054,1058],{"slug":872,"kind":1055,"question":879,"choices":1056,"correct":870,"multi":1057,"explanation":871},"qcm",[888,722,893,896],false,{"slug":1002,"kind":1055,"question":1007,"choices":1059,"correct":870,"multi":1057,"explanation":1001},[1014,1017,1020],1,{"title":99,"description":1048},"dkoerxUu0jbE2HxRVEuO31-3xLAY20c_6Puy2ZikwmE",{"id":1064,"title":103,"bo":1065,"body":1067,"description":1648,"eval":1049,"extension":1050,"labo":1049,"meta":1649,"navigation":1052,"path":104,"quizzes":1650,"readingTime":1060,"seo":1655,"stem":105,"tp":1049,"__hash__":1656},"cours\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F2.donnees-structurees.md",[1066],"SD02",{"type":591,"value":1068,"toc":1638},[1069,1071,1093,1095,1099,1102,1164,1167,1211,1224,1246,1250,1269,1272,1281,1287,1291,1294,1473,1480,1488,1495,1498,1528,1540,1547,1570,1574,1619,1623,1634],[594,1070,597],{"id":596},[599,1072,1073,1074,767,1077,1080,1081,1084,1085,1088,1089,1092],{},"Une liste de chiffres entassée sans ordre n'est exploitable par personne. Pour\nqu'une machine — et un humain — puissent ",[603,1075,1076],{},"interroger",[603,1078,1079],{},"trier"," ou\n",[603,1082,1083],{},"croiser"," des informations, encore faut-il que ces informations soient\n",[603,1086,1087],{},"organisées",". C'est exactement le rôle des ",[603,1090,1091],{},"données structurées"," : on\ndécide à l'avance comment on va décrire chaque entité, et on respecte cette\nconvention pour tous les enregistrements.",[620,1094],{"code":1066},[594,1096,1098],{"id":1097},"descripteurs-et-valeurs","Descripteurs et valeurs",[599,1100,1101],{},"Imaginez la fiche d'un livre dans la bibliothèque du lycée :",[673,1103,1104,1120],{},[676,1105,1106],{},[679,1107,1108,1111,1114,1117],{},[682,1109,1110],{},"Titre",[682,1112,1113],{},"Auteur",[682,1115,1116],{},"Année",[682,1118,1119],{},"Pages",[695,1121,1122,1136,1150],{},[679,1123,1124,1127,1130,1133],{},[700,1125,1126],{},"Les Misérables",[700,1128,1129],{},"Victor Hugo",[700,1131,1132],{},"1862",[700,1134,1135],{},"1900",[679,1137,1138,1141,1144,1147],{},[700,1139,1140],{},"Vendredi ou la vie sauvage",[700,1142,1143],{},"Michel Tournier",[700,1145,1146],{},"1971",[700,1148,1149],{},"192",[679,1151,1152,1155,1158,1161],{},[700,1153,1154],{},"Le Petit Prince",[700,1156,1157],{},"Antoine de Saint-Exupéry",[700,1159,1160],{},"1943",[700,1162,1163],{},"96",[599,1165,1166],{},"On distingue clairement deux niveaux d'information :",[883,1168,1169,1194],{},[886,1170,1171,1172,1175,1176,1180,1181,767,1183,767,1185,767,1187,1189,1190,1193],{},"Les ",[603,1173,1174],{},"descripteurs"," (ou ",[1177,1178,1179],"em",{},"attributs",") : ",[641,1182,1110],{},[641,1184,1113],{},[641,1186,1116],{},[641,1188,1119],{},".\nIls définissent ",[603,1191,1192],{},"quelles informations"," on conserve sur chaque livre. Ils\nsont communs à tous les enregistrements.",[886,1195,1171,1196,1199,1200,767,1202,767,1204,1206,1207,1210],{},[603,1197,1198],{},"valeurs"," : ",[641,1201,1129],{},[641,1203,1132],{},[641,1205,1163],{},"… Elles sont ",[603,1208,1209],{},"propres à chaque\nenregistrement"," et viennent remplir les descripteurs.",[650,1212,1213],{},[599,1214,1215,1216,1219,1220,1223],{},"Un même descripteur peut prendre des ",[603,1217,1218],{},"valeurs différentes"," d'une ligne à\nl'autre. Mais la ",[603,1221,1222],{},"liste des descripteurs"," reste fixe pour toute la table.",[868,1225,1228,1233],{"correct":870,"explanation":1226,"slug":1227},"'Année' est un descripteur : il définit le type d'information conservé dans cette colonne. Les valeurs sont 1862, 1971, 1943.","donnees-structurees-c1",[874,1229,1230],{"v-slot:question":876},[599,1231,1232],{},"Dans la table ci-dessus, qu'est-ce que 'Année' ?",[874,1234,1235],{"v-slot:choices":876},[883,1236,1237,1240,1243],{},[886,1238,1239],{},"Une valeur",[886,1241,1242],{},"Un descripteur",[886,1244,1245],{},"Un enregistrement",[594,1247,1249],{"id":1248},"un-enregistrement-une-ligne","Un enregistrement = une ligne",[599,1251,1252,1253,1256,1257,1260,1261,1264,1265,1268],{},"Dans une table de données, chaque ",[603,1254,1255],{},"ligne"," rassemble toutes les valeurs\ncorrespondant à une entité. On parle d'un ",[603,1258,1259],{},"enregistrement"," (ou d'un\n",[1177,1262,1263],{},"p-uplet","). La ligne ",[641,1266,1267],{},"Les Misérables, Victor Hugo, 1862, 1900"," est un\nenregistrement qui décrit un livre précis.",[599,1270,1271],{},"Les données structurées prennent souvent la forme :",[1273,1274,1279],"pre",{"className":1275,"code":1277,"language":1278,"meta":876},[1276],"language-text","descripteur1, descripteur2, descripteur3, …\nvaleur1,      valeur2,      valeur3,      …\nvaleur1,      valeur2,      valeur3,      …\n…\n","text",[641,1280,1277],{"__ignoreMap":876},[599,1282,1283,1284,1286],{},"C'est exactement la convention du format ",[603,1285,722],{}," que vous avez rencontré au\ncours précédent.",[594,1288,1290],{"id":1289},"stocker-les-mêmes-données-autrement","Stocker les mêmes données autrement",[599,1292,1293],{},"Une table peut s'écrire de plusieurs façons selon l'usage. Voici la même\ninformation en CSV et en JSON :",[1295,1296,1297,1329],"code-group",{},[1273,1298,1303],{"className":1299,"code":1300,"filename":1301,"language":1302,"meta":876,"style":876},"language-csv shiki shiki-themes github-light github-light github-dark","titre,auteur,annee,pages\nLes Misérables,Victor Hugo,1862,1900\nVendredi ou la vie sauvage,Michel Tournier,1971,192\nLe Petit Prince,Antoine de Saint-Exupéry,1943,96\n","livres.csv","csv",[641,1304,1305,1312,1317,1323],{"__ignoreMap":876},[1306,1307,1309],"span",{"class":1308,"line":1060},"line",[1306,1310,1311],{},"titre,auteur,annee,pages\n",[1306,1313,1314],{"class":1308,"line":1040},[1306,1315,1316],{},"Les Misérables,Victor Hugo,1862,1900\n",[1306,1318,1320],{"class":1308,"line":1319},3,[1306,1321,1322],{},"Vendredi ou la vie sauvage,Michel Tournier,1971,192\n",[1306,1324,1326],{"class":1308,"line":1325},4,[1306,1327,1328],{},"Le Petit Prince,Antoine de Saint-Exupéry,1943,96\n",[1273,1330,1335],{"className":1331,"code":1332,"filename":1333,"language":1334,"meta":876,"style":876},"language-json shiki shiki-themes github-light github-light github-dark","[\n  { \"titre\": \"Les Misérables\", \"auteur\": \"Victor Hugo\", \"annee\": 1862, \"pages\": 1900 },\n  { \"titre\": \"Vendredi ou la vie sauvage\", \"auteur\": \"Michel Tournier\", \"annee\": 1971, \"pages\": 192 },\n  { \"titre\": \"Le Petit Prince\", \"auteur\": \"Antoine de Saint-Exupéry\", \"annee\": 1943, \"pages\": 96 }\n]\n","livres.json","json",[641,1336,1337,1343,1390,1428,1467],{"__ignoreMap":876},[1306,1338,1339],{"class":1308,"line":1060},[1306,1340,1342],{"class":1341},"sxrX7","[\n",[1306,1344,1345,1348,1352,1355,1359,1361,1364,1366,1369,1371,1374,1376,1378,1380,1383,1385,1387],{"class":1308,"line":1040},[1306,1346,1347],{"class":1341},"  { ",[1306,1349,1351],{"class":1350},"sBjJW","\"titre\"",[1306,1353,1354],{"class":1341},": ",[1306,1356,1358],{"class":1357},"sIIMD","\"Les Misérables\"",[1306,1360,767],{"class":1341},[1306,1362,1363],{"class":1350},"\"auteur\"",[1306,1365,1354],{"class":1341},[1306,1367,1368],{"class":1357},"\"Victor Hugo\"",[1306,1370,767],{"class":1341},[1306,1372,1373],{"class":1350},"\"annee\"",[1306,1375,1354],{"class":1341},[1306,1377,1132],{"class":1350},[1306,1379,767],{"class":1341},[1306,1381,1382],{"class":1350},"\"pages\"",[1306,1384,1354],{"class":1341},[1306,1386,1135],{"class":1350},[1306,1388,1389],{"class":1341}," },\n",[1306,1391,1392,1394,1396,1398,1401,1403,1405,1407,1410,1412,1414,1416,1418,1420,1422,1424,1426],{"class":1308,"line":1319},[1306,1393,1347],{"class":1341},[1306,1395,1351],{"class":1350},[1306,1397,1354],{"class":1341},[1306,1399,1400],{"class":1357},"\"Vendredi ou la vie sauvage\"",[1306,1402,767],{"class":1341},[1306,1404,1363],{"class":1350},[1306,1406,1354],{"class":1341},[1306,1408,1409],{"class":1357},"\"Michel Tournier\"",[1306,1411,767],{"class":1341},[1306,1413,1373],{"class":1350},[1306,1415,1354],{"class":1341},[1306,1417,1146],{"class":1350},[1306,1419,767],{"class":1341},[1306,1421,1382],{"class":1350},[1306,1423,1354],{"class":1341},[1306,1425,1149],{"class":1350},[1306,1427,1389],{"class":1341},[1306,1429,1430,1432,1434,1436,1439,1441,1443,1445,1448,1450,1452,1454,1456,1458,1460,1462,1464],{"class":1308,"line":1325},[1306,1431,1347],{"class":1341},[1306,1433,1351],{"class":1350},[1306,1435,1354],{"class":1341},[1306,1437,1438],{"class":1357},"\"Le Petit Prince\"",[1306,1440,767],{"class":1341},[1306,1442,1363],{"class":1350},[1306,1444,1354],{"class":1341},[1306,1446,1447],{"class":1357},"\"Antoine de Saint-Exupéry\"",[1306,1449,767],{"class":1341},[1306,1451,1373],{"class":1350},[1306,1453,1354],{"class":1341},[1306,1455,1160],{"class":1350},[1306,1457,767],{"class":1341},[1306,1459,1382],{"class":1350},[1306,1461,1354],{"class":1341},[1306,1463,1163],{"class":1350},[1306,1465,1466],{"class":1341}," }\n",[1306,1468,1470],{"class":1308,"line":1469},5,[1306,1471,1472],{"class":1341},"]\n",[599,1474,1475,1476,1479],{},"Les deux fichiers portent ",[603,1477,1478],{},"strictement la même information",". Le CSV est plus\ncompact, le JSON est plus explicite — chaque valeur est nommée par son\ndescripteur. À vous de choisir le format selon le contexte.",[594,1481,1483,1484,1487],{"id":1482},"les-données-ouvertes-open-data","Les données ouvertes (",[1177,1485,1486],{},"open data",")",[599,1489,1490,1491,1494],{},"Depuis quelques années, l'État, les collectivités, certaines entreprises\npublient des ",[603,1492,1493],{},"données ouvertes"," : des jeux de données structurées,\ntéléchargeables librement, sous une licence qui autorise leur réutilisation.",[599,1496,1497],{},"Quelques portails français de référence :",[988,1499,1502],{"icon":1500,"title":1501},"i-lucide-database","Quelques portails à connaître",[883,1503,1504,1510,1516,1522],{},[886,1505,1506,1509],{},[603,1507,1508],{},"data.gouv.fr"," — le portail national (recensement, élections, transports…).",[886,1511,1512,1515],{},[603,1513,1514],{},"opendata.paris.fr"," — données de la ville de Paris (vélos, terrasses,\narbres remarquables).",[886,1517,1518,1521],{},[603,1519,1520],{},"insee.fr"," — l'INSEE publie des séries statistiques exploitables.",[886,1523,1524,1527],{},[603,1525,1526],{},"data.education.gouv.fr"," — données du système éducatif (résultats au bac,\neffectifs, équipements).",[599,1529,1530,1531,1533,1534,1536,1537,1539],{},"Ouvrir un fichier de ",[641,1532,1508],{},", c'est presque toujours ouvrir un ",[603,1535,722],{},"\nou un ",[603,1538,740],{},". Le format est conçu pour faciliter la réutilisation.",[1541,1542],"illustration",{"alt":1543,"kind":1544,"src":1545,"svg":1546},"Cycle d'une donnée ouverte","mermaid","\u002Fillustrations\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002Fcycle-donnee-ouverte.svg","\u003Csvg id=\"ill-0-snt-2nde-sd-donnees-structurees-cycle-donnee-ouverte\" xmlns=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2000\u002Fsvg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" class=\"illustration-svg flowchart\" viewBox=\"0 0 812.296875 271\" role=\"graphics-document document\" aria-roledescription=\"flowchart-v2\">\u003Cstyle>#ill-0-snt-2nde-sd-donnees-structurees-cycle-donnee-ouverte{font-family:Geist,Inter,system-ui,-apple-system,sans-serif;font-size:14px;fill:var(--diagram-text);}@keyframes edge-animation-frame{from{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}@keyframes dash{to{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}#ill-0-snt-2nde-sd-donnees-structurees-cycle-donnee-ouverte 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(",[641,1585,1586],{},"NA",[641,1588,1589],{},"null",[886,1591,1592,1595,1596,1599,1600,1603],{},[603,1593,1594],{},"Toutes les valeurs d'une même colonne doivent être du même type."," Mélanger\nune chaîne (",[641,1597,1598],{},"\"trois\"",") et un nombre (",[641,1601,1602],{},"3",") dans une colonne « Pages »\nempêche tout tri numérique cohérent.",[886,1605,1606,1609,1610,853,1613,1616,1617,636],{},[603,1607,1608],{},"Données ouvertes ≠ données personnelles publiées."," Les données ouvertes\nsont ",[603,1611,1612],{},"anonymisées",[603,1614,1615],{},"agrégées"," avant publication — vous ne trouverez\npas la liste nominative des contribuables sur ",[641,1618,1508],{},[594,1620,1622],{"id":1621},"pour-aller-plus-loin","Pour aller plus loin",[599,1624,1625,1626,1629,1630,1633],{},"Quand une table devient très grande, on lui ajoute souvent un descripteur\nparticulier — un ",[603,1627,1628],{},"identifiant unique"," — qui permet de désigner sans\nambiguïté chaque enregistrement. C'est le germe de la notion de ",[603,1631,1632],{},"clé",",\ncentrale dans les bases de données que vous croiserez en NSI Première.",[1635,1636,1637],"style",{},"html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sxrX7, html code.shiki .sxrX7{--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sBjJW, html code.shiki .sBjJW{--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sIIMD, html code.shiki .sIIMD{--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}",{"title":876,"searchDepth":1040,"depth":1040,"links":1639},[1640,1641,1642,1643,1644,1646,1647],{"id":596,"depth":1040,"text":597},{"id":1097,"depth":1040,"text":1098},{"id":1248,"depth":1040,"text":1249},{"id":1289,"depth":1040,"text":1290},{"id":1482,"depth":1040,"text":1645},"Les données ouvertes (open data)",{"id":1572,"depth":1040,"text":1573},{"id":1621,"depth":1040,"text":1622},"Une donnée n'a de valeur que si elle est organisée. Descripteurs, valeurs, tables et données ouvertes.",{},[1651,1653],{"slug":1227,"kind":1055,"question":1232,"choices":1652,"correct":870,"multi":1057,"explanation":1226},[1239,1242,1245],{"slug":1550,"kind":1055,"question":1555,"choices":1654,"correct":870,"multi":1057,"explanation":1549},[888,722,1566,1569],{"title":103,"description":1648},"hIG1K2bUW0ZtcRJuJuN7hMgqPDsmywXRrrLB0j02z5Q",{"id":1658,"title":107,"bo":1659,"body":1661,"description":2197,"eval":1049,"extension":1050,"labo":1049,"meta":2198,"navigation":1052,"path":108,"quizzes":2199,"readingTime":1060,"seo":2204,"stem":109,"tp":1049,"__hash__":2205},"cours\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F3.metadonnees.md",[1660],"SD04",{"type":591,"value":1662,"toc":2184},[1663,1665,1680,1682,1686,1689,1723,1733,1742,1746,1751,1762,1846,1855,1859,1869,1883,1886,1908,1912,1915,1948,1951,1955,1958,1980,2082,2091,2095,2102,2120,2123,2145,2147,2168,2170,2181],[594,1664,597],{"id":596},[599,1666,1667,1668,1671,1672,1675,1676,1679],{},"Quand vous prenez une photo avec