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physiques","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002Freseaux-physiques","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002F2.reseaux-physiques",{"title":29,"path":30,"stem":31},"Protocoles TCP\u002FIP et routage des paquets","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002Ftcp-ip-routage","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002F3.tcp-ip-routage",{"title":33,"path":34,"stem":35},"Réseaux pair-à-pair","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002Fpair-a-pair","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002F4.pair-a-pair",{"title":37,"path":38,"stem":39,"children":40},"Le Web","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsb-web","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F0.index",[41,42,46,50,54,58,62],{"title":37,"path":38,"stem":39},{"title":43,"path":44,"stem":45},"Histoire du Web","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002Fhistoire-web","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F1.histoire-web",{"title":47,"path":48,"stem":49},"URL et hypertexte","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002Furl-hypertexte","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F2.url-hypertexte",{"title":51,"path":52,"stem":53},"HTML et CSS — le contenu et la 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traitement","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F0.index",[97,98,102,106,110,114],{"title":93,"path":94,"stem":95},{"title":99,"path":100,"stem":101},"Données et formats","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002Fdonnees-formats","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F1.donnees-formats",{"title":103,"path":104,"stem":105},"Données structurées","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002Fdonnees-structurees","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F2.donnees-structurees",{"title":107,"path":108,"stem":109},"Métadonnées","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002Fmetadonnees","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F3.metadonnees",{"title":111,"path":112,"stem":113},"Traitement de tables","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002Ftraitement-tables","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F4.traitement-tables",{"title":115,"path":116,"stem":117},"Le cloud","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002Fcloud","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F5.cloud",{"title":119,"path":120,"stem":121,"children":122},"Localisation, cartographie et mobilité","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F0.index",[123,124,128,132,136,140],{"title":119,"path":120,"stem":121},{"title":125,"path":126,"stem":127},"GPS et Galileo — se situer grâce aux satellites","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fgps-galileo","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F1.gps-galileo",{"title":129,"path":130,"stem":131},"Décoder une trame NMEA","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Ftrame-nmea","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F2.trame-nmea",{"title":133,"path":134,"stem":135},"Cartes numériques — GeoPortail et OpenStreetMap","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fcartes-numeriques","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F3.cartes-numeriques",{"title":137,"path":138,"stem":139},"Itinéraires et graphes","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fitineraires-graphes","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F4.itineraires-graphes",{"title":141,"path":142,"stem":143},"Confidentialité de la position","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fconfidentialite-position","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F5.confidentialite-position",{"title":145,"path":146,"stem":147,"children":148},"Informatique embarquée et objets connectés","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F0.index",[149,150,154,158],{"title":145,"path":146,"stem":147},{"title":151,"path":152,"stem":153},"Systèmes informatiques embarqués","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002Fsystemes-embarques","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F1.systemes-embarques",{"title":155,"path":156,"stem":157},"Capteurs et actionneurs","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002Fcapteurs-actionneurs","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F2.capteurs-actionneurs",{"title":159,"path":160,"stem":161},"IHM et objets connectés","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002Fihm-objet-connecte","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F3.ihm-objet-connecte",{"title":163,"path":164,"stem":165,"children":166},"Photographie numérique","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F0.index",[167,168,172,176,180],{"title":163,"path":164,"stem":165},{"title":169,"path":170,"stem":171},"Photosites, pixels et résolution","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Fpixels-resolution","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F1.pixels-resolution",{"title":173,"path":174,"stem":175},"Les algorithmes de l'appareil photo","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Falgorithmes-photo","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F2.algorithmes-photo",{"title":177,"path":178,"stem":179},"Les métadonnées EXIF","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Fmetadonnees-exif","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F3.metadonnees-exif",{"title":181,"path":182,"stem":183},"Traiter une image en Python","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Ftraitement-rgb","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F4.traitement-rgb",{"title":185,"path":186,"stem":187,"children":188},"Notions transversales de programmation","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F0.index",[189,190,194,198,202],{"title":185,"path":186,"stem":187},{"title":191,"path":192,"stem":193},"Séquences d'instructions et variables","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Fsequences-affectations","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F1.sequences-affectations",{"title":195,"path":196,"stem":197},"Instructions conditionnelles","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Fconditionnelles","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F2.conditionnelles",{"title":199,"path":200,"stem":201},"Boucles bornées et non bornées","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Fboucles","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F3.boucles",{"title":203,"path":204,"stem":205},"Définitions et appels de fonctions","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Ffonctions","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F4.fonctions",{"title":207,"path":208,"stem":209,"children":210},"Démo des widgets MDC","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F0.index",[211,212,216,220],{"title":207,"path":208,"stem":209},{"title":213,"path":214,"stem":215},"Démo statique — callouts, code, BO, illustration","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002Fstatique","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F1.statique",{"title":217,"path":218,"stem":219},"Démo interactive — self-eval et python-snippet","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002Finteractif","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F2.interactif",{"title":221,"path":222,"stem":223},"Démo · 14 widgets de manipulation NSI","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002Fwidgets-manipulation","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F3.widgets-manipulation",{"title":225,"path":226,"stem":227,"children":228},"NSI — Première","\u002Fnsi-1ere","1.nsi-1ere\u002F0.index",[229,230,234,256,282,304,328,354,380,410],{"title":225,"path":226,"stem":227},{"title":231,"path":232,"stem":233},"Relecture pédagogique — 8 chapitres NSI 1ère (PA → PH)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Freview","1.nsi-1ere\u002FREVIEW",{"title":235,"path":236,"stem":237,"children":238},"Histoire