votre téléphone, votre appareil n'enregistre\npas seulement l'image. Il glisse aussi dans le fichier une foule\nd'informations supplémentaires : la date, l'heure, le modèle de l'appareil,\nsouvent même la ",[603,1669,1670],{},"position GPS"," précise du lieu de la prise de vue. Ces\ninformations cachées s'appellent des ",[603,1673,1674],{},"métadonnées"," : ce sont des\n",[603,1677,1678],{},"données sur les données",". Ce cours vous propose de les rendre visibles et\nde mesurer ce qu'elles révèlent.",[620,1681],{"code":1660},[594,1683,1685],{"id":1684},"donnée-vs-métadonnée","Donnée vs métadonnée",[599,1687,1688],{},"Pour bien fixer la distinction :",[673,1690,1691,1701],{},[676,1692,1693],{},[679,1694,1695,1698],{},[682,1696,1697],{},"Le fichier contient…",[682,1699,1700],{},"Cela s'appelle…",[695,1702,1703,1713],{},[679,1704,1705,1708],{},[700,1706,1707],{},"Le contenu principal (l'image, le texte, la musique)",[700,1709,1710,1711],{},"la ",[603,1712,631],{},[679,1714,1715,1718],{},[700,1716,1717],{},"Les informations à propos de ce contenu (date, auteur, taille)",[700,1719,1710,1720],{},[603,1721,1722],{},"métadonnée",[599,1724,1725,1726,1729,1730,1732],{},"Une analogie utile : sur un livre, le ",[603,1727,1728],{},"contenu"," est l'histoire ; les\n",[603,1731,1674],{}," sont l'auteur, l'éditeur, l'année, le nombre de pages, le\nnuméro ISBN. Ce ne sont pas l'histoire, mais elles décrivent l'objet qui la\ncontient.",[650,1734,1735],{},[599,1736,1737,1738,1741],{},"Étymologie : ",[1177,1739,1740],{},"méta"," signifie « au-dessus », « à côté ». Une métadonnée est\n**au sujet d'**une donnée.",[594,1743,1745],{"id":1744},"des-exemples-concrets","Des exemples concrets",[1747,1748,1750],"h3",{"id":1749},"métadonnées-dune-photo-exif","Métadonnées d'une photo (EXIF)",[599,1752,1753,1754,1757,1758,1761],{},"Le format ",[603,1755,1756],{},"EXIF"," (",[1177,1759,1760],{},"Exchangeable Image File Format",") est inclus dans\nquasiment toutes les photos prises avec un appareil numérique :",[673,1763,1764,1774],{},[676,1765,1766],{},[679,1767,1768,1771],{},[682,1769,1770],{},"Champ EXIF",[682,1772,1773],{},"Exemple de valeur",[695,1775,1776,1786,1796,1806,1816,1826,1836],{},[679,1777,1778,1781],{},[700,1779,1780],{},"Date \u002F heure",[700,1782,1783],{},[641,1784,1785],{},"2026-04-12 14:32:17",[679,1787,1788,1791],{},[700,1789,1790],{},"Appareil",[700,1792,1793],{},[641,1794,1795],{},"Apple iPhone 14",[679,1797,1798,1801],{},[700,1799,1800],{},"Logiciel",[700,1802,1803],{},[641,1804,1805],{},"iOS 18.1",[679,1807,1808,1811],{},[700,1809,1810],{},"Coordonnées GPS",[700,1812,1813],{},[641,1814,1815],{},"48.8584° N, 2.2945° E",[679,1817,1818,1821],{},[700,1819,1820],{},"Vitesse d'obturation",[700,1822,1823],{},[641,1824,1825],{},"1\u002F250 s",[679,1827,1828,1831],{},[700,1829,1830],{},"Ouverture",[700,1832,1833],{},[641,1834,1835],{},"f\u002F1.8",[679,1837,1838,1841],{},[700,1839,1840],{},"Sensibilité ISO",[700,1842,1843],{},[641,1844,1845],{},"100",[929,1847,1848],{},[599,1849,1850,1851,1854],{},"Les coordonnées GPS d'une photo permettent souvent de ",[603,1852,1853],{},"localiser au mètre\nprès"," le lieu de la prise de vue. Publier une photo prise dans son jardin,\nc'est potentiellement publier l'adresse de son domicile.",[1747,1856,1858],{"id":1857},"métadonnées-dun-document","Métadonnées d'un document",[599,1860,1861,1862,853,1865,1868],{},"Un fichier ",[641,1863,1864],{},".docx",[641,1866,1867],{},".pdf"," contient lui aussi des métadonnées :",[883,1870,1871,1874,1877,1880],{},[886,1872,1873],{},"Auteur, organisation.",[886,1875,1876],{},"Date de création, date de dernière modification.",[886,1878,1879],{},"Logiciel utilisé.",[886,1881,1882],{},"Historique des révisions (parfois).",[599,1884,1885],{},"Plusieurs affaires médiatiques sont nées de la simple lecture des métadonnées\nd'un PDF officiellement « anonyme ».",[868,1887,1890,1895],{"correct":870,"explanation":1888,"slug":1889},"La date est une donnée à propos du fichier — donc une métadonnée. Les pixels constituent la donnée elle-même.","metadonnees-c1",[874,1891,1892],{"v-slot:question":876},[599,1893,1894],{},"Parmi ces éléments, lequel est typiquement une métadonnée d'un fichier image ?",[874,1896,1897],{"v-slot:choices":876},[883,1898,1899,1902,1905],{},[886,1900,1901],{},"Les pixels qui forment l'image",[886,1903,1904],{},"La date de la prise de vue",[886,1906,1907],{},"Le nom du dossier qui contient le fichier",[594,1909,1911],{"id":1910},"pourquoi-des-métadonnées","Pourquoi des métadonnées ?",[599,1913,1914],{},"Les métadonnées rendent de précieux services :",[988,1916,1919],{"icon":1917,"title":1918},"i-lucide-tags","À quoi servent-elles ?",[883,1920,1921,1927,1933,1942],{},[886,1922,1923,1926],{},[603,1924,1925],{},"Trier et classer"," des fichiers automatiquement (par date, auteur,\nappareil).",[886,1928,1929,1932],{},[603,1930,1931],{},"Rechercher"," dans une grande bibliothèque (« toutes les photos prises à\nParis en avril »).",[886,1934,1935,1938,1939,856],{},[603,1936,1937],{},"Indexer"," pour les moteurs de recherche (titre HTML, balises ",[641,1940,1941],{},"meta",[886,1943,1944,1947],{},[603,1945,1946],{},"Authentifier"," un fichier (un document signé porte la signature en\nmétadonnée).",[599,1949,1950],{},"Un moteur de recherche d'images peut, par exemple, retrouver les photos\nprises avec un appareil donné, dans une plage horaire donnée, sans jamais\nanalyser leur contenu visuel.",[594,1952,1954],{"id":1953},"retrouver-les-métadonnées-dun-fichier","Retrouver les métadonnées d'un fichier",[599,1956,1957],{},"Plusieurs chemins existent :",[883,1959,1960,1970,1977],{},[886,1961,1962,1965,1966,1969],{},[603,1963,1964],{},"Clic droit → Propriétés"," sous Windows ou ",[603,1967,1968],{},"Lire les informations"," sous\nmacOS donne déjà beaucoup d'éléments (taille, date, auteur).",[886,1971,1972,1973,1976],{},"Pour le détail EXIF d'une photo, un outil dédié (par exemple ",[641,1974,1975],{},"exiftool"," en\nligne de commande ou des sites en ligne) extrait tous les champs.",[886,1978,1979],{},"Sur certaines applications mobiles, l'onglet « Détails » d'une photo\naffiche directement les métadonnées principales.",[1273,1981,1985],{"className":1982,"code":1983,"language":1984,"meta":876,"style":876},"language-bash shiki shiki-themes github-light github-light github-dark","$ exiftool photo-vacances.jpg\nFile Name              : photo-vacances.jpg\nCamera Model Name      : iPhone 14\nDate\u002FTime Original     : 2026:04:12 14:32:17\nGPS Latitude           : 48.8584 N\nGPS Longitude          : 2.2945 E\n","bash",[641,1986,1987,1999,2012,2031,2048,2065],{"__ignoreMap":876},[1306,1988,1989,1993,1996],{"class":1308,"line":1060},[1306,1990,1992],{"class":1991},"snPdu","$",[1306,1994,1995],{"class":1357}," exiftool",[1306,1997,1998],{"class":1357}," photo-vacances.jpg\n",[1306,2000,2001,2004,2007,2010],{"class":1308,"line":1040},[1306,2002,2003],{"class":1991},"File",[1306,2005,2006],{"class":1357}," Name",[1306,2008,2009],{"class":1357},"              :",[1306,2011,1998],{"class":1357},[1306,2013,2014,2017,2020,2022,2025,2028],{"class":1308,"line":1319},[1306,2015,2016],{"class":1991},"Camera",[1306,2018,2019],{"class":1357}," Model",[1306,2021,2006],{"class":1357},[1306,2023,2024],{"class":1357},"      :",[1306,2026,2027],{"class":1357}," iPhone",[1306,2029,2030],{"class":1350}," 14\n",[1306,2032,2033,2036,2039,2042,2045],{"class":1308,"line":1325},[1306,2034,2035],{"class":1991},"Date\u002FTime",[1306,2037,2038],{"class":1357}," Original",[1306,2040,2041],{"class":1357},"     :",[1306,2043,2044],{"class":1357}," 2026:04:12",[1306,2046,2047],{"class":1357}," 14:32:17\n",[1306,2049,2050,2053,2056,2059,2062],{"class":1308,"line":1469},[1306,2051,2052],{"class":1991},"GPS",[1306,2054,2055],{"class":1357}," Latitude",[1306,2057,2058],{"class":1357},"           :",[1306,2060,2061],{"class":1350}," 48.8584",[1306,2063,2064],{"class":1357}," N\n",[1306,2066,2068,2070,2073,2076,2079],{"class":1308,"line":2067},6,[1306,2069,2052],{"class":1991},[1306,2071,2072],{"class":1357}," Longitude",[1306,2074,2075],{"class":1357},"          :",[1306,2077,2078],{"class":1350}," 2.2945",[1306,2080,2081],{"class":1357}," E\n",[858,2083,2084],{},[599,2085,2086,2087,2090],{},"Les principaux réseaux sociaux ",[603,2088,2089],{},"retirent automatiquement"," les métadonnées\nEXIF des photos publiées. Cette mesure de protection n'est pas universelle :\nsi vous envoyez la photo par messagerie ou que vous la mettez sur un cloud\npersonnel, les métadonnées peuvent rester intactes.",[594,2092,2094],{"id":2093},"effacer-ou-modifier-des-métadonnées","Effacer ou modifier des métadonnées",[599,2096,2097,2098,2101],{},"Il est possible de ",[603,2099,2100],{},"nettoyer"," un fichier de ses métadonnées :",[883,2103,2104,2107,2113],{},[886,2105,2106],{},"Windows propose « Supprimer les propriétés et les informations\npersonnelles » dans le clic-droit → Propriétés → Détails.",[886,2108,2109,2110,636],{},"macOS propose des outils intégrés et des utilitaires comme ",[1177,2111,2112],{},"ImageOptim",[886,2114,2115,2116,2119],{},"En ligne de commande : ",[641,2117,2118],{},"exiftool -all= fichier.jpg"," retire tout.",[599,2121,2122],{},"C'est une habitude utile à prendre avant de publier une photo personnelle.",[868,2124,2127,2132],{"correct":870,"explanation":2125,"slug":2126},"Les coordonnées GPS et la date sont les métadonnées les plus sensibles : elles peuvent révéler le domicile, le lieu de travail ou les habitudes de vie.","metadonnees-c2",[874,2128,2129],{"v-slot:question":876},[599,2130,2131],{},"Pourquoi retirer les métadonnées avant de publier une photo personnelle ?",[874,2133,2134],{"v-slot:choices":876},[883,2135,2136,2139,2142],{},[886,2137,2138],{},"Pour gagner de la place",[886,2140,2141],{},"Pour éviter de révéler le lieu et la date précis de la prise de vue",[886,2143,2144],{},"Pour améliorer la qualité de l'image",[594,2146,1573],{"id":1572},[929,2148,2149],{},[883,2150,2151,2158,2165],{},[886,2152,2153,2154,2157],{},"Les métadonnées ",[603,2155,2156],{},"subsistent à la copie"," : copier-coller un fichier ne\nles efface pas.",[886,2159,2160,2161,2164],{},"Une ",[603,2162,2163],{},"capture d'écran"," d'une photo perd les EXIF de l'original (l'image\nest régénérée), mais en gagne de nouvelles (heure, appareil de la capture).",[886,2166,2167],{},"Beaucoup de gens ignorent que les métadonnées existent. Une bonne raison\nde les connaître soi-même.",[594,2169,1622],{"id":1621},[599,2171,2172,2173,2176,2177,2180],{},"Les métadonnées sont au cœur du ",[603,2174,2175],{},"fonctionnement du Web"," : chaque page\nHTML porte des balises ",[641,2178,2179],{},"\u003Cmeta>"," invisibles à l'écran mais lues par les\nmoteurs de recherche, les réseaux sociaux et les navigateurs pour décider\ncomment l'afficher dans une vignette de partage.",[1635,2182,2183],{},"html pre.shiki code .snPdu, html code.shiki .snPdu{--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .sIIMD, html code.shiki .sIIMD{--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sBjJW, html code.shiki .sBjJW{--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}",{"title":876,"searchDepth":1040,"depth":1040,"links":2185},[2186,2187,2188,2192,2193,2194,2195,2196],{"id":596,"depth":1040,"text":597},{"id":1684,"depth":1040,"text":1685},{"id":1744,"depth":1040,"text":1745,"children":2189},[2190,2191],{"id":1749,"depth":1319,"text":1750},{"id":1857,"depth":1319,"text":1858},{"id":1910,"depth":1040,"text":1911},{"id":1953,"depth":1040,"text":1954},{"id":2093,"depth":1040,"text":2094},{"id":1572,"depth":1040,"text":1573},{"id":1621,"depth":1040,"text":1622},"À côté du contenu d'un fichier vit une seconde couche d'information — discrète, parfois indiscrète. À quoi servent les métadonnées, et que révèlent-elles vraiment ?",{},[2200,2202],{"slug":1889,"kind":1055,"question":1894,"choices":2201,"correct":870,"multi":1057,"explanation":1888},[1901,1904,1907],{"slug":2126,"kind":1055,"question":2131,"choices":2203,"correct":870,"multi":1057,"explanation":2125},[2138,2141,2144],{"title":107,"description":2197},"sJehwg_7hvbygwZAtJ4g74JOIjxuTnCxEtMygRaiZXM",{"id":2207,"title":111,"bo":2208,"body":2210,"description":3533,"eval":1049,"extension":1050,"labo":1049,"meta":3534,"navigation":1052,"path":112,"quizzes":3535,"readingTime":1060,"seo":3549,"stem":113,"tp":1049,"__hash__":3550},"cours\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F4.traitement-tables.md",[2209],"SD05",{"type":591,"value":2211,"toc":3518},[2212,2214,2231,2242,2244,2248,2304,2315,2319,2336,2384,2389,2413,2417,2426,2433,2440,2475,2503,2511,2514,2566,2569,2598,2602,2609,2679,2697,2714,2720,2727,2833,2836,2864,2879,2905,2909,2918,3061,3064,3087,3100,3127,3131,3138,3247,3261,3282,3286,3292,3300,3303,3309,3324,3337,3341,3441,3443,3477,3502,3504,3515],[594,2213,597],{"id":596},[599,2215,2216,2217,2220,2221,2224,2225,2224,2228,636],{},"Une table de données n'a d'intérêt que si l'on sait ",[603,2218,2219],{},"en extraire"," une\ninformation utile. Vous voulez la moyenne des notes ? La liste des élèves\nabsents en avril ? Les communes de plus de 10 000 habitants ? Tout cela\nrevient à effectuer trois opérations élémentaires sur la table : la\n",[603,2222,2223],{},"recherche",", le ",[603,2226,2227],{},"filtre",[603,2229,2230],{},"tri",[599,2232,2233,2234,2237,2238,2241],{},"Le bon réflexe est de commencer ",[603,2235,2236],{},"au tableur"," — Calc, Excel, Google Sheets.\nTout ce qu'on demande tient dans deux ou trois clics. Ce n'est qu'ensuite,\nquand on veut ",[603,2239,2240],{},"automatiser"," ou aller plus loin, qu'on regarde du côté de\nPython. Vous ferez les deux dans ce cours.",[620,2243],{"code":2209},[594,2245,2247],{"id":2246},"trois-opérations-élémentaires","Trois opérations élémentaires",[673,2249,2250,2263],{},[676,2251,2252],{},[679,2253,2254,2257,2260],{},[682,2255,2256],{},"Opération",[682,2258,2259],{},"Question type",[682,2261,2262],{},"Résultat",[695,2264,2265,2278,2291],{},[679,2266,2267,2272,2275],{},[700,2268,2269],{},[603,2270,2271],{},"Recherche",[700,2273,2274],{},"« La ligne de Lila Martin existe-t-elle ? »",[700,2276,2277],{},"Une ligne (ou rien).",[679,2279,2280,2285,2288],{},[700,2281,2282],{},[603,2283,2284],{},"Filtre",[700,2286,2287],{},"« Quels élèves ont plus de 15 ans ? »",[700,2289,2290],{},"Un sous-ensemble de lignes.",[679,2292,2293,2298,2301],{},[700,2294,2295],{},[603,2296,2297],{},"Tri",[700,2299,2300],{},"« Classer du plus jeune au plus vieux. »",[700,2302,2303],{},"Les mêmes lignes, dans un autre ordre.",[599,2305,2306,2307,2310,2311,2314],{},"À ces trois opérations s'ajoutent les ",[603,2308,2309],{},"calculs"," : la moyenne d'une colonne,\nle maximum, la somme. Et enfin, la ",[603,2312,2313],{},"fusion"," de deux tables — par exemple\nrelier la table des élèves à celle des notes. Vous l'aborderez plus en détail\nen NSI Première.",[594,2316,2318],{"id":2317},"dabord-au-tableur","D'abord, au tableur",[599,2320,2321,2322,767,2325,853,2328,2331,2332,2335],{},"Un logiciel comme ",[603,2323,2324],{},"LibreOffice Calc",[603,2326,2327],{},"Microsoft Excel",[603,2329,2330],{},"Google\nSheets"," offre une interface visuelle pour traiter une table. Pour répondre à\nla question ",[1177,2333,2334],{},"« quels élèves ont une moyenne au-dessus de 14 ? »",", vous\nn'écrivez pas une ligne de code :",[883,2337,2338,2346,2361,2369],{},[886,2339,2340,2342,2343,2345],{},[603,2341,2271],{}," : la fonction ",[1177,2344,1931],{}," (Ctrl+F) localise une valeur.",[886,2347,2348,2350,2351,1175,2354,2357,2358,856],{},[603,2349,2284],{}," : le menu ",[1177,2352,2353],{},"Données → Filtre",[1177,2355,2356],{},"Filtre standard",") affiche\nuniquement les lignes qui satisfont un critère (",[1177,2359,2360],{},"« moyenne > 14 »",[886,2362,2363,1199,2365,2368],{},[603,2364,2297],{},[1177,2366,2367],{},"Données → Trier"," réordonne par une ou plusieurs colonnes.",[886,2370,2371,2374,2375,767,2378,767,2381,636],{},[603,2372,2373],{},"Calculs"," : formules comme ",[641,2376,2377],{},"=MOYENNE(B2:B30)",[641,2379,2380],{},"=MAX(C:C)",[641,2382,2383],{},"=SOMME(D:D)",[858,2385,2386],{},[599,2387,2388],{},"Le tableur est l'outil parfait pour quelques dizaines à quelques milliers de\nlignes. C'est par là qu'il faut commencer dans la vraie vie : c'est plus\nrapide, et on voit tout de suite si la donnée a la bonne tête.",[868,2390,2393,2398],{"correct":870,"explanation":2391,"slug":2392},"Le menu Données → Filtre (ou Filtre standard) permet d'imposer un critère sur une colonne et de masquer les lignes qui ne le respectent pas.","traitement-tables-c1",[874,2394,2395],{"v-slot:question":876},[599,2396,2397],{},"Pour ne garder que les lignes où la colonne « age » vaut plus de 15, quel menu du tableur cherche-t-on ?",[874,2399,2400],{"v-slot:choices":876},[883,2401,2402,2405,2407,2410],{},[886,2403,2404],{},"Insertion → Image",[886,2406,2353],{},[886,2408,2409],{},"Format → Cellule",[886,2411,2412],{},"Affichage → Mise en page",[594,2414,2416],{"id":2415},"et-en-python","Et en Python ?",[599,2418,2419,2420,2422,2423,636],{},"Quand on veut ",[603,2421,2240],{}," un traitement (refaire la même chose chaque\nmois, traiter cent fichiers d'un coup, croiser deux tables), on bascule sur un\nlangage de programmation. En seconde, on découvre ",[603,2424,2425],{},"Python",[599,2427,2428,2429,2432],{},"L'idée est exactement la même qu'au tableur — on filtre, on trie, on calcule —\nmais cette fois on ",[603,2430,2431],{},"écrit la recette"," au lieu de cliquer dans un menu.",[599,2434,2435,2436,2439],{},"Considérez le fichier ",[641,2437,2438],{},"eleves.csv"," suivant :",[1273,2441,2443],{"className":1299,"code":2442,"language":1302,"meta":876,"style":876},"nom,prenom,age,moyenne\nMartin,Lila,15,14.5\nBouzid,Idris,16,12.8\nPetit,Jade,15,17.2\nDupuis,Maxime,17,9.4\nNguyen,Tien,16,15.7\n",[641,2444,2445,2450,2455,2460,2465,2470],{"__ignoreMap":876},[1306,2446,2447],{"class":1308,"line":1060},[1306,2448,2449],{},"nom,prenom,age,moyenne\n",[1306,2451,2452],{"class":1308,"line":1040},[1306,2453,2454],{},"Martin,Lila,15,14.5\n",[1306,2456,2457],{"class":1308,"line":1319},[1306,2458,2459],{},"Bouzid,Idris,16,12.8\n",[1306,2461,2462],{"class":1308,"line":1325},[1306,2463,2464],{},"Petit,Jade,15,17.2\n",[1306,2466,2467],{"class":1308,"line":1469},[1306,2468,2469],{},"Dupuis,Maxime,17,9.4\n",[1306,2471,2472],{"class":1308,"line":2067},[1306,2473,2474],{},"Nguyen,Tien,16,15.7\n",[599,2476,2477,2478,2481,2482,2485,2486,1080,2489,2492,2493,2496,2497,1080,2499,2502],{},"Pour traiter cette table en Python, on imagine qu'on dispose d'",[603,2479,2480],{},"outils\nprêts à l'emploi"," : des fonctions qui savent ouvrir le fichier, donner une\ncolonne, parcourir les lignes. Dans la suite du cours, on les écrira en\n",[603,2483,2484],{},"pseudo-code"," : des noms parlants comme ",[641,2487,2488],{},"charger_table(\"eleves.csv\")",[641,2490,2491],{},"obtenir_colonne(table, \"moyenne\")",". Ces fonctions n'existent pas\ndirectement en Python — elles représentent ",[603,2494,2495],{},"ce qu'une bibliothèque pourrait\noffrir",". En Python réel, on utiliserait une bibliothèque comme ",[641,2498,1302],{},[641,2500,2501],{},"pandas"," — vu en NSI Première.",[650,2504,2505],{},[599,2506,2507,2510],{},[603,2508,2509],{},"Pseudo-code"," : un mélange de Python et de bon sens. Le code n'est pas\nexécutable tel quel, mais il décrit fidèlement la logique du programme.\nC'est l'outil idéal pour réfléchir avant d'écrire les détails techniques.",[599,2512,2513],{},"Voici à quoi ressemble notre boîte à outils imaginaire :",[673,2515,2516,2526],{},[676,2517,2518],{},[679,2519,2520,2523],{},[682,2521,2522],{},"Fonction imaginaire",[682,2524,2525],{},"Ce qu'elle rend",[695,2527,2528,2537,2547,2557],{},[679,2529,2530,2534],{},[700,2531,2532],{},[641,2533,2488],{},[700,2535,2536],{},"une table : la suite des lignes du fichier",[679,2538,2539,2544],{},[700,2540,2541],{},[641,2542,2543],{},"nombre_lignes(table)",[700,2545,2546],{},"combien de lignes contient la table (sans l'en-tête)",[679,2548,2549,2554],{},[700,2550,2551],{},[641,2552,2553],{},"valeur(ligne, \"nom\")",[700,2555,2556],{},"la valeur stockée dans la colonne « nom » d'une ligne",[679,2558,2559,2563],{},[700,2560,2561],{},[641,2562,2491],{},[700,2564,2565],{},"toutes les valeurs d'une colonne, sous forme de liste",[599,2567,2568],{},"Avec ces quatre fonctions, on peut décrire à peu près toutes les opérations\nde ce cours.",[868,2570,2573,2582],{"correct":870,"explanation":2571,"slug":2572},"`obtenir_colonne` rassemble toutes les valeurs d'une même colonne dans une liste — ici les âges 15, 16, 15, 17, 16.","traitement-tables-c2",[874,2574,2575],{"v-slot:question":876},[599,2576,2577,2578,2581],{},"Que rend la fonction imaginaire ",[641,2579,2580],{},"obtenir_colonne(table, \\\"age\\\")"," appliquée à notre table d'élèves ?",[874,2583,2584],{"v-slot:choices":876},[883,2585,2586,2589,2592,2595],{},[886,2587,2588],{},"Un nombre unique",[886,2590,2591],{},"La liste des âges, ligne par ligne",[886,2593,2594],{},"La ligne complète de Lila Martin",[886,2596,2597],{},"Le nom de la colonne",[594,2599,2601],{"id":2600},"parcourir-la-table","Parcourir la table",[599,2603,2604,2605,2608],{},"L'opération la plus simple : ",[603,2606,2607],{},"parcourir"," la table ligne par ligne, comme on\ndescendrait la feuille du tableur. En pseudo-code Python :",[1273,2610,2614],{"className":2611,"code":2612,"language":2613,"meta":876,"style":876},"language-python shiki shiki-themes github-light github-light github-dark","# Pseudo-code : charger_table et valeur sont imaginaires.\ntable = charger_table(\"eleves.csv\")\n\nfor ligne in table:\n    print(valeur(ligne, \"prenom\"), valeur(ligne, \"nom\"))\n","python",[641,2615,2616,2622,2640,2645,2659],{"__ignoreMap":876},[1306,2617,2618],{"class":1308,"line":1060},[1306,2619,2621],{"class":2620},"sCsY4","# Pseudo-code : charger_table et valeur sont imaginaires.\n",[1306,2623,2624,2627,2631,2634,2637],{"class":1308,"line":1040},[1306,2625,2626],{"class":1341},"table ",[1306,2628,2630],{"class":2629},"s8jYJ","=",[1306,2632,2633],{"class":1341}," charger_table(",[1306,2635,2636],{"class":1357},"\"eleves.csv\"",[1306,2638,2639],{"class":1341},")\n",[1306,2641,2642],{"class":1308,"line":1319},[1306,2643,2644],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1052},"\n",[1306,2646,2647,2650,2653,2656],{"class":1308,"line":1325},[1306,2648,2649],{"class":2629},"for",[1306,2651,2652],{"class":1341}," ligne ",[1306,2654,2655],{"class":2629},"in",[1306,2657,2658],{"class":1341}," table:\n",[1306,2660,2661,2664,2667,2670,2673,2676],{"class":1308,"line":1469},[1306,2662,2663],{"class":1350},"    print",[1306,2665,2666],{"class":1341},"(valeur(ligne, ",[1306,2668,2669],{"class":1357},"\"prenom\"",[1306,2671,2672],{"class":1341},"), valeur(ligne, ",[1306,2674,2675],{"class":1357},"\"nom\"",[1306,2677,2678],{"class":1341},"))\n",[599,2680,2681,2682,2688,2689,2692,2693,2696],{},"Lecture : ",[1177,2683,2684,2685,2687],{},"« pour chaque ",[641,2686,1255],{}," de la table, afficher son prénom puis son\nnom »",". C'est exactement la même structure que ",[641,2690,2691],{},"for n in notes:"," du chapitre\nSH : on parcourt ",[603,2694,2695],{},"chaque élément"," d'une suite, l'un après l'autre.",[929,2698,2699],{},[599,2700,2701,2702,2705,2706,2709,2710,2713],{},"Les fonctions ",[641,2703,2704],{},"charger_table(...)"," et ",[641,2707,2708],{},"valeur(...)"," n'existent pas en\nPython tel quel. Ce sont des ",[603,2711,2712],{},"noms imaginés"," pour décrire la logique sans\nse perdre dans la syntaxe d'une vraie bibliothèque. En NSI Première, vous\nverrez les outils réels — la pensée, elle, restera identique.",[594,2715,2717,2718],{"id":2716},"filtrer-avec-une-boucle-for","Filtrer avec une boucle ",[641,2719,2649],{},[599,2721,2722,2723,2726],{},"Filtrer, c'est ",[603,2724,2725],{},"garder seulement les lignes"," qui répondent à un critère. La\nrecette en pseudo-code Python ressemble à ceci :",[1273,2728,2730],{"className":2611,"code":2729,"language":2613,"meta":876,"style":876},"# Pseudo-code : on veut compter les élèves admis (moyenne >= 14).\ntable = charger_table(\"eleves.csv\")\n\nnombre_admis = 0\nfor ligne in table:\n    if valeur(ligne, \"moyenne\") >= 14:\n        nombre_admis = nombre_admis + 1\n\nprint(\"Nombre d'admis :\", nombre_admis)\n",[641,2731,2732,2737,2749,2753,2763,2773,2796,2813,2818],{"__ignoreMap":876},[1306,2733,2734],{"class":1308,"line":1060},[1306,2735,2736],{"class":2620},"# Pseudo-code : on veut compter les élèves admis (moyenne >= 14).\n",[1306,2738,2739,2741,2743,2745,2747],{"class":1308,"line":1040},[1306,2740,2626],{"class":1341},[1306,2742,2630],{"class":2629},[1306,2744,2633],{"class":1341},[1306,2746,2636],{"class":1357},[1306,2748,2639],{"class":1341},[1306,2750,2751],{"class":1308,"line":1319},[1306,2752,2644],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1052},[1306,2754,2755,2758,2760],{"class":1308,"line":1325},[1306,2756,2757],{"class":1341},"nombre_admis ",[1306,2759,2630],{"class":2629},[1306,2761,2762],{"class":1350}," 0\n",[1306,2764,2765,2767,2769,2771],{"class":1308,"line":1469},[1306,2766,2649],{"class":2629},[1306,2768,2652],{"class":1341},[1306,2770,2655],{"class":2629},[1306,2772,2658],{"class":1341},[1306,2774,2775,2778,2781,2784,2787,2790,2793],{"class":1308,"line":2067},[1306,2776,2777],{"class":2629},"    if",[1306,2779,2780],{"class":1341}," valeur(ligne, ",[1306,2782,2783],{"class":1357},"\"moyenne\"",[1306,2785,2786],{"class":1341},") ",[1306,2788,2789],{"class":2629},">=",[1306,2791,2792],{"class":1350}," 14",[1306,2794,2795],{"class":1341},":\n",[1306,2797,2799,2802,2804,2807,2810],{"class":1308,"line":2798},7,[1306,2800,2801],{"class":1341},"        nombre_admis ",[1306,2803,2630],{"class":2629},[1306,2805,2806],{"class":1341}," nombre_admis ",[1306,2808,2809],{"class":2629},"+",[1306,2811,2812],{"class":1350}," 1\n",[1306,2814,2816],{"class":1308,"line":2815},8,[1306,2817,2644],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1052},[1306,2819,2821,2824,2827,2830],{"class":1308,"line":2820},9,[1306,2822,2823],{"class":1350},"print",[1306,2825,2826],{"class":1341},"(",[1306,2828,2829],{"class":1357},"\"Nombre d'admis :\"",[1306,2831,2832],{"class":1341},", nombre_admis)\n",[599,2834,2835],{},"Lecture :",[883,2837,2838,2845,2851,2861],{},[886,2839,2840,2841,2844],{},"on prépare un compteur ",[641,2842,2843],{},"nombre_admis"," à zéro ;",[886,2846,2847,2848,2850],{},"on parcourt chaque ligne avec une boucle ",[641,2849,2649],{}," ;",[886,2852,2853,2854,2857,2858,2850],{},"pour chaque ligne, on ",[603,2855,2856],{},"teste"," le critère avec un ",[641,2859,2860],{},"if",[886,2862,2863],{},"si le test réussit, on augmente le compteur de 1.",[858,2865,2866],{},[599,2867,2868,2869,2871,2872,2874,2875,2878],{},"La structure « compteur à zéro + boucle ",[641,2870,2649],{}," + ",[641,2873,2860],{}," qui incrémente » est\nl'un des patrons les plus utiles du programme. Vous le réutiliserez à chaque\nfois que vous voudrez ",[603,2876,2877],{},"compter combien d'éléments"," d'une suite vérifient\nun critère.",[868,2880,2884,2892],{"correct":2881,"explanation":2882,"slug":2883},"2","Trois moyennes sont ≥ 14 : 14.5 (Lila), 17.2 (Jade) et 15.7 (Tien).","traitement-tables-c3",[874,2885,2886],{"v-slot:question":876},[599,2887,2888,2889,2891],{},"Sur notre table de 5 élèves, combien vaut ",[641,2890,2843],{}," à la fin (moyennes : 14.5, 12.8, 17.2, 9.4, 15.7) ?",[874,2893,2894],{"v-slot:choices":876},[883,2895,2896,2898,2900,2902],{},[886,2897,870],{},[886,2899,2881],{},[886,2901,1602],{},[886,2903,2904],{},"5",[594,2906,2908],{"id":2907},"calculer-une-moyenne-un-vrai-code-exécutable","Calculer une moyenne — un vrai code exécutable",[599,2910,2911,2912,2915,2916,636],{},"Pour calculer la moyenne d'une colonne, on n'a plus besoin du pseudo-code :\nune ",[603,2913,2914],{},"liste Python simple"," suffit. C'est exactement ce que vous avez vu en\nSH4 avec la boucle ",[641,2917,2691],{},[2919,2920,2921],"python-snippet",{},[1273,2922,2924],{"className":2611,"code":2923,"language":2613,"meta":876,"style":876},"moyennes = [14.5, 12.8, 17.2, 9.4, 15.7]\n\n# On accumule la somme dans une variable \"total\".\ntotal = 0\nfor m in moyennes:\n    total = total + m\n\n# La moyenne de classe = somme \u002F nombre d'élèves.\nmoyenne_classe = total \u002F 5\n\nprint(\"Total :\", total)\nprint(\"Moyenne de classe :\", moyenne_classe)\n",[641,2925,2926,2961,2965,2970,2979,2991,3006,3010,3015,3030,3035,3048],{"__ignoreMap":876},[1306,2927,2928,2931,2933,2936,2939,2941,2944,2946,2949,2951,2954,2956,2959],{"class":1308,"line":1060},[1306,2929,2930],{"class":1341},"moyennes ",[1306,2932,2630],{"class":2629},[1306,2934,2935],{"class":1341}," [",[1306,2937,2938],{"class":1350},"14.5",[1306,2940,767],{"class":1341},[1306,2942,2943],{"class":1350},"12.8",[1306,2945,767],{"class":1341},[1306,2947,2948],{"class":1350},"17.2",[1306,2950,767],{"class":1341},[1306,2952,2953],{"class":1350},"9.4",[1306,2955,767],{"class":1341},[1306,2957,2958],{"class":1350},"15.7",[1306,2960,1472],{"class":1341},[1306,2962,2963],{"class":1308,"line":1040},[1306,2964,2644],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1052},[1306,2966,2967],{"class":1308,"line":1319},[1306,2968,2969],{"class":2620},"# On accumule la somme dans une variable \"total\".