de l'informatique","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F0.index",[239,240,244,248,252],{"title":235,"path":236,"stem":237},{"title":241,"path":242,"stem":243},"De la préantiquité aux machines à calculer","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Fpreantiquite-aux-machines","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F1.preantiquite-aux-machines",{"title":245,"path":246,"stem":247},"La machine universelle (1930-1950)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Fmachine-universelle","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F2.machine-universelle",{"title":249,"path":250,"stem":251},"Les ordinateurs modernes (1947-1990)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Fordinateurs-modernes","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F3.ordinateurs-modernes",{"title":253,"path":254,"stem":255},"Réseaux, Web et IA (1969 à aujourd'hui)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Freseaux-et-web","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F4.reseaux-et-web",{"title":257,"path":258,"stem":259,"children":260},"Représentation des données — types et valeurs","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F0.index",[261,262,266,270,274,278],{"title":257,"path":258,"stem":259},{"title":263,"path":264,"stem":265},"Bases de numération et entiers positifs","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002Fbases-entiers-positifs","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F1.bases-entiers-positifs",{"title":267,"path":268,"stem":269},"Entiers relatifs et complément à deux","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002Fentiers-relatifs","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F2.entiers-relatifs",{"title":271,"path":272,"stem":273},"Nombres flottants et virgule flottante","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002Fflottants","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F3.flottants",{"title":275,"path":276,"stem":277},"Textes et encodages — ASCII, ISO-8859-1, Unicode","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002Ftextes-encodages","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F4.textes-encodages",{"title":279,"path":280,"stem":281},"Valeurs booléennes et opérateurs logiques","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002Fbooleens","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F5.booleens",{"title":283,"path":284,"stem":285,"children":286},"Représentation des données : types construits","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002F0.index",[287,288,292,296,300],{"title":283,"path":284,"stem":285},{"title":289,"path":290,"stem":291},"Tableaux et listes","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002Ftableaux-listes","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002F1.tableaux-listes",{"title":293,"path":294,"stem":295},"Listes en compréhension","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002Fcomprehension","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002F2.comprehension",{"title":297,"path":298,"stem":299},"Tuples et p-uplets nommés","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002Ftuples","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002F3.tuples",{"title":301,"path":302,"stem":303},"Dictionnaires","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002Fdictionnaires","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002F4.dictionnaires",{"title":305,"path":306,"stem":307,"children":308},"Traitement de données en tables","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F0.index",[309,310,314,318,322],{"title":305,"path":306,"stem":307},{"title":311,"path":312,"stem":313},"Tables et CSV","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Ftables-csv","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F1.tables-csv",{"title":315,"path":316,"stem":317},"Recherche et filtrage","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Frecherche","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F2.recherche",{"title":319,"path":320,"stem":321},"Trier une table","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Ftri","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F3.tri",{"title":323,"path":324,"stem":325,"children":326},"Fusion et indexation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Ffusion-indexation","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F4.fusion-indexation",[327],{"title":323,"path":324,"stem":325},{"title":329,"path":330,"stem":331,"children":332},"IHM sur le Web","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F0.index",[333,334,338,342,346,350],{"title":329,"path":330,"stem":331},{"title":335,"path":336,"stem":337},"HTML et CSS — rappel de structure","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fhtml-css-bases","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F1.html-css-bases",{"title":339,"path":340,"stem":341},"Formulaires HTML","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fformulaires","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F2.formulaires",{"title":343,"path":344,"stem":345},"Événements JavaScript","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fevenements-js","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F3.evenements-js",{"title":347,"path":348,"stem":349},"Manipulation du DOM","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fdom-interaction","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F4.dom-interaction",{"title":351,"path":352,"stem":353},"Client, serveur et HTTP","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fclient-serveur-http","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F5.client-serveur-http",{"title":355,"path":356,"stem":357,"children":358},"Architectures matérielles et systèmes d'exploitation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F0.index",[359,360,364,368,372,376],{"title":355,"path":356,"stem":357},{"title":361,"path":362,"stem":363},"Le modèle de von Neumann","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Fvon-neumann","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F1.von-neumann",{"title":365,"path":366,"stem":367},"Périphériques et interface homme-machine","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Fperipheriques-ihm","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F2.peripheriques-ihm",{"title":369,"path":370,"stem":371},"Les systèmes d'exploitation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Fsystemes-exploitation","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F3.systemes-exploitation",{"title":373,"path":374,"stem":375},"Linux et le shell","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Flinux-shell","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F4.linux-shell",{"title":377,"path":378,"stem":379},"Réseaux et protocoles","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Freseaux","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F5.reseaux",{"title":381,"path":382,"stem":383,"children":384},"Langages et programmation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F0.index",[385,386,390,394,398,402,406],{"title":381,"path":382,"stem":383},{"title":387,"path":388,"stem":389},"Diversité et unité des langages de programmation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fdiversite-langages","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F1.diversite-langages",{"title":391,"path":392,"stem":393},"Constructions élémentaires","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fconstructions-elementaires","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F2.constructions-elementaires",{"title":395,"path":396,"stem":397},"Fonctions","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Ffonctions","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F3.fonctions",{"title":399,"path":400,"stem":401},"Spécification d'une fonction","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fspecification","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F4.specification",{"title":403,"path":404,"stem":405},"Mise