\n",[1306,2971,2972,2975,2977],{"class":1308,"line":1325},[1306,2973,2974],{"class":1341},"total ",[1306,2976,2630],{"class":2629},[1306,2978,2762],{"class":1350},[1306,2980,2981,2983,2986,2988],{"class":1308,"line":1469},[1306,2982,2649],{"class":2629},[1306,2984,2985],{"class":1341}," m ",[1306,2987,2655],{"class":2629},[1306,2989,2990],{"class":1341}," moyennes:\n",[1306,2992,2993,2996,2998,3001,3003],{"class":1308,"line":2067},[1306,2994,2995],{"class":1341},"    total ",[1306,2997,2630],{"class":2629},[1306,2999,3000],{"class":1341}," total ",[1306,3002,2809],{"class":2629},[1306,3004,3005],{"class":1341}," m\n",[1306,3007,3008],{"class":1308,"line":2798},[1306,3009,2644],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1052},[1306,3011,3012],{"class":1308,"line":2815},[1306,3013,3014],{"class":2620},"# La moyenne de classe = somme \u002F nombre d'élèves.\n",[1306,3016,3017,3020,3022,3024,3027],{"class":1308,"line":2820},[1306,3018,3019],{"class":1341},"moyenne_classe ",[1306,3021,2630],{"class":2629},[1306,3023,3000],{"class":1341},[1306,3025,3026],{"class":2629},"\u002F",[1306,3028,3029],{"class":1350}," 5\n",[1306,3031,3033],{"class":1308,"line":3032},10,[1306,3034,2644],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1052},[1306,3036,3038,3040,3042,3045],{"class":1308,"line":3037},11,[1306,3039,2823],{"class":1350},[1306,3041,2826],{"class":1341},[1306,3043,3044],{"class":1357},"\"Total :\"",[1306,3046,3047],{"class":1341},", total)\n",[1306,3049,3051,3053,3055,3058],{"class":1308,"line":3050},12,[1306,3052,2823],{"class":1350},[1306,3054,2826],{"class":1341},[1306,3056,3057],{"class":1357},"\"Moyenne de classe :\"",[1306,3059,3060],{"class":1341},", moyenne_classe)\n",[599,3062,3063],{},"Trois ingrédients suffisent :",[883,3065,3066,3073,3081],{},[886,3067,3068,3069,3072],{},"une variable ",[641,3070,3071],{},"total"," qui démarre à zéro ;",[886,3074,3075,3076,3078,3079,2850],{},"une boucle ",[641,3077,2649],{}," qui ajoute chaque valeur à ",[641,3080,3071],{},[886,3082,3083,3084,3086],{},"une division par le nombre de valeurs (",[641,3085,2904],{}," ici, le nombre d'élèves).",[858,3088,3089],{},[599,3090,3091,3092,3095,3096,3099],{},"Au tableur, la même chose s'écrit ",[641,3093,3094],{},"=MOYENNE(D2:D6)",". Une seule cellule, le\nrésultat apparaît immédiatement. C'est typiquement le cas où le tableur est\nplus court que le code — Python prend le dessus quand il y a ",[603,3097,3098],{},"plus"," que ça\nà faire (filtrer, croiser, automatiser…).",[868,3101,3104,3112],{"correct":2881,"explanation":3102,"slug":3103},"14.5 + 12.8 + 17.2 + 9.4 + 15.7 = 69.6. La moyenne est donc 69.6 \u002F 5 = 13.92.","traitement-tables-c4",[874,3105,3106],{"v-slot:question":876},[599,3107,3108,3109,3111],{},"Sans exécuter le programme, à quoi vaut ",[641,3110,3071],{}," après la boucle ?",[874,3113,3114],{"v-slot:choices":876},[883,3115,3116,3118,3121,3124],{},[886,3117,2904],{},[886,3119,3120],{},"59.6",[886,3122,3123],{},"69.6",[886,3125,3126],{},"0",[594,3128,3130],{"id":3129},"trouver-le-maximum-dune-colonne","Trouver le maximum d'une colonne",[599,3132,3133,3134,3137],{},"Même approche pour trouver la ",[603,3135,3136],{},"meilleure"," moyenne : on parcourt la liste en\ngardant en mémoire la plus grande valeur rencontrée jusqu'ici.",[2919,3139,3140],{},[1273,3141,3143],{"className":2611,"code":3142,"language":2613,"meta":876,"style":876},"moyennes = [14.5, 12.8, 17.2, 9.4, 15.7]\n\n# On suppose au départ que la première valeur est le maximum.\nmaximum = moyennes[0]\n\nfor m in moyennes:\n    if m > maximum:\n        maximum = m\n\nprint(\"Meilleure moyenne :\", maximum)\n",[641,3144,3145,3173,3177,3182,3196,3200,3210,3222,3231,3235],{"__ignoreMap":876},[1306,3146,3147,3149,3151,3153,3155,3157,3159,3161,3163,3165,3167,3169,3171],{"class":1308,"line":1060},[1306,3148,2930],{"class":1341},[1306,3150,2630],{"class":2629},[1306,3152,2935],{"class":1341},[1306,3154,2938],{"class":1350},[1306,3156,767],{"class":1341},[1306,3158,2943],{"class":1350},[1306,3160,767],{"class":1341},[1306,3162,2948],{"class":1350},[1306,3164,767],{"class":1341},[1306,3166,2953],{"class":1350},[1306,3168,767],{"class":1341},[1306,3170,2958],{"class":1350},[1306,3172,1472],{"class":1341},[1306,3174,3175],{"class":1308,"line":1040},[1306,3176,2644],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1052},[1306,3178,3179],{"class":1308,"line":1319},[1306,3180,3181],{"class":2620},"# On suppose au départ que la première valeur est le maximum.\n",[1306,3183,3184,3187,3189,3192,3194],{"class":1308,"line":1325},[1306,3185,3186],{"class":1341},"maximum ",[1306,3188,2630],{"class":2629},[1306,3190,3191],{"class":1341}," moyennes[",[1306,3193,3126],{"class":1350},[1306,3195,1472],{"class":1341},[1306,3197,3198],{"class":1308,"line":1469},[1306,3199,2644],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1052},[1306,3201,3202,3204,3206,3208],{"class":1308,"line":2067},[1306,3203,2649],{"class":2629},[1306,3205,2985],{"class":1341},[1306,3207,2655],{"class":2629},[1306,3209,2990],{"class":1341},[1306,3211,3212,3214,3216,3219],{"class":1308,"line":2798},[1306,3213,2777],{"class":2629},[1306,3215,2985],{"class":1341},[1306,3217,3218],{"class":2629},">",[1306,3220,3221],{"class":1341}," maximum:\n",[1306,3223,3224,3227,3229],{"class":1308,"line":2815},[1306,3225,3226],{"class":1341},"        maximum ",[1306,3228,2630],{"class":2629},[1306,3230,3005],{"class":1341},[1306,3232,3233],{"class":1308,"line":2820},[1306,3234,2644],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1052},[1306,3236,3237,3239,3241,3244],{"class":1308,"line":3032},[1306,3238,2823],{"class":1350},[1306,3240,2826],{"class":1341},[1306,3242,3243],{"class":1357},"\"Meilleure moyenne :\"",[1306,3245,3246],{"class":1341},", maximum)\n",[599,3248,3249,3250,3253,3254,3257,3258,3260],{},"À chaque tour de boucle, on compare la valeur courante ",[641,3251,3252],{},"m"," au champion\nprovisoire ",[641,3255,3256],{},"maximum",". Si ",[641,3259,3252],{}," est plus grande, elle prend la place.",[650,3262,3263],{},[599,3264,3265,3268,3269,3272,3273,3275,3276,3279,3280,636],{},[641,3266,3267],{},"moyennes[0]"," désigne la ",[603,3270,3271],{},"première valeur"," de la liste — ici ",[641,3274,2938],{},". Les\nlistes Python sont numérotées à partir de zéro, exactement comme ",[641,3277,3278],{},"range(n)","\nqui commence à ",[641,3281,3126],{},[594,3283,3285],{"id":3284},"trier-se-laisser-aider","Trier : se laisser aider",[599,3287,3288,3289,3291],{},"Trier une liste « à la main » avec un ",[641,3290,2649],{}," est possible mais long. Python\nsait le faire pour vous, et un tableur encore plus vite. Pour notre table, il\nsuffit de demander :",[3293,3294,3295],"blockquote",{},[599,3296,3297],{},[1177,3298,3299],{},"« Trie les élèves par âge croissant. »",[599,3301,3302],{},"Le résultat affiché sera dans l'ordre voulu :",[1273,3304,3307],{"className":3305,"code":3306,"language":1278,"meta":876},[1276],"Martin Lila 15 ans\nPetit Jade 15 ans\nBouzid Idris 16 ans\nNguyen Tien 16 ans\nDupuis Maxime 17 ans\n",[641,3308,3306],{"__ignoreMap":876},[599,3310,3311,3312,3315,3316,3319,3320,3323],{},"Ce qui compte ici, c'est de comprendre ",[603,3313,3314],{},"ce que fait"," le tri : il\n",[603,3317,3318],{},"réorganise"," les mêmes lignes selon un descripteur. Le mécanisme exact\n(comment Python s'y prend en interne, comment on lui dit ",[1177,3321,3322],{},"« trie selon\nl'âge »",") est un peu technique pour cette année — vous le verrez en NSI\nPremière.",[858,3325,3326],{},[599,3327,3328,3329,3332,3333,3336],{},"Au tableur, c'est immédiat : ",[1177,3330,3331],{},"Données → Trier → Colonne « age » → Croissant",".\nEn Python, vous écrirez plus tard une instruction du style ",[641,3334,3335],{},"trier(table, \"age\")","\nqui rendra exactement le même résultat.",[594,3338,3340],{"id":3339},"récapitulatif-des-opérations","Récapitulatif des opérations",[673,3342,3343,3355],{},[676,3344,3345],{},[679,3346,3347,3349,3352],{},[682,3348,2256],{},[682,3350,3351],{},"Au tableur",[682,3353,3354],{},"En Python (idée)",[695,3356,3357,3372,3390,3403,3426],{},[679,3358,3359,3364,3367],{},[700,3360,3361],{},[603,3362,3363],{},"Parcours",[700,3365,3366],{},"dérouler la feuille",[700,3368,3369],{},[641,3370,3371],{},"for ligne in table:",[679,3373,3374,3378,3383],{},[700,3375,3376],{},[603,3377,2284],{},[700,3379,3380,3381],{},"menu ",[1177,3382,2353],{},[700,3384,3385,2871,3387,3389],{},[641,3386,2649],{},[641,3388,2860],{}," + compteur ou nouvelle liste",[679,3391,3392,3396,3400],{},[700,3393,3394],{},[603,3395,2297],{},[700,3397,3380,3398],{},[1177,3399,2367],{},[700,3401,3402],{},"demander à Python (mécanisme vu en NSI 1ère)",[679,3404,3405,3410,3421],{},[700,3406,3407],{},[603,3408,3409],{},"Calcul (moyenne, max, somme)",[700,3411,3412,767,3415,767,3418],{},[641,3413,3414],{},"=MOYENNE(...)",[641,3416,3417],{},"=MAX(...)",[641,3419,3420],{},"=SOMME(...)",[700,3422,3423,3424],{},"accumuler dans une variable avec ",[641,3425,2649],{},[679,3427,3428,3433,3438],{},[700,3429,3430],{},[603,3431,3432],{},"Charger un CSV",[700,3434,3435],{},[1177,3436,3437],{},"Fichier → Ouvrir",[700,3439,3440],{},"bibliothèque dédiée (vue en NSI 1ère)",[594,3442,1573],{"id":1572},[929,3444,3445],{},[883,3446,3447,3461,3471],{},[886,3448,3449,3452,3453,767,3455,767,3457,3460],{},[603,3450,3451],{},"Le pseudo-code n'est pas exécutable",". Les fonctions\n",[641,3454,2704],{},[641,3456,2708],{},[641,3458,3459],{},"obtenir_colonne(...)"," n'existent\npas en Python tel quel — elles représentent ce qu'une bibliothèque\nfournit. En NSI Première, vous remplacerez ces noms par les outils réels.",[886,3462,3463,3466,3467,3470],{},[603,3464,3465],{},"Type des données"," : une moyenne lue dans un fichier brut est parfois\ndu ",[603,3468,3469],{},"texte",". La comparer à un nombre demande une étape de conversion.\nCette étape sera vue plus tard ; pour l'instant, on travaille directement\navec des nombres dans nos listes Python.",[886,3472,3473,3476],{},[603,3474,3475],{},"Cellules vides"," : sur un vrai jeu de données, une ligne peut manquer\nune valeur. Le programme doit alors la sauter ou la signaler — sinon,\nune division ou une comparaison plante.",[868,3478,3481,3486],{"correct":870,"explanation":3479,"slug":3480},"Le pseudo-code permet de raisonner sur la logique du traitement sans introduire d'outils Python avancés. Ces outils (bibliothèque `csv`, dictionnaires) seront introduits en NSI Première.","traitement-tables-c5",[874,3482,3483],{"v-slot:question":876},[599,3484,3485],{},"Pourquoi écrit-on ici du « pseudo-code » au lieu du vrai Python pour ouvrir un fichier CSV ?",[874,3487,3488],{"v-slot:choices":876},[883,3489,3490,3493,3496,3499],{},[886,3491,3492],{},"Parce que le vrai Python est interdit en SNT",[886,3494,3495],{},"Parce que les outils nécessaires (bibliothèques, dictionnaires) seront vus en NSI Première",[886,3497,3498],{},"Parce que les fichiers CSV sont obsolètes",[886,3500,3501],{},"Parce que Python ne sait pas lire les fichiers",[594,3503,1622],{"id":1621},[599,3505,3506,3507,3510,3511,3514],{},"Quand les tables grossissent ou que les croisements deviennent complexes, on\nbascule sur des ",[603,3508,3509],{},"bases de données"," interrogées en ",[603,3512,3513],{},"SQL",". Vous découvrirez\nces outils en NSI Première et Terminale. Le principe reste exactement le\nmême : recherche, filtre, tri, fusion — sur des données structurées.",[1635,3516,3517],{},"html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sCsY4, html code.shiki .sCsY4{--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D}html pre.shiki code .sxrX7, html code.shiki .sxrX7{--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .s8jYJ, html code.shiki .s8jYJ{--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sIIMD, html code.shiki .sIIMD{--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sBjJW, html code.shiki .sBjJW{--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":876,"searchDepth":1040,"depth":1040,"links":3519},[3520,3521,3522,3523,3524,3525,3527,3528,3529,3530,3531,3532],{"id":596,"depth":1040,"text":597},{"id":2246,"depth":1040,"text":2247},{"id":2317,"depth":1040,"text":2318},{"id":2415,"depth":1040,"text":2416},{"id":2600,"depth":1040,"text":2601},{"id":2716,"depth":1040,"text":3526},"Filtrer avec une boucle for",{"id":2907,"depth":1040,"text":2908},{"id":3129,"depth":1040,"text":3130},{"id":3284,"depth":1040,"text":3285},{"id":3339,"depth":1040,"text":3340},{"id":1572,"depth":1040,"text":1573},{"id":1621,"depth":1040,"text":1622},"Une fois la table en place, comment la rechercher, la filtrer et la trier ? D'abord au tableur, puis avec quelques boucles Python très simples.",{},[3536,3538,3541,3544,3547],{"slug":2392,"kind":1055,"question":2397,"choices":3537,"correct":870,"multi":1057,"explanation":2391},[2404,2353,2409,2412],{"slug":2572,"kind":1055,"question":3539,"choices":3540,"correct":870,"multi":1057,"explanation":2571},"Que rend la fonction imaginaire obtenir_colonne(table, \\\"age\\\") appliquée à notre table d'élèves ?",[2588,2591,2594,2597],{"slug":2883,"kind":1055,"question":3542,"choices":3543,"correct":2881,"multi":1057,"explanation":2882},"Sur notre table de 5 élèves, combien vaut nombre_admis à la fin (moyennes : 14.5, 12.8, 17.2, 9.4, 15.7) ?",[870,2881,1602,2904],{"slug":3103,"kind":1055,"question":3545,"choices":3546,"correct":2881,"multi":1057,"explanation":3102},"Sans exécuter le programme, à quoi vaut total après la boucle ?",[2904,3120,3123,3126],{"slug":3480,"kind":1055,"question":3485,"choices":3548,"correct":870,"multi":1057,"explanation":3479},[3492,3495,3498,3501],{"title":111,"description":3533},"mQIGCghReFttLNsIPEygof2fOwatwllrUf-T9mCbxkE",{"id":3552,"title":115,"bo":3553,"body":3555,"description":4172,"eval":1049,"extension":1050,"labo":1049,"meta":4173,"navigation":1052,"path":116,"quizzes":4174,"readingTime":1060,"seo":4179,"stem":117,"tp":1049,"__hash__":4180},"cours\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F5.cloud.md",[3554],"SD01",{"type":591,"value":3556,"toc":4159},[3557,3559,3574,3576,3580,3594,3597,3691,3700,3704,3711,3716,3719,3749,3754,3758,3764,3794,3814,3831,3873,3902,3911,3915,3918,3922,3925,3928,3948,3952,3959,4003,4006,4017,4026,4030,4037,4059,4063,4117,4129,4151,4153],[594,3558,597],{"id":596},[599,3560,3561,3562,3565,3566,3569,3570,3573],{},"Lorsque votre téléphone synchronise automatiquement une photo, ou qu'un\ntravail scolaire est partagé via un dossier en ligne, on dit volontiers que\nvos fichiers vivent « dans le cloud » ou « dans le nuage ». La métaphore est\npoétique mais trompeuse : vos données sont stockées sur des ",[603,3563,3564],{},"disques durs\nbien physiques",", dans des ",[603,3567,3568],{},"bâtiments réels",", alimentés par de\nl'",[603,3571,3572],{},"électricité réelle",". Ce cours vous propose de redescendre du nuage et\nde mesurer ce qu'il y a derrière.",[620,3575],{"code":3554},[594,3577,3579],{"id":3578},"le-cloud-quest-ce-que-cest","Le cloud, qu'est-ce que c'est ?",[599,3581,3582,3583,1175,3586,3589,3590,3593],{},"Le ",[603,3584,3585],{},"cloud",[1177,3587,3588],{},"informatique en nuage",") désigne l'",[603,3591,3592],{},"accès à distance",", via\nInternet, à des ressources informatiques — espace de stockage, puissance de\ncalcul, logiciels — hébergées sur des serveurs gérés par un prestataire.",[599,3595,3596],{},"Quelques services que vous connaissez sans doute :",[673,3598,3599,3612],{},[676,3600,3601],{},[679,3602,3603,3606,3609],{},[682,3604,3605],{},"Service",[682,3607,3608],{},"Usage principal",[682,3610,3611],{},"Prestataire",[695,3613,3614,3627,3640,3653,3665,3678],{},[679,3615,3616,3621,3624],{},[700,3617,3618],{},[603,3619,3620],{},"iCloud",[700,3622,3623],{},"Sauvegarde téléphone",[700,3625,3626],{},"Apple",[679,3628,3629,3634,3637],{},[700,3630,3631],{},[603,3632,3633],{},"Google Drive",[700,3635,3636],{},"Stockage de fichiers, documents partagés",[700,3638,3639],{},"Google",[679,3641,3642,3647,3650],{},[700,3643,3644],{},[603,3645,3646],{},"OneDrive",[700,3648,3649],{},"Stockage Microsoft",[700,3651,3652],{},"Microsoft",[679,3654,3655,3660,3663],{},[700,3656,3657],{},[603,3658,3659],{},"Dropbox",[700,3661,3662],{},"Stockage et synchronisation",[700,3664,3659],{},[679,3666,3667,3672,3675],{},[700,3668,3669],{},[603,3670,3671],{},"kDrive",[700,3673,3674],{},"Stockage souverain",[700,3676,3677],{},"Infomaniak (Suisse)",[679,3679,3680,3685,3688],{},[700,3681,3682],{},[603,3683,3684],{},"Nextcloud",[700,3686,3687],{},"Cloud auto-hébergeable",[700,3689,3690],{},"Logiciel libre",[650,3692,3693],{},[599,3694,3695,3696,3699],{},"Le cloud n'est pas un seul réseau : c'est l'",[603,3697,3698],{},"ensemble des services"," qui\noffrent du stockage ou du calcul à distance, accessibles depuis Internet.",[594,3701,3703],{"id":3702},"où-vit-physiquement-le-nuage","Où vit physiquement le nuage ?",[599,3705,3706,3707,3710],{},"Les services de cloud reposent sur des ",[603,3708,3709],{},"datacenters"," (centres de données) :\nde vastes bâtiments hébergeant des milliers de serveurs alignés en armoires.",[1541,3712],{"alt":3713,"kind":3714,"prompt":3715},"Vue intérieure d'un datacenter","photo","Photo type d'un datacenter : longues rangées d'armoires noires de serveurs, LED bleues, sol en faux-plancher, éclairage froid, perspective d'une allée",[599,3717,3718],{},"Caractéristiques typiques d'un grand datacenter :",[883,3720,3721,3727,3737,3743],{},[886,3722,3723,3726],{},[603,3724,3725],{},"Surface"," : plusieurs milliers, parfois dizaines de milliers de m².",[886,3728,3729,3732,3733,3736],{},[603,3730,3731],{},"Consommation électrique"," : de l'ordre de ",[603,3734,3735],{},"dizaines de MW"," pour un\ngrand site (équivalent à la consommation d'une petite ville).",[886,3738,3739,3742],{},[603,3740,3741],{},"Refroidissement"," : indispensable, car les serveurs dégagent énormément\nde chaleur. C'est souvent le second poste de consommation.",[886,3744,3745,3748],{},[603,3746,3747],{},"Redondance"," : doubles alimentations, batteries de secours, groupes\nélectrogènes, copies des données.",[858,3750,3751],{},[599,3752,3753],{},"Quand vous « envoyez une photo dans le cloud », elle voyage par câble fibre\noptique jusqu'à un datacenter qui peut se trouver en France, en Irlande, aux\nPays-Bas ou aux États-Unis. Elle y est stockée, recopiée sur plusieurs\ndisques, et ne « bouge » plus tant que vous ne la rappelez pas.",[594,3755,3757],{"id":3756},"le-coût-énergétique-ordres-de-grandeur","Le coût énergétique : ordres de grandeur",[599,3759,3760,3761,636],{},"Combien d'énergie consomme tout cela ? Les chiffres bruts ne disent pas\ngrand-chose si on ne les compare pas à quelque chose de connu. Voici les\nordres de grandeur (estimations 2024–2025), ",[603,3762,3763],{},"avec un repère humain à chaque\nfois",[650,3765,3766,3769],{},[599,3767,3768],{},"Petit kit de conversion utile pour la suite :",[883,3770,3771,3778,3787],{},[886,3772,3773,3774,3777],{},"Un foyer français consomme en moyenne ",[603,3775,3776],{},"≈ 4 700 kWh\u002Fan"," d'électricité.",[886,3779,3780,3783,3784,636],{},[603,3781,3782],{},"1 GWh"," = 1 000 000 kWh ≈ la consommation annuelle de ",[603,3785,3786],{},"environ 200\nfoyers",[886,3788,3789,3790,3793],{},"Un téléphone se recharge avec ",[603,3791,3792],{},"≈ 0,01 kWh"," par charge complète.",[988,3795,3798,3804],{"icon":3796,"title":3797},"i-lucide-zap","Datacenters : la consommation mondiale",[599,3799,3800,3801,636],{},"Les datacenters de la planète consomment environ ",[603,3802,3803],{},"1 à 2 % de l'électricité\nmondiale",[599,3805,3806,3807,853,3810,3813],{},"C'est l'équivalent de la consommation électrique d'un pays comme\n",[603,3808,3809],{},"l'Espagne",[603,3811,3812],{},"l'Italie"," — et ce chiffre monte d'année en année avec\nl'essor du streaming, du cloud et de l'intelligence artificielle.",[988,3815,3818,3824],{"icon":3816,"title":3817},"i-lucide-flag","En France",[599,3819,3820,3821,636],{},"Les datacenters installés sur le territoire représentent environ ",[603,3822,3823],{},"2 % de la\nconsommation électrique nationale",[599,3825,3826,3827,3830],{},"À l'échelle d'une ville : c'est de l'ordre de ",[603,3828,3829],{},"toute la consommation\ndomestique d'une grande métropole"," comme Lyon ou Marseille.",[988,3832,3835,3846,3849,3866],{"icon":3833,"title":3834},"i-lucide-brain","Entraîner un grand modèle d'IA",[599,3836,3837,3838,3841,3842,3845],{},"Entraîner un grand modèle d'IA (type GPT, Gemini, Mistral Large) peut\nconsommer ",[603,3839,3840],{},"plusieurs GWh"," — disons ",[603,3843,3844],{},"5 GWh"," en ordre de grandeur, parfois\nbeaucoup plus.",[599,3847,3848],{},"Cela représente :",[883,3850,3851,3857,3863],{},[886,3852,1710,3853,3856],{},[603,3854,3855],{},"consommation annuelle d'environ 1 000 foyers français",",",[886,3858,3859,3860,3856],{},"ou de quoi recharger ",[603,3861,3862],{},"500 millions de téléphones",[886,3864,3865],{},"ou encore l'énergie d'un petit village pendant un an.",[599,3867,3868,3869,3872],{},"Et ce, ",[603,3870,3871],{},"uniquement pour l'entraînement"," — la phase d'utilisation\n(répondre aux questions des millions d'utilisateurs) consomme en plus, en\npermanence.",[988,3874,3877,3895],{"icon":3875,"title":3876},"i-lucide-search","Une recherche en ligne",[599,3878,3879,3880,3883,3884,3887,3888,3891,3892,636],{},"Une recherche Google classique = environ ",[603,3881,3882],{},"0,3 g de CO₂ équivalent",". C'est\nminuscule à l'unité… mais multiplié par ",[603,3885,3886],{},"8 milliards de recherches par\njour",", cela représente environ ",[603,3889,3890],{},"2 400 tonnes de CO₂ par jour"," — soit\nl'empreinte de plusieurs vols transatlantiques Paris-New York,\n",[603,3893,3894],{},"chaque jour",[599,3896,3897,3898,3901],{},"Et une question posée à une IA générative est de l'ordre de ",[603,3899,3900],{},"10 fois plus\ncoûteuse"," qu'une recherche classique.",[929,3903,3904],{},[599,3905,3906,3907,3910],{},"Ces chiffres évoluent vite et dépendent du mix électrique du pays\n(nucléaire, charbon, renouvelables) et de l'efficacité du datacenter. Mais\nl'ordre de grandeur — ",[603,3908,3909],{},"quelques pour-cent de l'électricité mondiale, en\nforte croissance"," — est désormais consensuel.",[594,3912,3914],{"id":3913},"synchronisation-partage-paramétrage","Synchronisation, partage, paramétrage",[599,3916,3917],{},"Concrètement, à votre échelle, le cloud propose trois fonctionnalités utiles :",[1747,3919,3921],{"id":3920},"sauvegarde-et-synchronisation","Sauvegarde et synchronisation",[599,3923,3924],{},"Un dossier de votre ordinateur est automatiquement copié sur les serveurs du\nprestataire. Les modifications dans un sens (ordinateur → cloud) ou dans\nl'autre (cloud → ordinateur) sont propagées en quelques secondes.",[599,3926,3927],{},"À paramétrer attentivement :",[883,3929,3930,3936,3942],{},[886,3931,3932,3935],{},[603,3933,3934],{},"Synchroniser quoi ?"," Tout le compte ou seulement certains dossiers.",[886,3937,3938,3941],{},[603,3939,3940],{},"Sur quels appareils ?"," Téléphone, ordinateur, tablette.",[886,3943,3944,3947],{},[603,3945,3946],{},"Connexion utilisée ?"," Wi-Fi seulement, ou aussi 4G\u002F5G ? Important pour\nne pas consommer son forfait mobile.",[1747,3949,3951],{"id":3950},"partage","Partage",[599,3953,3954,3955,3958],{},"Vous pouvez donner accès à un fichier ou un dossier à d'autres personnes,\ngénéralement via un ",[603,3956,3957],{},"lien",". Le partage se règle finement :",[673,3960,3961,3971],{},[676,3962,3963],{},[679,3964,3965,3968],{},[682,3966,3967],{},"Droit accordé",[682,3969,3970],{},"Qui peut faire quoi",[695,3972,3973,3983,3993],{},[679,3974,3975,3980],{},[700,3976,3977],{},[603,3978,3979],{},"Lecture",[700,3981,3982],{},"Voir le fichier, sans modifier.",[679,3984,3985,3990],{},[700,3986,3987],{},[603,3988,3989],{},"Commentaire",[700,3991,3992],{},"Voir + ajouter des annotations.",[679,3994,3995,4000],{},[700,3996,3997],{},[603,3998,3999],{},"Modification",[700,4001,4002],{},"Voir + modifier.",[599,4004,4005],{},"Et avec quelle audience :",[883,4007,4008,4011,4014],{},[886,4009,4010],{},"Une personne précise (par e-mail).",[886,4012,4013],{},"Toute personne disposant du lien.",[886,4015,4016],{},"Tout le monde (public).",[929,4018,4019],{},[599,4020,4021,4022,4025],{},"Un lien « public » est ",[603,4023,4024],{},"véritablement public"," : il peut être indexé par\ndes moteurs de recherche. Réservez ce niveau d'accès à ce que vous\nacceptez de voir partagé largement.",[1747,4027,4029],{"id":4028},"versionnage","Versionnage",[599,4031,4032,4033,4036],{},"La plupart des clouds conservent l'",[603,4034,4035],{},"historique des versions"," d'un fichier.\nSi vous écrasez par erreur un devoir, vous pouvez en récupérer une version\nprécédente — souvent jusqu'à 30 jours en arrière dans les offres gratuites.",[868,4038,4041,4046],{"correct":870,"explanation":4039,"slug":4040},"iCloud signifie que les fichiers sont stockés sur des serveurs Apple, dans des datacenters. Une copie locale peut subsister sur votre téléphone, mais l'original synchronisé vit chez Apple.","cloud-c1",[874,4042,4043],{"v-slot:question":876},[599,4044,4045],{},"Une photo synchronisée dans iCloud est-elle hébergée chez vous ?",[874,4047,4048],{"v-slot:choices":876},[883,4049,4050,4053,4056],{},[886,4051,4052],{},"Oui, sur votre téléphone uniquement",[886,4054,4055],{},"Non, sur des serveurs Apple dans un datacenter",[886,4057,4058],{},"Cela dépend du Wi-Fi",[594,4060,4062],{"id":4061},"avantages-contreparties","Avantages, contreparties",[673,4064,4065,4075],{},[676,4066,4067],{},[679,4068,4069,4072],{},[682,4070,4071],{},"Pour",[682,4073,4074],{},"Contre",[695,4076,4077,4085,4093,4101,4109],{},[679,4078,4079,4082],{},[700,4080,4081],{},"Accès depuis n'importe quel appareil",[700,4083,4084],{},"Dépendance à une connexion Internet",[679,4086,4087,4090],{},[700,4088,4089],{},"Sauvegarde automatique en cas de perte du téléphone",[700,4091,4092],{},"Dépendance au prestataire (panne, fermeture)",[679,4094,4095,4098],{},[700,4096,4097],{},"Partage facile avec d'autres personnes",[700,4099,4100],{},"Données potentiellement exposées",[679,4102,4103,4106],{},[700,4104,4105],{},"Pas de matériel à gérer soi-même",[700,4107,4108],{},"Coût énergétique élevé à l'échelle mondiale",[679,4110,4111,4114],{},[700,4112,4113],{},"Synchronisation transparente",[700,4115,4116],{},"Risque de fuite ou de piratage du compte",[650,4118,4119],{},[599,4120,4121,4124,4125,4128],{},[603,4122,4123],{},"Une bonne pratique"," : ne jamais avoir ",[603,4126,4127],{},"uniquement"," ses données dans le\ncloud. Conserver une copie locale (sur l'ordinateur ou un disque externe)\nprémunit contre les défaillances du service, la suspension du compte ou\nl'erreur de manipulation.",[868,4130,4133,4138],{"correct":870,"explanation":4131,"slug":4132},"Le fonctionnement et le refroidissement des datacenters représentent quelques pour-cent de l'électricité mondiale — un poste en forte croissance.","cloud-c2",[874,4134,4135],{"v-slot:question":876},[599,4136,4137],{},"Parmi les contreparties du cloud, laquelle concerne directement l'environnement ?",[874,4139,4140],{"v-slot:choices":876},[883,4141,4142,4145,4148],{},[886,4143,4144],{},"La dépendance à Internet",[886,4146,4147],{},"Le coût énergétique des datacenters",[886,4149,4150],{},"Le partage par lien public",[594,4152,1622],{"id":1621},[599,4154,4155,4156,4158],{},"L'",[603,4157,3588],{}," rend invisible une infrastructure colossale.