au point des programmes","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fmise-au-point","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F5.mise-au-point",{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409},"Utilisation de bibliothèques","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fbibliotheques","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F6.bibliotheques",{"title":411,"path":412,"stem":413,"children":414},"Algorithmique","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F0.index",[415,416,420,424,428,432,436],{"title":411,"path":412,"stem":413},{"title":417,"path":418,"stem":419},"Parcours séquentiel d'un tableau","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fparcours-sequentiel","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F1.parcours-sequentiel",{"title":421,"path":422,"stem":423},"Bases de la complexité","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fcomplexite-bases","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F2.complexite-bases",{"title":425,"path":426,"stem":427},"Tris par sélection et par insertion","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Ftris","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F3.tris",{"title":429,"path":430,"stem":431},"Recherche dichotomique","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fdichotomie","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F4.dichotomie",{"title":433,"path":434,"stem":435},"Algorithmes gloutons","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fgloutons","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F5.gloutons",{"title":437,"path":438,"stem":439},"Les k plus proches voisins (k-NN)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fknn","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F6.knn",{"title":441,"path":442,"stem":443,"children":444},"NSI — Terminale","\u002Fnsi-tale","2.nsi-tale\u002F0.index",[445,446,450,476,498,536,560],{"title":441,"path":442,"stem":443},{"title":447,"path":448,"stem":449},"Review pédagogique — chapitres NSI Terminale (TA, TB, TC, TD, TE)","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Freview","2.nsi-tale\u002FREVIEW",{"title":451,"path":452,"stem":453,"children":454},"Structures de données","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F0.index",[455,456,460,464,468,472],{"title":451,"path":452,"stem":453},{"title":457,"path":458,"stem":459},"Objet, classe, interface","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Finterface-implementation","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F1.interface-implementation",{"title":461,"path":462,"stem":463},"Implémenter une structure — l'exemple de la file FIFO","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Fimplementer-une-structure","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F2.implementer-une-structure",{"title":465,"path":466,"stem":467},"Listes, piles, files, dictionnaires","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Flistes-piles-files-dict","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F3.listes-piles-files-dict",{"title":469,"path":470,"stem":471},"Arbres binaires","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Farbres-binaires","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F4.arbres-binaires",{"title":473,"path":474,"stem":475},"Graphes","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Fgraphes","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F5.graphes",{"title":477,"path":478,"stem":479,"children":480},"Bases de données","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F0.index",[481,482,486,490,494],{"title":477,"path":478,"stem":479},{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Le modèle relationnel","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fmodele-relationnel","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F1.modele-relationnel",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Bases de données relationnelles et anomalies de schéma","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fbase-relationnelle","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F2.base-relationnelle",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Le langage SQL","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fsql","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F3.sql",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Les systèmes de gestion de bases de données","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fsgbd","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F4.sgbd",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501,"children":502},"Architectures matérielles, systèmes d'exploitation et réseaux","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F0.index",[503,504,508,512,516,520,524,528,532],{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},{"title":505,"path":506,"stem":507},"Le système sur puce (SoC)","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fsysteme-sur-puce","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F1.systeme-sur-puce",{"title":509,"path":510,"stem":511},"Processus et ordonnancement par l'OS","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fprocessus-os","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F2.processus-os",{"title":513,"path":514,"stem":515},"L'interblocage (deadlock)","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Finterblocage","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F3.interblocage",{"title":517,"path":518,"stem":519},"Principes du routage","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Froutage-principes","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F4.routage-principes",{"title":521,"path":522,"stem":523},"Protocoles de routage RIP et OSPF","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fprotocoles-rip-ospf","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F5.protocoles-rip-ospf",{"title":525,"path":526,"stem":527},"Chiffrement symétrique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fchiffrement-symetrique","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F6.chiffrement-symetrique",{"title":529,"path":530,"stem":531},"Chiffrement asymétrique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fchiffrement-asymetrique","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F7.chiffrement-asymetrique",{"title":533,"path":534,"stem":535},"HTTPS — l'échange de clé symétrique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fhttps-tls","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F8.https-tls",{"title":381,"path":537,"stem":538,"children":539},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F0.index",[540,541,544,548,552,556],{"title":381,"path":537,"stem":538},{"title":403,"path":542,"stem":543},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fmise-au-point","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F1.mise-au-point",{"title":545,"path":546,"stem":547},"Modularité","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fmodularite","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F2.modularite",{"title":549,"path":550,"stem":551},"Récursivité","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Frecursivite","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F3.recursivite",{"title":553,"path":554,"stem":555},"Paradigmes de programmation","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fparadigmes","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F4.paradigmes",{"title":557,"path":558,"stem":559},"Programme comme donnée — calculabilité et indécidabilité","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fprogramme-comme-donnee","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F5.programme-comme-donnee",{"title":411,"path":561,"stem":562,"children":563},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F0.index",[564,565,569,573,577,581],{"title":411,"path":561,"stem":562},{"title":566,"path":567,"stem":568},"Algorithmes sur les arbres binaires","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Farbres-binaires-algos","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F1.arbres-binaires-algos",{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"Parcours