\nComprendre où vivent réellement vos données, ce qu'elles coûtent à stocker\net qui y a accès, c'est un prérequis pour faire des choix éclairés —\nchoisir un service européen plutôt qu'américain, héberger soi-même une partie\nde ses données, ou simplement faire le tri dans ses photos pour limiter\nl'empreinte de sa propre vie numérique.",{"title":876,"searchDepth":1040,"depth":1040,"links":4160},[4161,4162,4163,4164,4165,4170,4171],{"id":596,"depth":1040,"text":597},{"id":3578,"depth":1040,"text":3579},{"id":3702,"depth":1040,"text":3703},{"id":3756,"depth":1040,"text":3757},{"id":3913,"depth":1040,"text":3914,"children":4166},[4167,4168,4169],{"id":3920,"depth":1319,"text":3921},{"id":3950,"depth":1319,"text":3951},{"id":4028,"depth":1319,"text":4029},{"id":4061,"depth":1040,"text":4062},{"id":1621,"depth":1040,"text":1622},"Vos données ne sont jamais « dans les nuages ». Comprendre où elles vivent vraiment, ce que coûte leur stockage et comment les partager sans s'oublier.",{},[4175,4177],{"slug":4040,"kind":1055,"question":4045,"choices":4176,"correct":870,"multi":1057,"explanation":4039},[4052,4055,4058],{"slug":4132,"kind":1055,"question":4137,"choices":4178,"correct":870,"multi":1057,"explanation":4131},[4144,4147,4150],{"title":115,"description":4172},"LRMrlmliWAZWJKGpdGSExL5HjGVmPZjDPC4zk9GS-mc",{"id":4182,"title":93,"bo":1049,"body":4183,"description":4332,"eval":1049,"extension":1050,"labo":1049,"meta":4333,"navigation":1052,"path":94,"quizzes":4334,"readingTime":1060,"seo":4335,"stem":95,"tp":1049,"__hash__":4336},"cours\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F0.index.md",{"type":591,"value":4184,"toc":4326},[4185,4189,4203,4235,4239,4276,4280,4308,4312],[594,4186,4188],{"id":4187},"de-quoi-parle-ce-chapitre","De quoi parle ce chapitre ?",[599,4190,4191,4192,4194,4195,4198,4199,4202],{},"Une journée ordinaire de votre vie numérique génère des milliers de données :\nchaque message envoyé, chaque photo prise, chaque trajet en transport, chaque\nrecherche en ligne laisse une trace exploitable par une machine. Mais qu'est-ce\nqu'une ",[603,4193,631],{}," au juste ? Comment passer d'une information éparse à un\n",[603,4196,4197],{},"tableau"," que l'on peut trier, filtrer, croiser ? Et que deviennent toutes ces\ndonnées une fois envoyées dans le ",[603,4200,4201],{},"nuage"," ?",[599,4204,4205,4206,4208,4209,4212,4213,4216,4217,4220,4221,4224,4225,4227,4228,4231,4232,4234],{},"Ce chapitre propose un parcours en cinq étapes. Vous découvrirez d'abord ce\nqu'est une donnée, ses ",[603,4207,1034],{}," de stockage et le statut particulier des\n",[603,4210,4211],{},"données personnelles"," au regard de la loi. Vous apprendrez ensuite à\n",[603,4214,4215],{},"structurer"," des données dans un tableau, en distinguant ce qu'on appelle un\n",[603,4218,4219],{},"descripteur"," d'une ",[603,4222,4223],{},"valeur",". Vous verrez aussi qu'à côté du contenu\nprincipal d'un fichier vit une seconde couche d'information cachée : les\n",[603,4226,1674],{},". Puis vous écrirez vos premières lignes de Python pour\n",[603,4229,4230],{},"traiter"," une table : rechercher, filtrer, trier. Enfin, vous vous\ninterrogerez sur le ",[603,4233,3585],{}," et ses contreparties — énergétiques, écologiques,\npolitiques.",[594,4236,4238],{"id":4237},"objectifs","Objectifs",[988,4240,4243],{"icon":4241,"title":4242},"i-lucide-target","À la fin du chapitre, vous saurez",[883,4244,4245,4248,4254,4260,4266],{},[886,4246,4247],{},"Distinguer une donnée d'un descripteur et reconnaître les principaux formats (CSV, JSON, XML).",[886,4249,4250,4251,4253],{},"Définir ce qu'est une ",[603,4252,906],{}," et citer un droit garanti par le RGPD.",[886,4255,4256,4257,4259],{},"Retrouver et interpréter les ",[603,4258,1674],{}," d'un fichier (photo, document).",[886,4261,4262,4265],{},[603,4263,4264],{},"Trier, filtrer, croiser"," des données dans une table — avec un tableur ou un court script Python.",[886,4267,4268,4269,4271,4272,4275],{},"Expliquer ce qu'est le ",[603,4270,3585],{}," et évaluer l'",[603,4273,4274],{},"ordre de grandeur"," énergétique des datacenters.",[594,4277,4279],{"id":4278},"plan","Plan",[4281,4282,4283,4288,4293,4298,4303],"ol",{},[886,4284,4285,4287],{},[603,4286,99],{}," — qu'est-ce qu'une donnée, formats courants, données personnelles.",[886,4289,4290,4292],{},[603,4291,103],{}," — descripteurs, valeurs, tables, données ouvertes.",[886,4294,4295,4297],{},[603,4296,107],{}," — l'information cachée dans vos fichiers.",[886,4299,4300,4302],{},[603,4301,111],{}," — recherche, filtre, tri avec un tableur et avec Python.",[886,4304,4305,4307],{},[603,4306,115],{}," — synchroniser dans le nuage, partager, mesurer le coût énergétique.",[594,4309,4311],{"id":4310},"programme-officiel-couvert","Programme officiel couvert",[599,4313,4314,4315,767,4317,767,4319,767,4321,4323,4324,636],{},"Ce chapitre couvre les 5 items du BO de SNT Seconde sur les données structurées :\n",[620,4316],{"code":3554},[620,4318],{"code":1066},[620,4320],{"code":589},[620,4322],{"code":1660},",\n",[620,4325],{"code":2209},{"title":876,"searchDepth":1040,"depth":1040,"links":4327},[4328,4329,4330,4331],{"id":4187,"depth":1040,"text":4188},{"id":4237,"depth":1040,"text":4238},{"id":4278,"depth":1040,"text":4279},{"id":4310,"depth":1040,"text":4311},"De la photo dans votre téléphone aux tableaux ouverts par les administrations, comprendre ce qu'est une donnée, comment l'organiser, la décrire, la traiter et la stocker.",{"icon":1500},[],{"title":93,"description":4332},"GiGx85YZsVA2_4cuCetPUoBH8UT8pwNaKuDOaECTln0",[4338,4528,4777,4944,5400,5634],{"id":4339,"title":4340,"bo":4341,"body":4342,"description":4521,"eval":1049,"extension":1050,"labo":1049,"meta":4522,"navigation":1057,"path":4523,"quizzes":4524,"readingTime":1060,"seo":4525,"stem":4526,"tp":1049,"__hash__":4527},"coursMemo\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F1.donnees-formats.memo.md","Données et formats — l'essentiel",[589],{"type":591,"value":4343,"toc":4514},[4344,4348,4362,4366,4424,4428,4482,4487,4489,4504,4508],[594,4345,4347],{"id":4346},"en-une-phrase","En une phrase",[599,4349,2160,4350,4352,4353,4355,4356,4358,4359,636],{},[603,4351,631],{}," est une information codée pour une machine ; elle prend sens\ndans un ",[603,4354,1030],{},", se stocke dans un ",[603,4357,670],{},", et bénéficie d'une\nprotection légale dès qu'elle se rapporte à une ",[603,4360,4361],{},"personne identifiable",[594,4363,4365],{"id":4364},"à-mémoriser","À mémoriser",[883,4367,4368,4374,4380,4396,4412,4418],{},[886,4369,4370,4373],{},[603,4371,4372],{},"Donnée"," = fragment d'information exploitable par une machine.",[886,4375,4376,4379],{},[603,4377,4378],{},"Information"," = donnée + contexte d'interprétation.",[886,4381,4382,4385,4386,767,4388,767,4390,767,4392,767,4394,636],{},[603,4383,4384],{},"Format texte"," (lisible) : ",[641,4387,712],{},[641,4389,730],{},[641,4391,748],{},[641,4393,766],{},[641,4395,770],{},[886,4397,4398,4401,4402,767,4404,767,4406,4323,4408,767,4410,636],{},[603,4399,4400],{},"Format binaire"," (illisible sans logiciel) : ",[641,4403,788],{},[641,4405,791],{},[641,4407,812],{},[641,4409,833],{},[641,4411,1867],{},[886,4413,4414,4417],{},[603,4415,4416],{},"Donnée personnelle"," (RGPD) : toute information sur une personne physique\nidentifiée ou identifiable — directement (nom) ou indirectement (IP, e-mail,\ncroisement d'indices).",[886,4419,4420,4423],{},[603,4421,4422],{},"Donnée sensible"," : origine, opinions, religion, santé, biométrie,\norientation. Collecte interdite par défaut.",[594,4425,4427],{"id":4426},"vos-droits-rgpd","Vos droits (RGPD)",[673,4429,4430,4440],{},[676,4431,4432],{},[679,4433,4434,4437],{},[682,4435,4436],{},"Droit",[682,4438,4439],{},"Ce qu'il permet",[695,4441,4442,4450,4458,4466,4474],{},[679,4443,4444,4447],{},[700,4445,4446],{},"Accès",[700,4448,4449],{},"Consulter ce qu'un service détient sur vous",[679,4451,4452,4455],{},[700,4453,4454],{},"Rectification",[700,4456,4457],{},"Corriger une donnée erronée",[679,4459,4460,4463],{},[700,4461,4462],{},"Effacement",[700,4464,4465],{},"« Droit à l'oubli »",[679,4467,4468,4471],{},[700,4469,4470],{},"Portabilité",[700,4472,4473],{},"Récupérer ses données dans un format ouvert",[679,4475,4476,4479],{},[700,4477,4478],{},"Opposition",[700,4480,4481],{},"Refuser un traitement (par ex. publicitaire)",[599,4483,4484,4485,636],{},"L'autorité de référence en France est la ",[603,4486,997],{},[594,4488,1573],{"id":1572},[883,4490,4491,4498,4501],{},[886,4492,4493,4494,4497],{},"Une adresse IP ",[603,4495,4496],{},"est"," une donnée personnelle.",[886,4499,4500],{},"« Anonymisé » ne veut pas dire « privé » si le croisement reste possible.",[886,4502,4503],{},"Un format texte (CSV) n'est pas moins « pro » qu'un format binaire — il\nest juste lisible à l'œil nu.",[594,4505,4507],{"id":4506},"reconnaître-un-format-en-un-coup-dœil","Reconnaître un format en un coup d'œil",[1273,4509,4512],{"className":4510,"code":4511,"language":1278,"meta":876},[1276],"nom,prenom,age      → CSV (texte, virgules)\n{\"nom\": \"Lila\"}     → JSON (texte, accolades)\n\u003Cp>Bonjour\u003C\u002Fp>      → XML \u002F HTML (texte, balises)\n",[641,4513,4511],{"__ignoreMap":876},{"title":876,"searchDepth":1040,"depth":1040,"links":4515},[4516,4517,4518,4519,4520],{"id":4346,"depth":1040,"text":4347},{"id":4364,"depth":1040,"text":4365},{"id":4426,"depth":1040,"text":4427},{"id":1572,"depth":1040,"text":1573},{"id":4506,"depth":1040,"text":4507},"Mémo de révision sur la notion de donnée, les formats courants et les données personnelles.",{},"\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002Fdonnees-formats.memo",[],{"title":4340,"description":4521},"0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F1.donnees-formats.memo","FQZNyWPORtA3ticWvkeuYE2_gO8OYOz3nx-_nnZvLeQ",{"id":4529,"title":4530,"bo":4531,"body":4532,"description":4770,"eval":1049,"extension":1050,"labo":1049,"meta":4771,"navigation":1057,"path":4772,"quizzes":4773,"readingTime":1060,"seo":4774,"stem":4775,"tp":1049,"__hash__":4776},"coursMemo\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F2.donnees-structurees.memo.md","Données structurées — l'essentiel",[1066],{"type":591,"value":4533,"toc":4763},[4534,4536,4549,4551,4583,4587,4641,4643,4660,4664,4684,4761],[594,4535,4347],{"id":4346},[599,4537,2160,4538,4541,4542,4545,4546,4548],{},[603,4539,4540],{},"donnée structurée"," est une donnée organisée selon une convention\nfixe : chaque entité est décrite par les ",[603,4543,4544],{},"mêmes descripteurs",", qui\nprennent des ",[603,4547,1198],{}," différentes pour chaque enregistrement.",[594,4550,4365],{"id":4364},[883,4552,4553,4559,4565,4571,4577],{},[886,4554,4555,4558],{},[603,4556,4557],{},"Descripteur"," (ou attribut) = nom d'une colonne, fixe pour toute la table.",[886,4560,4561,4564],{},[603,4562,4563],{},"Valeur"," = contenu d'une case, variable d'un enregistrement à l'autre.",[886,4566,4567,4570],{},[603,4568,4569],{},"Enregistrement"," = une ligne (un p-uplet) = une entité complète.",[886,4572,4573,4576],{},[603,4574,4575],{},"Table"," = ensemble d'enregistrements partageant les mêmes descripteurs.",[886,4578,4579,4582],{},[603,4580,4581],{},"Données ouvertes"," (open data) = données publiées librement, le plus\nsouvent en CSV ou JSON.",[594,4584,4586],{"id":4585},"à-savoir-reconnaître","À savoir reconnaître",[673,4588,4589,4599],{},[676,4590,4591],{},[679,4592,4593,4596],{},[682,4594,4595],{},"Élément",[682,4597,4598],{},"Type",[695,4600,4601,4613,4623,4630],{},[679,4602,4603,4611],{},[700,4604,4605,767,4607,767,4609],{},[641,4606,1110],{},[641,4608,1113],{},[641,4610,1116],{},[700,4612,1174],{},[679,4614,4615,4621],{},[700,4616,4617,767,4619],{},[641,4618,1129],{},[641,4620,1132],{},[700,4622,1198],{},[679,4624,4625,4628],{},[700,4626,4627],{},"Une ligne du CSV",[700,4629,1259],{},[679,4631,4632,4638],{},[700,4633,4634,767,4636],{},[641,4635,1508],{},[641,4637,1514],{},[700,4639,4640],{},"portails open data",[594,4642,1573],{"id":1572},[883,4644,4645,4648,4654],{},[886,4646,4647],{},"Une cellule vide casse souvent les traitements automatiques.",[886,4649,4650,4651,636],{},"Toutes les valeurs d'une colonne doivent partager le ",[603,4652,4653],{},"même type",[886,4655,4656,4657,4659],{},"Les données ouvertes sont ",[603,4658,1612],{}," — pas de noms individuels.",[594,4661,4663],{"id":4662},"csv-et-json-deux-écritures-de-la-même-table","CSV et JSON, deux écritures de la même table",[1273,4665,4667],{"className":1299,"code":4666,"language":1302,"meta":876,"style":876},"nom,prenom,age\nLila,Martin,15\nIdris,Bouzid,16\n",[641,4668,4669,4674,4679],{"__ignoreMap":876},[1306,4670,4671],{"class":1308,"line":1060},[1306,4672,4673],{},"nom,prenom,age\n",[1306,4675,4676],{"class":1308,"line":1040},[1306,4677,4678],{},"Lila,Martin,15\n",[1306,4680,4681],{"class":1308,"line":1319},[1306,4682,4683],{},"Idris,Bouzid,16\n",[1273,4685,4687],{"className":1331,"code":4686,"language":1334,"meta":876,"style":876},"[\n  { \"nom\": \"Lila\",  \"prenom\": \"Martin\", \"age\": 15 },\n  { \"nom\": \"Idris\", \"prenom\": \"Bouzid\", \"age\": 16 }\n]\n",[641,4688,4689,4693,4726,4757],{"__ignoreMap":876},[1306,4690,4691],{"class":1308,"line":1060},[1306,4692,1342],{"class":1341},[1306,4694,4695,4697,4699,4701,4704,4707,4709,4711,4714,4716,4719,4721,4724],{"class":1308,"line":1040},[1306,4696,1347],{"class":1341},[1306,4698,2675],{"class":1350},[1306,4700,1354],{"class":1341},[1306,4702,4703],{"class":1357},"\"Lila\"",[1306,4705,4706],{"class":1341},",  ",[1306,4708,2669],{"class":1350},[1306,4710,1354],{"class":1341},[1306,4712,4713],{"class":1357},"\"Martin\"",[1306,4715,767],{"class":1341},[1306,4717,4718],{"class":1350},"\"age\"",[1306,4720,1354],{"class":1341},[1306,4722,4723],{"class":1350},"15",[1306,4725,1389],{"class":1341},[1306,4727,4728,4730,4732,4734,4737,4739,4741,4743,4746,4748,4750,4752,4755],{"class":1308,"line":1319},[1306,4729,1347],{"class":1341},[1306,4731,2675],{"class":1350},[1306,4733,1354],{"class":1341},[1306,4735,4736],{"class":1357},"\"Idris\"",[1306,4738,767],{"class":1341},[1306,4740,2669],{"class":1350},[1306,4742,1354],{"class":1341},[1306,4744,4745],{"class":1357},"\"Bouzid\"",[1306,4747,767],{"class":1341},[1306,4749,4718],{"class":1350},[1306,4751,1354],{"class":1341},[1306,4753,4754],{"class":1350},"16",[1306,4756,1466],{"class":1341},[1306,4758,4759],{"class":1308,"line":1325},[1306,4760,1472],{"class":1341},[1635,4762,1637],{},{"title":876,"searchDepth":1040,"depth":1040,"links":4764},[4765,4766,4767,4768,4769],{"id":4346,"depth":1040,"text":4347},{"id":4364,"depth":1040,"text":4365},{"id":4585,"depth":1040,"text":4586},{"id":1572,"depth":1040,"text":1573},{"id":4662,"depth":1040,"text":4663},"Mémo de révision sur descripteurs, valeurs, tables et open data.",{},"\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002Fdonnees-structurees.memo",[],{"title":4530,"description":4770},"0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F2.donnees-structurees.memo","RSwe790EN5edBDnJ_9tRekB-_A29C5q77ssXmHyYIjE",{"id":4778,"title":4779,"bo":4780,"body":4781,"description":4937,"eval":1049,"extension":1050,"labo":1049,"meta":4938,"navigation":1057,"path":4939,"quizzes":4940,"readingTime":1060,"seo":4941,"stem":4942,"tp":1049,"__hash__":4943},"coursMemo\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F3.metadonnees.memo.md","Métadonnées — l'essentiel",[1660],{"type":591,"value":4782,"toc":4930},[4783,4785,4794,4796,4829,4833,4887,4891,4906,4910],[594,4784,4347],{"id":4346},[599,4786,2160,4787,4789,4790,4793],{},[603,4788,1722],{}," est une ",[603,4791,4792],{},"donnée sur une donnée"," : elle décrit le\nfichier (date, auteur, appareil, position GPS) sans en être le contenu.",[594,4795,4365],{"id":4364},[883,4797,4798,4803,4809,4814,4824],{},[886,4799,4800,4802],{},[603,4801,4372],{}," = contenu (pixels, texte, audio).",[886,4804,4805,4808],{},[603,4806,4807],{},"Métadonnée"," = description (date, auteur, GPS, logiciel, taille).",[886,4810,4811,4813],{},[603,4812,1756],{}," = format de métadonnées standard des photos numériques.",[886,4815,1171,4816,1757,4819,767,4821,4823],{},[603,4817,4818],{},"documents",[641,4820,1864],{},[641,4822,1867],{},") ont