de graphes — DFS, BFS, cycles, chemins","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Fgraphes-parcours","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F2.graphes-parcours",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"Diviser pour régner","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Fdiviser-pour-regner","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F3.diviser-pour-regner",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Programmation dynamique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Fprogrammation-dynamique","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F4.programmation-dynamique",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},"Recherche textuelle — l'algorithme de Boyer-Moore","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Frecherche-textuelle","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F5.recherche-textuelle",[586,1063,1678,3081,4053,4590],{"id":587,"title":43,"bo":588,"body":590,"description":1048,"eval":1049,"extension":1050,"labo":1049,"meta":1051,"navigation":1052,"path":44,"quizzes":1053,"readingTime":1060,"seo":1061,"stem":45,"tp":1049,"__hash__":1062},"cours\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F1.histoire-web.md",[589],"SB07",{"type":591,"value":592,"toc":1036},"minimark",[593,598,602,622,625,629,639,657,660,674,678,711,718,747,751,762,777,781,784,827,850,854,865,868,872,885,889,997,1022,1026],[594,595,597],"h2",{"id":596},"introduction","Introduction",[599,600,601],"p",{},"Le Web n'a pas toujours existé. Quand vos parents avaient votre âge, naviguer sur\nun site ou regarder une vidéo en ligne n'était tout simplement pas possible.\nComprendre comment le Web s'est construit, c'est saisir pourquoi il est ce qu'il\nest aujourd'hui : un assemblage d'inventions techniques et de choix humains, pas\nune fatalité.",[599,603,604,605,609,610,613,614,617,618,621],{},"Avant de plonger dans les détails techniques des cours suivants, ce premier\ncours pose les ",[606,607,608],"strong",{},"étapes-clés"," qui structurent l'histoire du Web. Pour situer\nla suite, retenez que le Web tel qu'on le connaît tient sur trois inventions\nimbriquées : ",[606,611,612],{},"HTML"," (un langage pour écrire les pages), ",[606,615,616],{},"HTTP"," (un protocole\npour les transporter), et ",[606,619,620],{},"URL"," (un système d'adresses pour les localiser).",[623,624],"bo-ref",{"code":589},[594,626,628],{"id":627},"avant-le-web-internet-existait-déjà","Avant le Web : Internet existait déjà",[599,630,631,632,634,635,638],{},"On confond souvent ",[606,633,15],{}," et ",[606,636,637],{},"le Web",". Ce sont deux choses distinctes :",[640,641,642,648],"ul",{},[643,644,645,647],"li",{},[606,646,15],{}," est le réseau mondial d'ordinateurs interconnectés. Ses bases\nsont posées dans les années 1960–1970 (projet ARPANET, protocole TCP\u002FIP en\n1983). Internet sert à transporter des données.",[643,649,650,652,653,656],{},[606,651,37],{}," est ",[606,654,655],{},"une application"," qui s'appuie sur Internet pour offrir des\npages liées entre elles par des hyperliens. Il naît à la fin des années 1980.",[599,658,659],{},"Avant le Web, Internet servait surtout au courrier électronique, au transfert\nde fichiers (FTP) et aux forums (Usenet). Pour échanger un document, il fallait\nsouvent connaître son emplacement exact et le télécharger explicitement. Pas de\nnavigation par clic, pas de pages affichées dans une fenêtre graphique.",[661,662,663],"note",{},[599,664,665,666,669,670,673],{},"Une analogie : Internet est comme le ",[606,667,668],{},"réseau routier"," d'un pays — les routes,\nles autoroutes, les panneaux. Le Web, c'est ",[606,671,672],{},"une activité"," parmi d'autres qui\nutilise ces routes : par exemple, livrer du courrier. D'autres activités existent\naussi sur le même réseau (mail, jeu en ligne, visio).",[594,675,677],{"id":676},"_19891990-la-naissance-au-cern","1989–1990 : la naissance au CERN",[679,680,683,693],"card",{"icon":681,"title":682},"i-lucide-flag","Le moment fondateur",[599,684,685,688,689],{},[606,686,687],{},"1989"," — Tim Berners-Lee, chercheur britannique au CERN (laboratoire européen\nde physique des particules, près de Genève), propose un système pour faciliter\nle partage de documents entre les scientifiques du laboratoire. Son patron\nannote la note de service : ",[690,691,692],"em",{},"« vague, mais excitant ».",[599,694,695,698,699,701,702,701,704,706,707,710],{},[606,696,697],{},"1990"," — Premier serveur Web et premier site interne au CERN, sur\nl'ordinateur de Berners-Lee. Le site décrit le projet lui-même. Les trois\npiliers techniques sont posés : ",[606,700,612],{},", ",[606,703,616],{},[606,705,620],{},". En ",[606,708,709],{},"août 1991",",\nle Web s'ouvre au public avec la mise en ligne du premier site externe.",[599,712,713,714,717],{},"Pourquoi le CERN ? Parce que les physiciens venaient du monde entier, utilisaient\ndes ordinateurs différents et avaient besoin de partager rapidement leurs notes,\nschémas et résultats. Le Web est donc né d'un besoin pratique de ",[606,715,716],{},"collaboration\ndocumentaire",", pas d'un projet commercial.",[719,720,724,731],"self-eval-qcm",{"correct":721,"explanation":722,"slug":723},"1","Tim Berners-Lee, en 1989-1990 au CERN. Le premier site est mis en ligne en août 1991.","histoire-web-c1",[725,726,728],"template",{"v-slot:question":727},"",[599,729,730],{},"Qui a inventé le Web ?",[725,732,733],{"v-slot:choices":727},[640,734,735,738,741,744],{},[643,736,737],{},"Steve Jobs",[643,739,740],{},"Tim Berners-Lee",[643,742,743],{},"Bill Gates",[643,745,746],{},"Mark Zuckerberg",[594,748,750],{"id":749},"_1993-le-web-devient-public-et-gratuit","1993 : le Web devient public et gratuit",[599,752,753,754,757,758,761],{},"En ",[606,755,756],{},"1993",", le CERN décide de placer la technologie du Web dans le ",[606,759,760],{},"domaine\npublic",". N'importe qui peut écrire un serveur ou un navigateur sans demander\nd'autorisation, sans payer de licence. Cette décision est probablement la plus\nimportante de toute l'histoire du Web : sans elle, le Web serait peut-être resté\nune technologie propriétaire confinée à un petit nombre d'acteurs.",[599,763,764,765,768,769,772,773,776],{},"La même année sort ",[606,766,767],{},"Mosaic",", le premier navigateur populaire qui affiche du\ntexte ",[606,770,771],{},"et des images dans la même page"," (les versions précédentes étaient en\ntexte pur). Mosaic donnera naissance à ",[606,774,775],{},"Netscape Navigator"," (1994), qui\npopularisera le Web auprès du grand public.",[594,778,780],{"id":779},"_19942000-explosion-et-bulle-internet","1994–2000 : explosion et bulle Internet",[599,782,783],{},"Le Web grandit à une vitesse stupéfiante :",[785,786,787,800],"table",{},[788,789,790],"thead",{},[791,792,793,797],"tr",{},[794,795,796],"th",{},"Année",[794,798,799],{},"Nombre approximatif de sites",[801,802,803,811,819],"tbody",{},[791,804,805,808],{},[806,807,756],"td",{},[806,809,810],{},"environ 130",[791,812,813,816],{},[806,814,815],{},"1996",[806,817,818],{},"environ 100 000",[791,820,821,824],{},[806,822,823],{},"2000",[806,825,826],{},"plus de 17 millions",[599,828,829,830,833,834,837,838,841,842,845,846,849],{},"C'est l'époque où apparaissent les premiers grands services qu'on connaît encore :\n",[606,831,832],{},"Yahoo!"," (1994, annuaire de sites), ",[606,835,836],{},"Amazon"," (1994, livres), ",[606,839,840],{},"eBay"," (1995,\nenchères), ",[606,843,844],{},"Google"," (1998, moteur de recherche). En 2000, une ",[606,847,848],{},"bulle spéculative","\nsur les sociétés Internet éclate : beaucoup d'entreprises disparaissent, mais\ncelles qui survivent (Google, Amazon…) deviendront des géants.",[594,851,853],{"id":852},"_20042010-le-web-20-et-les-réseaux-sociaux","2004–2010 : le Web 2.0 et les réseaux sociaux",[599,855,856,857,860,861,864],{},"À partir de 2004, on parle de ",[606,858,859],{},"Web 2.0"," : les utilisateurs ne consultent plus\nseulement des pages, ils ",[606,862,863],{},"produisent du contenu",". Wikipédia (2001), Facebook\n(2004), YouTube (2005), Twitter (2006), Instagram (2010) reposent tous sur ce\nprincipe : l'utilisateur publie, commente, partage.",[599,866,867],{},"Cette participation massive a transformé le Web en espace social — avec ses\nopportunités (expression, accès à l'information) et ses problèmes (vie privée,\ndésinformation, harcèlement) que vous étudierez aussi dans le chapitre sur les\nréseaux sociaux.",[594,869,871],{"id":870},"_2007-et-au-delà-le-web-mobile","2007 et au-delà : le Web mobile",[873,874,875],"warning",{},[599,876,877,880,881,884],{},[606,878,879],{},"2007"," — Apple lance l'iPhone. Naviguer sur le Web depuis un téléphone devient\nfluide. Depuis le milieu des années 2010, ",[606,882,883],{},"plus de la moitié"," du trafic Web\nmondial vient des appareils mobiles. Concevoir une page Web aujourd'hui, c'est\npenser en priorité à son rendu sur un petit écran tactile.",[594,886,888],{"id":887},"frise-récapitulative","Frise récapitulative",[785,890,891,900],{},[788,892,893],{},[791,894,895,897],{},[794,896,796],{},[794,898,899],{},"Événement",[801,901,902,910,918,929,936,943,950,958,966,974,982,989],{},[791,903,904,907],{},[806,905,906],{},"1969",[806,908,909],{},"Premières connexions d'ARPANET (ancêtre d'Internet)",[791,911,912,915],{},[806,913,914],{},"1983",[806,916,917],{},"TCP\u002FIP devient le protocole standard d'Internet",[791,919,920,924],{},[806,921,922],{},[606,923,687],{},[806,925,926],{},[606,927,928],{},"Tim Berners-Lee propose le Web au CERN",[791,930,931,933],{},[806,932,697],{},[806,934,935],{},"Premier serveur et premier site Web (CERN, interne) — HTML \u002F HTTP \u002F URL",[791,937,938,940],{},[806,939,709],{},[806,941,942],{},"Premier site Web public — le Web s'ouvre au monde",[791,944,945,947],{},[806,946,756],{},[806,948,949],{},"Le CERN place le Web dans le domaine public — Mosaic sort",[791,951,952,955],{},[806,953,954],{},"1994",[806,956,957],{},"Création du W3C (organisme de standardisation du Web)",[791,959,960,963],{},[806,961,962],{},"1998",[806,964,965],{},"Création de Google",[791,967,968,971],{},[806,969,970],{},"2001",[806,972,973],{},"Wikipédia",[791,975,976,979],{},[806,977,978],{},"2004",[806,980,981],{},"Facebook — début du Web 2.0",[791,983,984,986],{},[806,985,879],{},[806,987,988],{},"iPhone — début du Web mobile",[791,990,991,994],{},[806,992,993],{},"2010+",[806,995,996],{},"Le Web devient principalement mobile et social",[719,998,1001,1006],{"correct":721,"explanation":999,"slug":1000},"En 1993, le CERN renonce à toute exclusivité : n'importe qui peut écrire un serveur ou un navigateur. C'est ce choix qui rend l'explosion possible.","histoire-web-c2",[725,1002,1003],{"v-slot:question":727},[599,1004,1005],{},"Quelle décision de 1993 a permis l'essor mondial du Web ?",[725,1007,1008],{"v-slot:choices":727},[640,1009,1010,1013,1016,1019],{},[643,1011,1012],{},"La création de Google",[643,1014,1015],{},"Le passage du Web dans le domaine public",[643,1017,1018],{},"Le lancement de l'iPhone",[643,1020,1021],{},"La standardisation TCP\u002FIP",[594,1023,1025],{"id":1024},"à-retenir","À retenir",[1027,1028,1029],"tip",{},[599,1030,1031,1032,1035],{},"Le Web est jeune — il a à peine plus de 30 ans. Il s'appuie sur Internet (plus\nvieux) mais en est distinct. Ses trois piliers — HTML, HTTP, URL — sont apparus\nen même temps en 1990. Sa diffusion mondiale doit beaucoup à un choix de\n",[606,1033,1034],{},"gratuité et d'ouverture"," fait au CERN en 1993.",{"title":727,"searchDepth":1037,"depth":1037,"links":1038},2,[1039,1040,1041,1042,1043,1044,1045,1046,1047],{"id":596,"depth":1037,"text":597},{"id":627,"depth":1037,"text":628},{"id":676,"depth":1037,"text":677},{"id":749,"depth":1037,"text":750},{"id":779,"depth":1037,"text":780},{"id":852,"depth":1037,"text":853},{"id":870,"depth":1037,"text":871},{"id":887,"depth":1037,"text":888},{"id":1024,"depth":1037,"text":1025},"Du CERN aux smartphones — comment le Web est passé d'une idée de chercheur à un objet du quotidien planétaire en trois décennies.",null,"md",{},true,[1054,1058],{"slug":723,"kind":1055,"question":730,"choices":1056,"correct":721,"multi":1057,"explanation":722},"qcm",[737,740,743,746],false,{"slug":1000,"kind":1055,"question":1005,"choices":1059,"correct":721,"multi":1057,"explanation":999},[1012,1015,1018,1021],1,{"title":43,"description":1048},"S8CDdR7azS1NeCcDH6rYQgXfox-YZ59Va-BoK_Bgbr8",{"id":1064,"title":47,"bo":1065,"body":1068,"description":1668,"eval":1049,"extension":1050,"labo":1049,"meta":1669,"navigation":1052,"path":48,"quizzes":1670,"readingTime":1060,"seo":1676,"stem":49,"tp":1049,"__hash__":1677},"cours\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F2.url-hypertexte.md",[1066,1067],"SB01","SB09",{"type":591,"value":1069,"toc":1653},[1070,1072,1091,1094,1101,1105,1118,1125,1130,1133,1143,1146,1228,1256,1260,1344,1373,1377,1400,1421,1425,1439,1446,1453,1466,1470,1481,1486,1490,1493,1538,1563,1567,1618,1639,1641],[594,1071,597],{"id":596},[599,1073,1074,1075,1078,1079,1082,1083,1086,1087,1090],{},"Chaque fois que vous tapez une adresse dans la barre de votre navigateur ou que\nvous cliquez sur un lien, vous utilisez deux briques fondamentales du Web :\n",[606,1076,1077],{},"l'URL"," (l'adresse de la page) et ",[606,1080,1081],{},"l'hypertexte"," (le mécanisme qui relie\nles pages entre elles). Ce sont les deux faces d'une même pièce : l'URL dit\n",[690,1084,1085],{},"« voici où trouver une ressource »",", l'hypertexte dit ",[690,1088,1089],{},"« voici un raccourci pour\ny aller »",".",[599,1092,1093],{},"Comprendre ces deux notions, c'est comprendre comment vous vous déplacez sur le\nWeb — et pourquoi un simple clic suffit pour passer d'une encyclopédie à une\nvidéo, puis à un article de presse, sans jamais saisir d'adresse complète.",[599,1095,1096,1098,1099],{},[623,1097],{"code":1067}," ",[623,1100],{"code":1066},[594,1102,1104],{"id":1103},"lurl-ladresse-dune-ressource-web","L'URL : l'adresse d'une ressource Web",[599,1106,1107,1109,1110,1113,1114,1117],{},[606,1108,620],{}," signifie ",[690,1111,1112],{},"Uniform Resource Locator",", soit ",[690,1115,1116],{},"« localisateur uniforme de\nressource »",". Une URL pointe vers une ressource unique sur le Web : une page,\nune image, une vidéo, un fichier à télécharger. C'est l'équivalent d'une\nadresse postale, mais pour une ressource numérique.",[679,1119,1122],{"icon":1120,"title":1121},"i-lucide-map-pin","L'URL est une adresse postale numérique",[599,1123,1124],{},"Comme une adresse postale guide un facteur vers une boîte aux lettres précise,\nune URL guide votre navigateur vers une ressource précise sur Internet. Si un\nseul morceau est faux, la « lettre » revient avec une erreur.",[1126,1127,1129],"h3",{"id":1128},"décomposer-une-url-exemple","Décomposer une URL : exemple",[599,1131,1132],{},"Prenons l'URL suivante :",[1134,1135,1140],"pre",{"className":1136,"code":1138,"language":1139,"meta":727},[1137],"language-text","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nsi.rocks\u002Fcours\u002Fsb-web\u002Furl-hypertexte?lang=fr#exemple\n","text",[1141,1142,1138],"code",{"__ignoreMap":727},[599,1144,1145],{},"Elle se décompose en plusieurs parties :",[785,1147,1148,1161],{},[788,1149,1150],{},[791,1151,1152,1155,1158],{},[794,1153,1154],{},"Partie",[794,1156,1157],{},"Valeur",[794,1159,1160],{},"Rôle",[801,1162,1163,1176,1189,1202,1215],{},[791,1164,1165,1168,1173],{},[806,1166,1167],{},"Protocole",[806,1169,1170],{},[1141,1171,1172],{},"https",[806,1174,1175],{},"Comment le navigateur doit dialoguer (HTTPS = HTTP sécurisé)",[791,1177,1178,1181,1186],{},[806,1179,1180],{},"Nom de domaine",[806,1182,1183],{},[1141,1184,1185],{},"www.nsi.rocks",[806,1187,1188],{},"Quel serveur contacter",[791,1190,1191,1194,1199],{},[806,1192,1193],{},"Chemin",[806,1195,1196],{},[1141,1197,1198],{},"\u002Fcours\u002Fsb-web\u002Furl-hypertexte",[806,1200,1201],{},"Quelle ressource sur ce serveur",[791,1203,1204,1207,1212],{},[806,1205,1206],{},"Paramètres",[806,1208,1209],{},[1141,1210,1211],{},"?lang=fr",[806,1213,1214],{},"Options envoyées au serveur",[791,1216,1217,1220,1225],{},[806,1218,1219],{},"Ancre",[806,1221,1222],{},[1141,1223,1224],{},"#exemple",[806,1226,1227],{},"À quel endroit de la page se positionner",[599,1229,1230,1231,1234,1235,1238,1239,1242,1243,1246,1247,1249,1250,1253,1254,1090],{},"Le protocole est suivi de ",[1141,1232,1233],{},":\u002F\u002F",", le nom de domaine commence après et se termine\nau premier ",[1141,1236,1237],{},"\u002F",", le chemin suit jusqu'au ",[1141,1240,1241],{},"?"," ou au ",[1141,1244,1245],{},"#",", les paramètres après le\n",[1141,1248,1241],{}," sont séparés par ",[1141,1251,1252],{},"&",", et l'ancre commence après le ",[1141,1255,1245],{},[1126,1257,1259],{"id":1258},"quelques-url-et-leur-structure","Quelques URL et leur structure",[785,1261,1262,1275],{},[788,1263,1264],{},[791,1265,1266,1268,1270,1273],{},[794,1267,620],{},[794,1269,1167],{},[794,1271,1272],{},"Domaine",[794,1274,1193],{},[801,1276,1277,1298,1313,1329],{},[791,1278,1279,1284,1286,1295],{},[806,1280,1281],{},[1141,1282,1283],{},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.google.com",[806,1285,1172],{},[806,1287,1288],{},[1289,1290,1294],"a",{"href":1291,"rel":1292},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.google.com",[1293],"nofollow","www.google.com",[806,1296,1297],{},"(racine)",[791,1299,1300,1305,1307,1310],{},[806,1301,1302],{},[1141,1303,1304],{},"https:\u002F\u002Ffr.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWeb",[806,1306,1172],{},[806,1308,1309],{},"fr.wikipedia.org",[806,1311,1312],{},"\u002Fwiki\u002FWeb",[791,1314,1315,1320,1323,1326],{},[806,1316,1317],{},[1141,1318,1319],{},"http:\u002F\u002Fexample.com\u002Ftest.html",[806,1321,1322],{},"http",[806,1324,1325],{},"example.com",[806,1327,1328],{},"\u002Ftest.html",[791,1330,1331,1336,1338,1341],{},[806,1332,1333],{},[1141,1334,1335],{},"https:\u002F\u002Fnsi.rocks\u002Fcours\u002Fsb-web",[806,1337,1172],{},[806,1339,1340],{},"nsi.rocks",[806,1342,1343],{},"\u002Fcours\u002Fsb-web",[719,1345,1348,1358],{"correct":721,"explanation":1346,"slug":1347},"Le nom de domaine est entre :\u002F\u002F et le premier \u002F. Ici : eduscol.education.fr.","url-hypertexte-c1",[725,1349,1350],{"v-slot:question":727},[599,1351,1352,1353,1357],{},"Dans l'URL ",[1289,1354,1355],{"href":1355,"rel":1356},"https:\u002F\u002Feduscol.education.fr\u002Fdocument\u002F123",[1293],", quel est le nom de domaine ?",[725,1359,1360],{"v-slot:choices":727},[640,1361,1362,1364,1367,1370],{},[643,1363,1172],{},[643,1365,1366],{},"eduscol.education.fr",[643,1368,1369],{},"\u002Fdocument\u002F123",[643,1371,1372],{},"eduscol",[1126,1374,1376],{"id":1375},"https-le-s-de-la-sécurité","HTTPS, le « s » de la sécurité",[599,1378,1379,1380,1385,1386,1388,1389,1391,1392,1395,1396,1399],{},"Vous avez sans doute remarqué le ",[606,1381,1382],{},[1141,1383,1384],{},"s"," à la fin de ",[1141,1387,1172],{},". Ce ",[1141,1390,1384],{}," signifie\n",[690,1393,1394],{},"secure"," : les données échangées entre votre navigateur et le serveur sont\n",[606,1397,1398],{},"chiffrées",". Un éventuel intercepteur ne pourrait lire ni votre mot de passe,\nni votre message.",[1027,1401,1402],{},[599,1403,1404,1405,1408,1409,1412,1413,1416,1417,1420],{},"Reconnaître une page sécurisée : l'URL commence par ",[1141,1406,1407],{},"https:\u002F\u002F"," et le navigateur\naffiche un ",[606,1410,1411],{},"cadenas"," dans la barre d'adresse. Une page en ",[1141,1414,1415],{},"http:\u002F\u002F"," simple\nn'est ",[606,1418,1419],{},"pas"," chiffrée — évitez d'y saisir des données sensibles (mot de passe,\nnuméro de carte bleue).",[594,1422,1424],{"id":1423},"lhypertexte-naviguer-par-clics","L'hypertexte : naviguer par clics",[599,1426,1427,1428,1431,1432,1435,1436,1090],{},"Le mot ",[606,1429,1430],{},"hypertexte"," désigne un texte qui contient des ",[606,1433,1434],{},"liens"," vers d'autres\ntextes. C'est l'invention qui a rendu le Web tellement plus pratique qu'un\nsimple ensemble de fichiers : au lieu de retaper une adresse, vous ",[606,1437,1438],{},"cliquez",[599,1440,1441,1442,1445],{},"Quand vous lisez un article Wikipédia et que vous cliquez sur un mot souligné,\nvous suivez un ",[606,1443,1444],{},"lien hypertexte",". Vous quittez la page courante et le navigateur\ncharge la nouvelle ressource — à l'URL indiquée par le lien.",[599,1447,1448,1449,1452],{},"Visuellement, un lien classique apparaît ",[606,1450,1451],{},"souligné"," et dans une couleur\ndistincte (souvent bleu). Une fois visité, sa couleur change souvent pour vous\nindiquer que vous y êtes déjà allé.",[661,1454,1455],{},[599,1456,1457,1458,1461,1462,1465],{},"Comment ",[606,1459,1460],{},"fabrique-t-on"," un lien dans une page Web ? La réponse est dans le\ncours suivant, sur HTML — vous y verrez la balise qui transforme un mot en\nraccourci cliquable. Ici, on s'en tient au ",[606,1463,1464],{},"concept"," : un lien hypertexte,\nc'est un mot ou un bouton sur lequel on clique pour atterrir sur une autre\nressource.",[1126,1467,1469],{"id":1468},"pourquoi-parle-t-on-dhyper-texte","Pourquoi parle-t-on d'hyper-texte ?",[599,1471,1472,1473,1476,1477,1480],{},"Un texte ordinaire (un livre, par exemple) se lit linéairement : page 1, puis\npage 2, puis page 3. L'hypertexte casse cette linéarité — vous pouvez sauter\nd'une page à l'autre ",[606,1474,1475],{},"sans ordre imposé",". C'est cette structure non-linéaire\nqui donne au Web sa puissance et son côté « toile d'araignée » (le mot ",[690,1478,1479],{},"web"," en\nanglais).",[661,1482,1483],{},[599,1484,1485],{},"Analogie : un texte ordinaire fonctionne comme un livre, où il faut tourner les\npages dans l'ordre. Un hypertexte fonctionne comme la fin d'une vidéo YouTube,\noù apparaissent des suggestions « à voir aussi » qui vous emmènent ailleurs en\nun clic — sans avoir à retaper quoi que ce soit. Wikipédia pousse l'idée à\nl'extrême : presque chaque mot d'un article peut être un raccourci vers un\nautre article.",[594,1487,1489],{"id":1488},"liens-internes-liens-externes-liens-cassés","Liens internes, liens externes, liens cassés",[599,1491,1492],{},"Tous les liens ne pointent pas vers la même chose :",[640,1494,1495,1505,1518,1528],{},[643,1496,1497,1500,1501,1504],{},[606,1498,1499],{},"Lien externe"," : pointe vers un ",[606,1502,1503],{},"autre site"," (par exemple depuis un\narticle de presse vers une page Wikipédia).",[643,1506,1507,1510,1511,1514,1515,1517],{},[606,1508,1509],{},"Lien interne"," : pointe vers une autre page du ",[606,1512,1513],{},"même"," site (par exemple\ndepuis la page d'accueil de ",[1141,1516,1340],{}," vers un cours du même site).",[643,1519,1520,1523,1524,1527],{},[606,1521,1522],{},"Lien d'ancre"," : pointe vers un endroit précis dans la ",[606,1525,1526],{},"page courante","\n(par exemple un sommaire en haut d'article qui descend vers une section).",[643,1529,1530,1533,1534,1537],{},[606,1531,1532],{},"Lien cassé"," : pointe vers une ressource qui ",[606,1535,1536],{},"n'existe plus"," — vous tombez\nalors sur une page d'erreur, typiquement « 404 Not Found ».",[719,1539,1542,1547],{"correct":721,"explanation":1540,"slug":1541},"Un lien hypertexte est un raccourci cliquable vers une autre URL — c'est ce qui transforme un ensemble de fichiers en une « toile ».","url-hypertexte-c2",[725,1543,1544],{"v-slot:question":727},[599,1545,1546],{},"Qu'est-ce qu'un lien hypertexte permet de faire ?",[725,1548,1549],{"v-slot:choices":727},[640,1550,1551,1554,1557,1560],{},[643,1552,1553],{},"Sauvegarder une page hors ligne",[643,1555,1556],{},"Aller d'une ressource à une autre en un clic, sans retaper d'adresse",[643,1558,1559],{},"Rendre une page plus rapide à charger",[643,1561,1562],{},"Empêcher le pistage par les sites",[594,1564,1566],{"id":1565},"cas-particuliers-et-pièges","Cas particuliers et pièges",[640,1568,1569,1580,1594,1607],{},[643,1570,1571,1098,1574,1576,1577,1579],{},[606,1572,1573],{},"Une URL contient un nom de domaine, mais ne s'y réduit pas.",[1141,1575,1340],{},"\nest un nom de domaine ; ",[1141,1578,1335],{}," est une URL complète.",[643,1581,1582,1585,1586,1589,1590,1593],{},[606,1583,1584],{},"Les