aussi des métadonnées : auteur,\norganisation, historique de modification.",[886,4825,2153,4826,4828],{},[603,4827,2156],{}," — il faut un outil pour les\nretirer.",[594,4830,4832],{"id":4831},"métadonnées-exif-typiques-dune-photo","Métadonnées EXIF typiques d'une photo",[673,4834,4835,4845],{},[676,4836,4837],{},[679,4838,4839,4842],{},[682,4840,4841],{},"Champ",[682,4843,4844],{},"Exemple",[695,4846,4847,4856,4865,4874],{},[679,4848,4849,4851],{},[700,4850,1780],{},[700,4852,4853],{},[641,4854,4855],{},"2026-04-12 14:32",[679,4857,4858,4860],{},[700,4859,1790],{},[700,4861,4862],{},[641,4863,4864],{},"iPhone 14",[679,4866,4867,4869],{},[700,4868,2052],{},[700,4870,4871],{},[641,4872,4873],{},"48.85° N, 2.29° E",[679,4875,4876,4879],{},[700,4877,4878],{},"Ouverture, ISO, vitesse",[700,4880,4881,767,4883,767,4885],{},[641,4882,1835],{},[641,4884,1845],{},[641,4886,1825],{},[594,4888,4890],{"id":4889},"risques-typiques","Risques typiques",[883,4892,4893,4900,4903],{},[886,4894,4895,4896,4899],{},"Une photo personnelle publiée ",[603,4897,4898],{},"brut"," révèle son lieu et sa date.",[886,4901,4902],{},"Un PDF officiellement « anonyme » peut trahir son auteur dans ses\nmétadonnées.",[886,4904,4905],{},"Une capture d'écran perd les EXIF mais en crée d'autres.",[594,4907,4909],{"id":4908},"réflexes-utiles","Réflexes utiles",[883,4911,4912,4927],{},[886,4913,4914,4915,2705,4918,4920,4921,4923,4924,4926],{},"Avant de publier : ",[603,4916,4917],{},"vérifier",[603,4919,2100],{}," les métadonnées (clic\ndroit → Propriétés sous Windows, ",[1177,4922,2112],{}," sous macOS, ",[641,4925,1975],{}," en\nligne de commande).",[886,4928,4929],{},"Les réseaux sociaux retirent souvent les EXIF — pas les messageries ni\nles clouds personnels.",{"title":876,"searchDepth":1040,"depth":1040,"links":4931},[4932,4933,4934,4935,4936],{"id":4346,"depth":1040,"text":4347},{"id":4364,"depth":1040,"text":4365},{"id":4831,"depth":1040,"text":4832},{"id":4889,"depth":1040,"text":4890},{"id":4908,"depth":1040,"text":4909},"Mémo de révision sur les métadonnées, EXIF et précautions de publication.",{},"\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002Fmetadonnees.memo",[],{"title":4779,"description":4937},"0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F3.metadonnees.memo","D4yafIrmPsPLoE7Q69yYypoMXkb7bPdwjfhrx1m82hU",{"id":4945,"title":4946,"bo":4947,"body":4948,"description":5393,"eval":1049,"extension":1050,"labo":1049,"meta":5394,"navigation":1057,"path":5395,"quizzes":5396,"readingTime":1060,"seo":5397,"stem":5398,"tp":1049,"__hash__":5399},"coursMemo\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F4.traitement-tables.memo.md","Traitement de tables — l'essentiel",[2209],{"type":591,"value":4949,"toc":5385},[4950,4952,4976,4978,5034,5038,5047,5133,5142,5146,5153,5287,5289,5319,5323,5376,5382],[594,4951,4347],{"id":4346},[599,4953,4954,4955,767,4958,767,4961,4963,4964,4967,4968,4970,4971,2871,4973,4975],{},"Traiter une table, c'est appliquer trois opérations élémentaires —\n",[603,4956,4957],{},"rechercher",[603,4959,4960],{},"filtrer",[603,4962,1079],{}," — d'abord au ",[603,4965,4966],{},"tableur"," quand on\npeut, ensuite en ",[603,4969,2425],{}," (boucle ",[641,4972,2649],{},[641,4974,2860],{},") quand on veut automatiser.",[594,4977,4365],{"id":4364},[883,4979,4980,4985,4990,4995,5001,5022],{},[886,4981,4982,4984],{},[603,4983,2271],{}," : retrouver une ligne précise.",[886,4986,4987,4989],{},[603,4988,2284],{}," : conserver les lignes qui satisfont un critère.",[886,4991,4992,4994],{},[603,4993,2297],{}," : réordonner les lignes selon un descripteur.",[886,4996,4997,5000],{},[603,4998,4999],{},"Calcul"," : moyenne, max, somme sur une colonne.",[886,5002,5003,5004,5006,5007,767,5009,5012,5013,767,5016,4323,5019,636],{},"Au ",[603,5005,4966],{}," : menus ",[1177,5008,2284],{},[1177,5010,5011],{},"Trier",", fonctions ",[641,5014,5015],{},"MOYENNE",[641,5017,5018],{},"MAX",[641,5020,5021],{},"SOMME",[886,5023,5024,5025,5027,5028,5030,5031,5033],{},"En ",[603,5026,2425],{}," : on parcourt la table avec une boucle ",[641,5029,2649],{},", on teste un\ncritère avec ",[641,5032,2860],{},", on accumule un résultat dans une variable. Les outils\npour ouvrir directement un fichier CSV sont vus en NSI Première.",[594,5035,5037],{"id":5036},"pseudo-code-parcourir-et-filtrer","Pseudo-code : parcourir et filtrer",[599,5039,5040,5041,767,5044,5046],{},"On imagine quelques fonctions parlantes — ",[641,5042,5043],{},"charger_table",[641,5045,4223],{}," — qui\nn'existent pas vraiment en Python mais qui décrivent la logique :",[1273,5048,5050],{"className":2611,"code":5049,"language":2613,"meta":876,"style":876},"# Pseudo-code : compter les élèves admis (moyenne >= 14).\ntable = charger_table(\"eleves.csv\")\n\nnombre_admis = 0\nfor ligne in table:\n    if valeur(ligne, \"moyenne\") >= 14:\n        nombre_admis = nombre_admis + 1\n\nprint(\"Nombre d'admis :\", nombre_admis)\n",[641,5051,5052,5057,5069,5073,5081,5091,5107,5119,5123],{"__ignoreMap":876},[1306,5053,5054],{"class":1308,"line":1060},[1306,5055,5056],{"class":2620},"# Pseudo-code : compter les élèves admis (moyenne >= 14).\n",[1306,5058,5059,5061,5063,5065,5067],{"class":1308,"line":1040},[1306,5060,2626],{"class":1341},[1306,5062,2630],{"class":2629},[1306,5064,2633],{"class":1341},[1306,5066,2636],{"class":1357},[1306,5068,2639],{"class":1341},[1306,5070,5071],{"class":1308,"line":1319},[1306,5072,2644],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1052},[1306,5074,5075,5077,5079],{"class":1308,"line":1325},[1306,5076,2757],{"class":1341},[1306,5078,2630],{"class":2629},[1306,5080,2762],{"class":1350},[1306,5082,5083,5085,5087,5089],{"class":1308,"line":1469},[1306,5084,2649],{"class":2629},[1306,5086,2652],{"class":1341},[1306,5088,2655],{"class":2629},[1306,5090,2658],{"class":1341},[1306,5092,5093,5095,5097,5099,5101,5103,5105],{"class":1308,"line":2067},[1306,5094,2777],{"class":2629},[1306,5096,2780],{"class":1341},[1306,5098,2783],{"class":1357},[1306,5100,2786],{"class":1341},[1306,5102,2789],{"class":2629},[1306,5104,2792],{"class":1350},[1306,5106,2795],{"class":1341},[1306,5108,5109,5111,5113,5115,5117],{"class":1308,"line":2798},[1306,5110,2801],{"class":1341},[1306,5112,2630],{"class":2629},[1306,5114,2806],{"class":1341},[1306,5116,2809],{"class":2629},[1306,5118,2812],{"class":1350},[1306,5120,5121],{"class":1308,"line":2815},[1306,5122,2644],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1052},[1306,5124,5125,5127,5129,5131],{"class":1308,"line":2820},[1306,5126,2823],{"class":1350},[1306,5128,2826],{"class":1341},[1306,5130,2829],{"class":1357},[1306,5132,2832],{"class":1341},[599,5134,5135,5136,636],{},"Patron à retenir : ",[603,5137,5138,5139,5141],{},"compteur à zéro → boucle → ",[641,5140,2860],{}," → incrément",[594,5143,5145],{"id":5144},"vrai-python-calculs-sur-une-liste","Vrai Python : calculs sur une liste",[599,5147,5148,5149,5152],{},"Quand les valeurs sont déjà sous forme de ",[603,5150,5151],{},"liste Python",", le code est\nréellement exécutable :",[1273,5154,5156],{"className":2611,"code":5155,"language":2613,"meta":876,"style":876},"moyennes = [14.5, 12.8, 17.2, 9.4, 15.7]\n\n# Somme et moyenne\ntotal = 0\nfor m in moyennes:\n    total = total + m\nmoyenne_classe = total \u002F 5\n\n# Maximum\nmaximum = moyennes[0]\nfor m in moyennes:\n    if m > maximum:\n        maximum = m\n",[641,5157,5158,5186,5190,5195,5203,5213,5225,5237,5241,5246,5258,5268,5278],{"__ignoreMap":876},[1306,5159,5160,5162,5164,5166,5168,5170,5172,5174,5176,5178,5180,5182,5184],{"class":1308,"line":1060},[1306,5161,2930],{"class":1341},[1306,5163,2630],{"class":2629},[1306,5165,2935],{"class":1341},[1306,5167,2938],{"class":1350},[1306,5169,767],{"class":1341},[1306,5171,2943],{"class":1350},[1306,5173,767],{"class":1341},[1306,5175,2948],{"class":1350},[1306,5177,767],{"class":1341},[1306,5179,2953],{"class":1350},[1306,5181,767],{"class":1341},[1306,5183,2958],{"class":1350},[1306,5185,1472],{"class":1341},[1306,5187,5188],{"class":1308,"line":1040},[1306,5189,2644],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1052},[1306,5191,5192],{"class":1308,"line":1319},[1306,5193,5194],{"class":2620},"# Somme et moyenne\n",[1306,5196,5197,5199,5201],{"class":1308,"line":1325},[1306,5198,2974],{"class":1341},[1306,5200,2630],{"class":2629},[1306,5202,2762],{"class":1350},[1306,5204,5205,5207,5209,5211],{"class":1308,"line":1469},[1306,5206,2649],{"class":2629},[1306,5208,2985],{"class":1341},[1306,5210,2655],{"class":2629},[1306,5212,2990],{"class":1341},[1306,5214,5215,5217,5219,5221,5223],{"class":1308,"line":2067},[1306,5216,2995],{"class":1341},[1306,5218,2630],{"class":2629},[1306,5220,3000],{"class":1341},[1306,5222,2809],{"class":2629},[1306,5224,3005],{"class":1341},[1306,5226,5227,5229,5231,5233,5235],{"class":1308,"line":2798},[1306,5228,3019],{"class":1341},[1306,5230,2630],{"class":2629},[1306,5232,3000],{"class":1341},[1306,5234,3026],{"class":2629},[1306,5236,3029],{"class":1350},[1306,5238,5239],{"class":1308,"line":2815},[1306,5240,2644],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1052},[1306,5242,5243],{"class":1308,"line":2820},[1306,5244,5245],{"class":2620},"# Maximum\n",[1306,5247,5248,5250,5252,5254,5256],{"class":1308,"line":3032},[1306,5249,3186],{"class":1341},[1306,5251,2630],{"class":2629},[1306,5253,3191],{"class":1341},[1306,5255,3126],{"class":1350},[1306,5257,1472],{"class":1341},[1306,5259,5260,5262,5264,5266],{"class":1308,"line":3037},[1306,5261,2649],{"class":2629},[1306,5263,2985],{"class":1341},[1306,5265,2655],{"class":2629},[1306,5267,2990],{"class":1341},[1306,5269,5270,5272,5274,5276],{"class":1308,"line":3050},[1306,5271,2777],{"class":2629},[1306,5273,2985],{"class":1341},[1306,5275,3218],{"class":2629},[1306,5277,3221],{"class":1341},[1306,5279,5281,5283,5285],{"class":1308,"line":5280},13,[1306,5282,3226],{"class":1341},[1306,5284,2630],{"class":2629},[1306,5286,3005],{"class":1341},[594,5288,1573],{"id":1572},[883,5290,5291,5304,5313],{},[886,5292,3582,5293,1757,5295,767,5297,5299,5300,5303],{},[603,5294,2484],{},[641,5296,5043],{},[641,5298,4223],{},"…) n'est pas exécutable\ndirectement. Il sert à ",[603,5301,5302],{},"raisonner",", pas à lancer le programme.",[886,5305,5306,5307,1199,5310,5312],{},"Les listes Python sont ",[603,5308,5309],{},"numérotées à partir de zéro",[641,5311,3267],{},"\nest la première valeur.",[886,5314,2160,5315,5318],{},[603,5316,5317],{},"cellule vide"," peut faire planter un calcul. Sur un vrai fichier,\nprévoir un test avant la comparaison.",[594,5320,5322],{"id":5321},"au-tableur-au-mètre","Au tableur, au mètre",[673,5324,5325,5335],{},[676,5326,5327],{},[679,5328,5329,5332],{},[682,5330,5331],{},"Pour...",[682,5333,5334],{},"Cherchez le menu...",[695,5336,5337,5346,5354,5367],{},[679,5338,5339,5342],{},[700,5340,5341],{},"Filtrer",[700,5343,5344],{},[1177,5345,2353],{},[679,5347,5348,5350],{},[700,5349,5011],{},[700,5351,5352],{},[1177,5353,2367],{},[679,5355,5356,5359],{},[700,5357,5358],{},"Calculer",[700,5360,5361,767,5363,767,5365],{},[641,5362,3414],{},[641,5364,3417],{},[641,5366,3420],{},[679,5368,5369,5371],{},[700,5370,1931],{},[700,5372,5373],{},[1177,5374,5375],{},"Ctrl+F",[599,5377,5378,5379,5381],{},"Réflexe : commencer au tableur, basculer en Python quand on veut\n",[603,5380,2240],{}," (refaire le même traitement sur cent fichiers, ou chaque\nmois).",[1635,5383,5384],{},"html pre.shiki code .sCsY4, html code.shiki .sCsY4{--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D}html pre.shiki code .sxrX7, html code.shiki .sxrX7{--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .s8jYJ, html code.shiki .s8jYJ{--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sIIMD, html code.shiki .sIIMD{--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sBjJW, html code.shiki .sBjJW{--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}",{"title":876,"searchDepth":1040,"depth":1040,"links":5386},[5387,5388,5389,5390,5391,5392],{"id":4346,"depth":1040,"text":4347},{"id":4364,"depth":1040,"text":4365},{"id":5036,"depth":1040,"text":5037},{"id":5144,"depth":1040,"text":5145},{"id":1572,"depth":1040,"text":1573},{"id":5321,"depth":1040,"text":5322},"Mémo de révision sur recherche, filtre, tri d'une table — au tableur et avec une boucle Python.",{},"\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002Ftraitement-tables.memo",[],{"title":4946,"description":5393},"0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F4.traitement-tables.memo","JDPHTsmsNSWXqiw47HemeN8fpwDMooKw5Mh-2AGm5jc",{"id":5401,"title":5402,"bo":5403,"body":5404,"description":5627,"eval":1049,"extension":1050,"labo":1049,"meta":5628,"navigation":1057,"path":5629,"quizzes":5630,"readingTime":1060,"seo":5631,"stem":5632,"tp":1049,"__hash__":5633},"coursMemo\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F5.cloud.memo.md","Le cloud — l'essentiel",[3554],{"type":591,"value":5405,"toc":5619},[5406,5408,5417,5419,5469,5473,5495,5499,5548,5552,5590,5594],[594,5407,4347],{"id":4346},[599,5409,3582,5410,5412,5413,5416],{},[603,5411,3585],{}," est l'accès à distance, via Internet, à du stockage ou du\ncalcul hébergé dans des ",[603,5414,5415],{},"datacenters bien physiques"," — pratique, mais\nénergivore et dépendant d'un prestataire.",[594,5418,4365],{"id":4364},[883,5420,5421,5427,5433,5440,5453,5459],{},[886,5422,5423,5426],{},[603,5424,5425],{},"Cloud"," = ressources (stockage, calcul, logiciels) accessibles à\ndistance par Internet.",[886,5428,5429,5432],{},[603,5430,5431],{},"Datacenter"," = bâtiment hébergeant des milliers de serveurs.",[886,5434,5435,5436,5439],{},"Les datacenters consomment ",[603,5437,5438],{},"1 à 2 %"," de l'électricité mondiale\n(≈ pays comme l'Espagne), ~2 % en France — chiffre en croissance.",[886,5441,4155,5442,5445,5446,5449,5450,636],{},[603,5443,5444],{},"entraînement d'un grand modèle IA"," = plusieurs ",[603,5447,5448],{},"GWh"," ≈ consommation\nannuelle d'",[603,5451,5452],{},"environ 1 000 foyers français",[886,5454,2160,5455,5458],{},[603,5456,5457],{},"recherche en ligne"," ≈ 0,3 g CO₂ ; multipliée par milliards\u002Fjour,\nça pèse. Une question à une IA ≈ 10× plus.",[886,5460,5461,5462,767,5465,4323,5467,636],{},"Trois fonctionnalités clés : ",[603,5463,5464],{},"synchronisation",[603,5466,3950],{},[603,5468,4028],{},[594,5470,5472],{"id":5471},"repères-de-conversion-utiles","Repères de conversion utiles",[883,5474,5475,5481,5489],{},[886,5476,5477,5478,636],{},"1 foyer français ≈ ",[603,5479,5480],{},"4 700 kWh\u002Fan",[886,5482,5483,5485,5486,636],{},[603,5484,3782],{}," = 1 000 000 kWh ≈ ",[603,5487,5488],{},"200 foyers\u002Fan",[886,5490,5491,5492,636],{},"1 charge de téléphone ≈ ",[603,5493,5494],{},"0,01 kWh",[594,5496,5498],{"id":5497},"services-courants","Services courants",[673,5500,5501,5509],{},[676,5502,5503],{},[679,5504,5505,5507],{},[682,5506,3605],{},[682,5508,3611],{},[695,5510,5511,5517,5523,5529,5535,5541],{},[679,5512,5513,5515],{},[700,5514,3620],{},[700,5516,3626],{},[679,5518,5519,5521],{},[700,5520,3633],{},[700,5522,3639],{},[679,5524,5525,5527],{},[700,5526,3646],{},[700,5528,3652],{},[679,5530,5531,5533],{},[700,5532,3659],{},[700,5534,3659],{},[679,5536,5537,5539],{},[700,5538,3671],{},[700,5540,3677],{},[679,5542,5543,5545],{},[700,5544,3684],{},[700,5546,5547],{},"Logiciel libre, auto-hébergeable",[594,5549,5551],{"id":5550},"niveaux-de-partage-à-connaître","Niveaux de partage à connaître",[673,5553,5554,5564],{},[676,5555,5556],{},[679,5557,5558,5561],{},[682,5559,5560],{},"Lien partagé…",[682,5562,5563],{},"Risque",[695,5565,5566,5574,5582],{},[679,5567,5568,5571],{},[700,5569,5570],{},"À une personne précise",[700,5572,5573],{},"Faible",[679,5575,5576,5579],{},[700,5577,5578],{},"À toute personne ayant le lien",[700,5580,5581],{},"Le lien peut fuiter",[679,5583,5584,5587],{},[700,5585,5586],{},"Public",[700,5588,5589],{},"Indexable par les moteurs de recherche",[594,5591,5593],{"id":5592},"bonnes-pratiques","Bonnes pratiques",[883,5595,5596,5602,5609,5616],{},[886,5597,5598,5601],{},[603,5599,5600],{},"Toujours"," garder une copie locale en plus du cloud.",[886,5603,5604,5605,5608],{},"Vérifier les ",[603,5606,5607],{},"droits de partage"," avant d'envoyer un lien.",[886,5610,5611,5612,5615],{},"Choisir un service dont la ",[603,5613,5614],{},"juridiction"," correspond aux exigences\n(RGPD, données sensibles).",[886,5617,5618],{},"Trier régulièrement ses fichiers — la donnée la moins coûteuse à stocker\nest celle qui n'existe pas.",{"title":876,"searchDepth":1040,"depth":1040,"links":5620},[5621,5622,5623,5624,5625,5626],{"id":4346,"depth":1040,"text":4347},{"id":4364,"depth":1040,"text":4365},{"id":5471,"depth":1040,"text":5472},{"id":5497,"depth":1040,"text":5498},{"id":5550,"depth":1040,"text":5551},{"id":5592,"depth":1040,"text":5593},"Mémo de révision sur le cloud, les datacenters et leur coût énergétique.",{},"\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002Fcloud.memo",[],{"title":5402,"description":5627},"0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F5.cloud.memo","UQerLpJ2lVlTqwMqlTr2PcRO1qM4yuXQgGcN2itdU0Y",{"id":5635,"title":5636,"bo":5637,"body":5638,"description":6073,"eval":1049,"extension":1050,"labo":1049,"meta":6074,"navigation":1057,"path":6076,"quizzes":6077,"readingTime":1060,"seo":6112,"stem":6113,"tp":1049,"__hash__":6114},"coursMemo\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002Fchapitre.memo.md","Données structurées — synthèse de chapitre",[3554,1066,589,1660,2209],{"type":591,"value":5639,"toc":6068},[5640,5644,5667,5692,5699,5703,5783,5786,5790,5814,5845,5874,5884,5927,5950,5974,6016,6044],[594,5641,5643],{"id":5642},"vue-densemble","Vue d'ensemble",[599,5645,5646,5647,5650,5651,5654,5655,5657,5658,5660,5661,5663,5664,5666],{},"Ce chapitre est parti d'une question simple — ",[603,5648,5649],{},"qu'est-ce qu'une donnée ?"," —\npour vous emmener jusqu'aux datacenters qui hébergent une part croissante de\nla vie numérique mondiale. Le fil rouge a été l'",[603,5652,5653],{},"organisation"," : une donnée\nisolée ne devient exploitable qu'à condition d'être codée dans un ",[603,5656,670],{},"\nprécis (CSV, JSON, image, son…), arrangée dans une ",[603,5659,673],{}," dont chaque\ncolonne est un ",[603,5662,4219],{}," partagé par tous les enregistrements, et\nparfois enrichie d'une seconde couche d'information — les ",[603,5665,1674],{}," —\nqui en disent souvent plus qu'on ne le voudrait.",[599,5668,5669,5670,5672,5673,5675,5676,5678,5679,5681,5682,5684,5685,5691],{},"Vous avez ensuite vu que toute cette structuration n'a de sens que si on\nsait ",[603,5671,4230],{}," la table. Trois opérations élémentaires couvrent l'immense\nmajorité des usages : ",[603,5674,2223],{}," d'une ligne, ",[603,5677,2227],{}," selon un\ncritère, ",[603,5680,2230],{}," par un descripteur. Vous les avez exercées d'abord au\n",[603,5683,4966],{}," (le bon réflexe) puis avec quelques ",[603,5686,5687,5688,5690],{},"boucles ",[641,5689,2649],{}," simples"," en\nPython — un avant-goût de ce que vous approfondirez en NSI Première.",[599,5693,5694,5695,5698],{},"Enfin, le chapitre s'est conclu sur la dimension ",[603,5696,5697],{},"physique et politique","\ndu stockage : les services de cloud rendent l'infrastructure invisible,\nmais elle existe bien — quelque part, dans des bâtiments climatisés, sur\ndes disques qui consomment de l'électricité et qui appartiennent à des\nentreprises. Comprendre cette matérialité, c'est faire des choix éclairés\nsur ses propres données et sur le service à qui les confier.",[594,5700,5702],{"id":5701},"carte-des-notions","Carte des notions",[673,5704,5705,5718],{},[676,5706,5707],{},[679,5708,5709,5712,5715],{},[682,5710,5711],{},"Cours",[682,5713,5714],{},"Item BO",[682,5716,5717],{},"Notions-clés",[695,5719,5720,5732,5744,5756,5771],{},[679,5721,5722,5725,5729],{},[700,5723,5724],{},"1. Données et formats",[700,5726,5727],{},[620,5728],{"code":589},[700,5730,5731],{},"Donnée vs information, formats texte \u002F binaire, RGPD, CNIL",[679,5733,5734,5737,5741],{},[700,5735,5736],{},"2. Données structurées",[700,5738,5739],{},[620,5740],{"code":1066},[700,5742,5743],{},"Descripteur, valeur, enregistrement, table, open data",[679,5745,5746,5749,5753],{},[700,5747,5748],{},"3. Métadonnées",[700,5750,5751],{},[620,5752],{"code":1660},[700,5754,5755],{},"EXIF, métadonnées de document, GPS, nettoyage",[679,5757,5758,5761,5765],{},[700,5759,5760],{},"4. Traitement de tables",[700,5762,5763],{},[620,5764],{"code":2209},[700,5766,5767,5768,5770],{},"Recherche, filtre, tri, calcul ; tableur d'abord, boucles ",[641,5769,2649],{}," Python ensuite (pseudo-code pour les fichiers, vrai Python sur des listes)",[679,5772,5773,5776,5780],{},[700,5774,5775],{},"5. Le cloud",[700,5777,5778],{},[620,5779],{"code":3554},[700,5781,5782],{},"Cloud, datacenter, synchronisation, partage, ordres de grandeur énergétiques",[599,5784,5785],{},"Les notions s'articulent dans cet ordre : on définit la donnée (1), on la\nstructure (2), on note ses métadonnées (3), on la traite (4), on la stocke\n(5). Vous pouvez vous appuyer sur cette progression pour réviser dans\nl'ordre — ou l'inverse, en partant du cloud et en remontant vers les\ndéfinitions.",[594,5787,5789],{"id":5788},"auto-évaluation","Auto-évaluation",[868,5791,5793,5798],{"correct":870,"slug":5792},"sd-donnees-structurees-1-q1",[874,5794,5795],{"v-slot:question":876},[599,5796,5797],{},"Une donnée brute, isolée de tout contexte, est…",[874,5799,5800],{"v-slot:choices":876},[883,5801,5802,5805,5808,5811],{},[886,5803,5804],{},"toujours une information immédiatement exploitable",[886,5806,5807],{},"un fragment muet qui prend sens uniquement dans un contexte",[886,5809,5810],{},"forcément une donnée personnelle",[886,5812,5813],{},"toujours un fichier binaire",[868,5815,5817,5825],{"correct":870,"slug":5816},"sd-donnees-structurees-1-q2",[874,5818,5819],{"v-slot:question":876},[599,5820,5821,5822,5824],{},"Lequel de ces formats est ",[603,5823,3469],{}," (lisible avec un simple éditeur) ?",[874,5826,5827],{"v-slot:choices":876},[883,5828,5829,5833,5837,5841],{},[886,5830,5831],{},[641,5832,788],{},[886,5834,5835],{},[641,5836,730],{},[886,5838,5839],{},[641,5840,833],{},[886,5842,5843],{},[641,5844,812],{},[868,5846,5849,5858],{"correct":5847,"slug":5848},"0,2","sd-donnees-structurees-1-q3",[874,5850,5851],{"v-slot:question":876},[599,5852,5853,5854,5857],{},"Lesquelles de ces informations sont, au sens du RGPD, des ",[603,5855,5856],{},"données\npersonnelles"," ? (plusieurs réponses)",[874,5859,5860],{"v-slot:choices":876},[883,5861,5862,5865,5868,5871],{},[886,5863,5864],{},"L'adresse IP d'un internaute",[886,5866,5867],{},"Le nom d'une entreprise et son adresse postale",[886,5869,5870],{},"L'adresse e-mail personnelle d'un élève",[886,5872,5873],{},"Le numéro de téléphone du standard d'une mairie",[5875,5876,5879],"self-eval-free-text",{"answer":997,"case-sensitive":5877,"slug":5878},"false","sd-donnees-structurees-1-q4",[874,5880,5881],{"v-slot:question":876},[599,5882,5883],{},"Quel est le sigle de l'autorité française qui veille au respect du RGPD ?",[868,5885,5887,5903],{"correct":870,"slug":5886},"sd-donnees-structurees-1-q5",[874,5888,5889],{"v-slot:question":876},[599,5890,5891,5892,5895,5896,5899,5900,5902],{},"Dans la table « ",[641,5893,5894],{},"nom, prenom, age"," \u002F ",[641,5897,5898],{},"Martin, Lila, 15"," », que désigne le\nmot « ",[603,5901,4219],{}," » ?",[874,5904,5905],{"v-slot:choices":876},[883,5906,5907,5913,5919,5924],{},[886,5908,5909,5910],{},"la valeur ",[641,5911,5912],{},"Martin",[886,5914,5915,5916],{},"le nom de colonne ",[641,5917,5918],{},"nom",[886,5920,5921,5922],{},"la ligne ",[641,5923,5898],{},[886,5925,5926],{},"l'ensemble de la table",[868,5928,5930,5935],{"correct":2881,"slug":5929},"sd-donnees-structurees-1-q6",[874,5931,5932],{"v-slot:question":876},[599,5933,5934],{},"Comment appelle-t-on les informations « à propos » d'un fichier (date,\nauteur, GPS d'une photo) ?",[874,5936,5937],{"v-slot:choices":876},[883,5938,5939,5942,5944,5947],{},[886,5940,5941],{},"en-tête (header)",[886,5943,1674],{},[886,5945,5946],{},"attributs binaires",[886,5948,5949],{},"descripteurs SQL",[868,5951,5953,5958],{"correct":870,"slug":5952},"sd-donnees-structurees-1-q7",[874,5954,5955],{"v-slot:question":876},[599,5956,5957],{},"Une photo personnelle publiée brute peut révéler son lieu de prise de vue\nparce qu'elle contient…",[874,5959,5960],{"v-slot:choices":876},[883,5961,5962,5965,5968,5971],{},[886,5963,5964],{},"les pixels de l'image",[886,5966,5967],{},"ses coordonnées GPS dans les métadonnées EXIF",[886,5969,5970],{},"le nom du photographe dans son nom de fichier",[886,5972,5973],{},"une signature numérique",[868,5975,5977,5986],{"correct":2881,"slug":5976},"sd-donnees-structurees-1-q8",[874,5978,5979],{"v-slot:question":876},[599,5980,5981,5982,5985],{},"Pour compter les élèves admis (moyenne ≥ 14) dans une liste de moyennes\n",[641,5983,5984],{},"moyennes = [14.5, 12.8, 17.2, 9.4, 15.7]",", quel patron Python applique-t-on ?",[874,5987,5988],{"v-slot:choices":876},[883,5989,5990,5996,6002,6011],{},[886,5991,5992,5993],{},"une simple multiplication ",[641,5994,5995],{},"moyennes * 14",[886,5997,5998,5999,6001],{},"un ",[641,6000,2860],{}," sans boucle",[886,6003,6004,6005,6007,6008,6010],{},"un compteur à zéro, une boucle ",[641,6006,2649],{},", un ",[641,6009,2860],{}," qui incrémente",[886,6012,5998,6013],{},[641,6014,6015],{},"range(14)",[6017,6018,6020,6025],"self-eval-ordering",{"slug":6019},"sd-donnees-structurees-1-q9",[874,6021,6022],{"v-slot:question":876},[599,6023,6024],{},"Ordonnez les étapes de l'exploitation d'un jeu de données ouvert :",[874,6026,6027],{"v-slot:items":876},[883,6028,6029,6032,6035,6038,6041],{},[886,6030,6031],{},"Identifier une question à laquelle on veut répondre",[886,6033,6034],{},"Télécharger le fichier CSV sur un portail open data",[886,6036,6037],{},"Charger la table dans un outil (tableur ou Python)",[886,6039,6040],{},"Filtrer et trier selon les critères pertinents",[886,6042,6043],{},"Interpréter le résultat",[868,6045,6047,6052],{"correct":2881,"slug":6046},"sd-donnees-structurees-1-q10",[874,6048,6049],{"v-slot:question":876},[599,6050,6051],{},"Quel ordre de grandeur est correct pour la consommation des datacenters\ndans le monde ?",[874,6053,6054],{"v-slot:choices":876},[883,6055,6056,6059,6062,6065],{},[886,6057,6058],{},"moins de 0,01 % de l'électricité mondiale",[886,6060,6061],{},"environ 0,1 % de l'électricité mondiale",[886,6063,6064],{},"environ 1 à 2 % de l'électricité mondiale, en croissance",[886,6066,6067],{},"plus de 30 % de l'électricité mondiale",{"title":876,"searchDepth":1040,"depth":1040,"links":6069},[6070,6071,6072],{"id":5642,"depth":1040,"text":5643},{"id":5701,"depth":1040,"text":5702},{"id":5788,"depth":1040,"text":5789},"Vue d'ensemble du chapitre, carte des notions et auto-évaluation finale.",{"self_eval_slug":6075},"snt-2nde-sd-donnees-structurees","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002Fchapitre.memo",[6078,6080,6083,6086,6090,6096,6098,6100,6107,6110],{"slug":5792,"kind":1055,"question":5797,"choices":6079,"correct":870,"multi":1057,"explanation":876},[5804,5807,5810,5813],{"slug":5816,"kind":1055,"question":6081,"choices":6082,"correct":870,"multi":1057,"explanation":876},"Lequel de ces formats est texte (lisible avec un simple éditeur) ?",[788,730,833,812],{"slug":5848,"kind":1055,"question":6084,"choices":6085,"correct":5847,"multi":1052,"explanation":876},"Lesquelles de ces informations sont, au sens du RGPD, des données\npersonnelles ? (plusieurs réponses)",[5864,5867,5870,5873],{"slug":5878,"kind":6087,"question":5883,"answer":997,"caseSensitive":1057,"tolerance":6088,"inputType":6089,"explanation":876},"free_text",0,"string",{"slug":5886,"kind":1055,"question":6091,"choices":6092,"correct":870,"multi":1057,"explanation":876},"Dans la table « nom, prenom, age \u002F Martin, Lila, 15 », que désigne le\nmot « descripteur » ?",[6093,6094,6095,5926],"la valeur Martin","le nom de colonne nom","la ligne Martin, Lila, 15",{"slug":5929,"kind":1055,"question":5934,"choices":6097,"correct":2881,"multi":1057,"explanation":876},[5941,1674,5946,5949],{"slug":5952,"kind":1055,"question":5957,"choices":6099,"correct":870,"multi":1057,"explanation":876},[5964,5967,5970,5973],{"slug":5976,"kind":1055,"question":6101,"choices":6102,"correct":2881,"multi":1057,"explanation":876},"Pour compter les élèves admis (moyenne ≥ 14) dans une liste de moyennes\nmoyennes = [14.5, 12.8, 17.2, 9.4, 15.7], quel patron Python applique-t-on ?",[6103,6104,6105,6106],"une simple multiplication moyennes * 14","un if sans boucle","un compteur à zéro, une boucle for, un if qui incrémente","un range(14)",{"slug":6019,"kind":6108,"question":6024,"items":6109,"explanation":876},"ordering",[6031,6034,6037,6040,6043],{"slug":6046,"kind":1055,"question":6051,"choices":6111,"correct":2881,"multi":1057,"explanation":876},[6058,6061,6064,6067],{"title":5636,"description":6073},"0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002Fchapitre.memo","bt-nwUbK8zgQEby-GzpdrowRhunZYPoBX8tiGDSbL2A",1788035576118]