espaces sont interdits"," dans une URL : ils sont encodés en ",[1141,1587,1588],{},"%20"," ou\nremplacés par des ",[1141,1591,1592],{},"+"," dans certains contextes. C'est pour cela qu'une URL avec\ndes accents ou des espaces a souvent l'air illisible.",[643,1595,1596,1599,1600,634,1603,1606],{},[606,1597,1598],{},"L'URL est sensible à la casse"," dans le chemin sur la plupart des serveurs :\n",[1141,1601,1602],{},"\u002FCours",[1141,1604,1605],{},"\u002Fcours"," peuvent pointer vers deux ressources différentes.",[643,1608,1609,1617],{},[606,1610,1611,1613,1614,1616],{},[1141,1612,1415],{}," sans le ",[1141,1615,1384],{}," n'est pas sécurisé."," Sur un Wi-Fi public, méfiez-vous.",[873,1619,1620],{},[599,1621,1622,1623,1626,1627,1630,1631,1634,1635,1638],{},"Beaucoup d'arnaques par mail vous demandent de cliquer sur un lien qui ",[690,1624,1625],{},"ressemble","\nà celui d'un site connu, mais dont le nom de domaine est subtilement différent\n(",[1141,1628,1629],{},"amaz0n.com"," au lieu de ",[1141,1632,1633],{},"amazon.com","). ",[606,1636,1637],{},"Lisez toujours le nom de domaine avant\nde cliquer",", surtout si on vous demande mot de passe ou paiement.",[594,1640,1025],{"id":1024},[599,1642,1643,1644,1646,1647,1649,1650,1652],{},"Une ",[606,1645,620],{}," est l'adresse complète d'une ressource Web : protocole + domaine +\nchemin (+ paramètres + ancre éventuels). L'",[606,1648,1430],{},", c'est le mécanisme\nqui transforme un mot affiché à l'écran en raccourci vers une autre ressource :\nau prochain cours sur HTML, vous verrez la balise précise qui sert à fabriquer\nces liens. Reconnaître une page sécurisée demande deux indices simples :\n",[1141,1651,1407],{}," et un cadenas.",{"title":727,"searchDepth":1037,"depth":1037,"links":1654},[1655,1656,1662,1665,1666,1667],{"id":596,"depth":1037,"text":597},{"id":1103,"depth":1037,"text":1104,"children":1657},[1658,1660,1661],{"id":1128,"depth":1659,"text":1129},3,{"id":1258,"depth":1659,"text":1259},{"id":1375,"depth":1659,"text":1376},{"id":1423,"depth":1037,"text":1424,"children":1663},[1664],{"id":1468,"depth":1659,"text":1469},{"id":1488,"depth":1037,"text":1489},{"id":1565,"depth":1037,"text":1566},{"id":1024,"depth":1037,"text":1025},"Une adresse Web n'est pas une suite aléatoire de caractères — c'est une phrase structurée que votre navigateur lit pour trouver la bonne page, et que vous suivez en cliquant sur des liens.",{},[1671,1674],{"slug":1347,"kind":1055,"question":1672,"choices":1673,"correct":721,"multi":1057,"explanation":1346},"Dans l'URL https:\u002F\u002Feduscol.education.fr\u002Fdocument\u002F123, quel est le nom de domaine ?",[1172,1366,1369,1372],{"slug":1541,"kind":1055,"question":1546,"choices":1675,"correct":721,"multi":1057,"explanation":1540},[1553,1556,1559,1562],{"title":47,"description":1668},"ZPOlogLE4CNSjeVuM8K0tui9OTXFaq0fplSQu_xI84w",{"id":1679,"title":51,"bo":1680,"body":1682,"description":3068,"eval":1049,"extension":1050,"labo":1049,"meta":3069,"navigation":1052,"path":52,"quizzes":3070,"readingTime":1060,"seo":3079,"stem":53,"tp":1049,"__hash__":3080},"cours\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F3.html-css.md",[1681],"SB02",{"type":591,"value":1683,"toc":3050},[1684,1686,1697,1700,1730,1740,1742,1746,1757,1761,1774,1799,1826,1837,1871,1875,1968,1975,1985,2011,2053,2056,2121,2152,2156,2307,2310,2336,2347,2378,2382,2393,2397,2408,2470,2479,2510,2514,2624,2631,2635,2895,2926,2930,2947,2950,2981,2983,3014,3028,3030,3047],[594,1685,597],{"id":596},[599,1687,1688,1689,1692,1693,1696],{},"Quand votre navigateur affiche une page Web, il ne « voit » pas une image\ntoute prête. Il reçoit du ",[606,1690,1691],{},"texte"," : du texte qui décrit la structure (les\ntitres, les paragraphes, les images) et d'autres textes qui décrivent\nl'apparence (les couleurs, les tailles, les marges). Le navigateur lit ces\ntextes, les assemble et ",[606,1694,1695],{},"dessine"," la page à l'écran.",[599,1698,1699],{},"Deux langages travaillent ensemble pour produire ce résultat :",[640,1701,1702,1718],{},[643,1703,1704,1706,1707,1710,1711,1714,1715,1090],{},[606,1705,612],{}," (",[690,1708,1709],{},"HyperText Markup Language",") décrit le ",[606,1712,1713],{},"contenu"," et la\n",[606,1716,1717],{},"structure",[643,1719,1720,1706,1723,1726,1727,1090],{},[606,1721,1722],{},"CSS",[690,1724,1725],{},"Cascading Style Sheets",") décrit l'",[606,1728,1729],{},"apparence",[599,1731,1732,1733,634,1736,1739],{},"Cette séparation entre ",[606,1734,1735],{},"fond",[606,1737,1738],{},"forme"," est l'une des décisions de\nconception les plus importantes du Web : on peut changer entièrement le look\nd'un site sans toucher à son contenu, et inversement.",[623,1741],{"code":1681},[594,1743,1745],{"id":1744},"html-la-structure-du-contenu","HTML : la structure du contenu",[599,1747,1748,1749,1752,1753,1756],{},"HTML est un langage de ",[606,1750,1751],{},"balisage"," — il marque le contenu avec des étiquettes,\nappelées ",[606,1754,1755],{},"balises",", pour indiquer ce qu'est chaque morceau : « ceci est un\ntitre », « ceci est un paragraphe », « ceci est une image », etc.",[1126,1758,1760],{"id":1759},"une-balise-ça-ressemble-à-quoi","Une balise, ça ressemble à quoi ?",[599,1762,1763,1764,1098,1767,634,1770,1773],{},"Une balise s'écrit entre ",[606,1765,1766],{},"chevrons",[1141,1768,1769],{},"\u003C",[1141,1771,1772],{},">",". La plupart vont par paires —\nune balise ouvrante et une balise fermante :",[1134,1775,1779],{"className":1776,"code":1777,"language":1778,"meta":727,"style":727},"language-html shiki shiki-themes github-light github-light github-dark","\u003Cp>Ceci est un paragraphe.\u003C\u002Fp>\n","html",[1141,1780,1781],{"__ignoreMap":727},[1782,1783,1785,1788,1791,1794,1796],"span",{"class":1784,"line":1060},"line",[1782,1786,1769],{"class":1787},"sxrX7",[1782,1789,599],{"class":1790},"sovSZ",[1782,1792,1793],{"class":1787},">Ceci est un paragraphe.\u003C\u002F",[1782,1795,599],{"class":1790},[1782,1797,1798],{"class":1787},">\n",[640,1800,1801,1814,1823],{},[643,1802,1803,1806,1807,1809,1810,1813],{},[1141,1804,1805],{},"\u003Cp>"," : balise ouvrante (ici, ",[1141,1808,599],{}," pour ",[690,1811,1812],{},"paragraph",").",[643,1815,1816,1819,1820,1822],{},[1141,1817,1818],{},"\u003C\u002Fp>"," : balise fermante (le ",[1141,1821,1237],{}," indique la fermeture).",[643,1824,1825],{},"Le contenu entre les deux est ce que vous voyez à l'écran.",[599,1827,1828,1829,1832,1833,1836],{},"Quelques balises ",[606,1830,1831],{},"n'ont pas de contenu"," entre une ouvrante et une fermante.\nOn les appelle balises ",[606,1834,1835],{},"auto-fermantes",". Exemple :",[1134,1838,1840],{"className":1776,"code":1839,"language":1778,"meta":727,"style":727},"\u003Cimg src=\"photo.jpg\" alt=\"Photo de classe\" \u002F>\n",[1141,1841,1842],{"__ignoreMap":727},[1782,1843,1844,1846,1849,1853,1856,1860,1863,1865,1868],{"class":1784,"line":1060},[1782,1845,1769],{"class":1787},[1782,1847,1848],{"class":1790},"img",[1782,1850,1852],{"class":1851},"snPdu"," src",[1782,1854,1855],{"class":1787},"=",[1782,1857,1859],{"class":1858},"sIIMD","\"photo.jpg\"",[1782,1861,1862],{"class":1851}," alt",[1782,1864,1855],{"class":1787},[1782,1866,1867],{"class":1858},"\"Photo de classe\"",[1782,1869,1870],{"class":1787}," \u002F>\n",[1126,1872,1874],{"id":1873},"les-balises-essentielles-à-connaître","Les balises essentielles à connaître",[785,1876,1877,1886],{},[788,1878,1879],{},[791,1880,1881,1884],{},[794,1882,1883],{},"Balise",[794,1885,1160],{},[801,1887,1888,1902,1911,1921,1931,1948,1958],{},[791,1889,1890,1899],{},[806,1891,1892,1895,1896],{},[1141,1893,1894],{},"\u003Ch1>"," à ",[1141,1897,1898],{},"\u003Ch6>",[806,1900,1901],{},"Titres, du plus important (h1) au moins important (h6)",[791,1903,1904,1908],{},[806,1905,1906],{},[1141,1907,1805],{},[806,1909,1910],{},"Paragraphe",[791,1912,1913,1918],{},[806,1914,1915],{},[1141,1916,1917],{},"\u003Ca href=\"…\">",[806,1919,1920],{},"Lien hypertexte",[791,1922,1923,1928],{},[806,1924,1925],{},[1141,1926,1927],{},"\u003Cimg src=\"…\" alt=\"…\" \u002F>",[806,1929,1930],{},"Image",[791,1932,1933,1945],{},[806,1934,1935,1938,1939,1938,1942],{},[1141,1936,1937],{},"\u003Cul>"," \u002F ",[1141,1940,1941],{},"\u003Col>",[1141,1943,1944],{},"\u003Cli>",[806,1946,1947],{},"Liste non ordonnée \u002F ordonnée \u002F élément de liste",[791,1949,1950,1955],{},[806,1951,1952],{},[1141,1953,1954],{},"\u003Cdiv>",[806,1956,1957],{},"Bloc générique sans signification particulière",[791,1959,1960,1965],{},[806,1961,1962],{},[1141,1963,1964],{},"\u003Cspan>",[806,1966,1967],{},"Portion de texte sans signification particulière",[1126,1969,1971,1972],{"id":1970},"zoom-sur-la-balise-du-lien-a","Zoom sur la balise du lien : ",[1141,1973,1974],{},"\u003Ca>",[599,1976,1977,1978,1980,1981,1984],{},"Au cours précédent, vous avez vu le ",[606,1979,1464],{}," d'hypertexte : un mot cliquable\nqui mène à une autre ressource. Maintenant que vous savez ce qu'est une balise,\nvoici comment on ",[606,1982,1983],{},"fabrique"," un lien en HTML :",[1134,1986,1988],{"className":1776,"code":1987,"language":1778,"meta":727,"style":727},"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ffr.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWeb\">Article Wikipédia sur le Web\u003C\u002Fa>\n",[1141,1989,1990],{"__ignoreMap":727},[1782,1991,1992,1994,1996,1999,2001,2004,2007,2009],{"class":1784,"line":1060},[1782,1993,1769],{"class":1787},[1782,1995,1289],{"class":1790},[1782,1997,1998],{"class":1851}," href",[1782,2000,1855],{"class":1787},[1782,2002,2003],{"class":1858},"\"https:\u002F\u002Ffr.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWeb\"",[1782,2005,2006],{"class":1787},">Article Wikipédia sur le Web\u003C\u002F",[1782,2008,1289],{"class":1790},[1782,2010,1798],{"class":1787},[640,2012,2013,2025,2040],{},[643,2014,2015,2017,2018,2020,2021,2024],{},[1141,2016,1974],{}," est la balise du lien (le ",[1141,2019,1289],{}," vient de l'anglais ",[690,2022,2023],{},"anchor",", ancre).",[643,2026,2027,2028,2031,2032,2035,2036,2039],{},"L'attribut ",[1141,2029,2030],{},"href"," (pour ",[690,2033,2034],{},"hypertext reference",") contient l'",[606,2037,2038],{},"URL de\ndestination"," — celle que le navigateur chargera au clic.",[643,2041,2042,2043,634,2045,2048,2049,2052],{},"Le texte entre ",[1141,2044,1974],{},[1141,2046,2047],{},"\u003C\u002Fa>"," est ce que ",[606,2050,2051],{},"vous lisez et cliquez"," sur la\npage.",[599,2054,2055],{},"Quelques exemples concrets selon le type de lien :",[1134,2057,2059],{"className":1776,"code":2058,"language":1778,"meta":727,"style":727},"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwikipedia.org\">Lien externe (autre site)\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fcours\u002Fsb-web\">Lien interne (même site)\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Ca href=\"#histoire\">Lien d'ancre (descend dans la page)\u003C\u002Fa>\n",[1141,2060,2061,2081,2101],{"__ignoreMap":727},[1782,2062,2063,2065,2067,2069,2071,2074,2077,2079],{"class":1784,"line":1060},[1782,2064,1769],{"class":1787},[1782,2066,1289],{"class":1790},[1782,2068,1998],{"class":1851},[1782,2070,1855],{"class":1787},[1782,2072,2073],{"class":1858},"\"https:\u002F\u002Fwikipedia.org\"",[1782,2075,2076],{"class":1787},">Lien externe (autre site)\u003C\u002F",[1782,2078,1289],{"class":1790},[1782,2080,1798],{"class":1787},[1782,2082,2083,2085,2087,2089,2091,2094,2097,2099],{"class":1784,"line":1037},[1782,2084,1769],{"class":1787},[1782,2086,1289],{"class":1790},[1782,2088,1998],{"class":1851},[1782,2090,1855],{"class":1787},[1782,2092,2093],{"class":1858},"\"\u002Fcours\u002Fsb-web\"",[1782,2095,2096],{"class":1787},">Lien interne (même site)\u003C\u002F",[1782,2098,1289],{"class":1790},[1782,2100,1798],{"class":1787},[1782,2102,2103,2105,2107,2109,2111,2114,2117,2119],{"class":1784,"line":1659},[1782,2104,1769],{"class":1787},[1782,2106,1289],{"class":1790},[1782,2108,1998],{"class":1851},[1782,2110,1855],{"class":1787},[1782,2112,2113],{"class":1858},"\"#histoire\"",[1782,2115,2116],{"class":1787},">Lien d'ancre (descend dans la page)\u003C\u002F",[1782,2118,1289],{"class":1790},[1782,2120,1798],{"class":1787},[719,2122,2125,2136],{"correct":721,"explanation":2123,"slug":2124},"`href` = hypertext reference = la cible du lien, c'est-à-dire l'URL où mène le clic.","html-css-c1",[725,2126,2127],{"v-slot:question":727},[599,2128,2129,2130,2132,2133,2135],{},"Que veut dire l'attribut ",[1141,2131,2030],{}," d'une balise ",[1141,2134,1974],{}," ?",[725,2137,2138],{"v-slot:choices":727},[640,2139,2140,2143,2146,2149],{},[643,2141,2142],{},"Le texte du lien",[643,2144,2145],{},"L'URL de destination",[643,2147,2148],{},"La couleur du lien",[643,2150,2151],{},"L'historique de navigation",[1126,2153,2155],{"id":2154},"une-page-html-minimale","Une page HTML minimale",[1134,2157,2159],{"className":1776,"code":2158,"language":1778,"meta":727,"style":727},"\u003C!DOCTYPE html>\n\u003Chtml>\n  \u003Chead>\n    \u003Ctitle>Ma première page\u003C\u002Ftitle>\n  \u003C\u002Fhead>\n  \u003Cbody>\n    \u003Ch1>Bienvenue sur ma page\u003C\u002Fh1>\n    \u003Cp>Ceci est mon premier paragraphe.\u003C\u002Fp>\n    \u003Cp>Et voici un \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnsi.rocks\">lien vers nsi.rocks\u003C\u002Fa>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n  \u003C\u002Fbody>\n\u003C\u002Fhtml>\n",[1141,2160,2161,2174,2182,2192,2208,2218,2228,2243,2257,2288,2297],{"__ignoreMap":727},[1782,2162,2163,2166,2169,2172],{"class":1784,"line":1060},[1782,2164,2165],{"class":1787},"\u003C!",[1782,2167,2168],{"class":1790},"DOCTYPE",[1782,2170,2171],{"class":1851}," html",[1782,2173,1798],{"class":1787},[1782,2175,2176,2178,2180],{"class":1784,"line":1037},[1782,2177,1769],{"class":1787},[1782,2179,1778],{"class":1790},[1782,2181,1798],{"class":1787},[1782,2183,2184,2187,2190],{"class":1784,"line":1659},[1782,2185,2186],{"class":1787},"  \u003C",[1782,2188,2189],{"class":1790},"head",[1782,2191,1798],{"class":1787},[1782,2193,2195,2198,2201,2204,2206],{"class":1784,"line":2194},4,[1782,2196,2197],{"class":1787},"    \u003C",[1782,2199,2200],{"class":1790},"title",[1782,2202,2203],{"class":1787},">Ma première page\u003C\u002F",[1782,2205,2200],{"class":1790},[1782,2207,1798],{"class":1787},[1782,2209,2211,2214,2216],{"class":1784,"line":2210},5,[1782,2212,2213],{"class":1787},"  \u003C\u002F",[1782,2215,2189],{"class":1790},[1782,2217,1798],{"class":1787},[1782,2219,2221,2223,2226],{"class":1784,"line":2220},6,[1782,2222,2186],{"class":1787},[1782,2224,2225],{"class":1790},"body",[1782,2227,1798],{"class":1787},[1782,2229,2231,2233,2236,2239,2241],{"class":1784,"line":2230},7,[1782,2232,2197],{"class":1787},[1782,2234,2235],{"class":1790},"h1",[1782,2237,2238],{"class":1787},">Bienvenue sur ma page\u003C\u002F",[1782,2240,2235],{"class":1790},[1782,2242,1798],{"class":1787},[1782,2244,2246,2248,2250,2253,2255],{"class":1784,"line":2245},8,[1782,2247,2197],{"class":1787},[1782,2249,599],{"class":1790},[1782,2251,2252],{"class":1787},">Ceci est mon premier paragraphe.\u003C\u002F",[1782,2254,599],{"class":1790},[1782,2256,1798],{"class":1787},[1782,2258,2260,2262,2264,2267,2269,2271,2273,2276,2279,2281,2284,2286],{"class":1784,"line":2259},9,[1782,2261,2197],{"class":1787},[1782,2263,599],{"class":1790},[1782,2265,2266],{"class":1787},">Et voici un \u003C",[1782,2268,1289],{"class":1790},[1782,2270,1998],{"class":1851},[1782,2272,1855],{"class":1787},[1782,2274,2275],{"class":1858},"\"https:\u002F\u002Fnsi.rocks\"",[1782,2277,2278],{"class":1787},">lien vers nsi.rocks\u003C\u002F",[1782,2280,1289],{"class":1790},[1782,2282,2283],{"class":1787},">.\u003C\u002F",[1782,2285,599],{"class":1790},[1782,2287,1798],{"class":1787},[1782,2289,2291,2293,2295],{"class":1784,"line":2290},10,[1782,2292,2213],{"class":1787},[1782,2294,2225],{"class":1790},[1782,2296,1798],{"class":1787},[1782,2298,2300,2303,2305],{"class":1784,"line":2299},11,[1782,2301,2302],{"class":1787},"\u003C\u002F",[1782,2304,1778],{"class":1790},[1782,2306,1798],{"class":1787},[599,2308,2309],{},"Lecture du document, balise par balise :",[640,2311,2312,2318,2324,2330],{},[643,2313,2314,2317],{},[1141,2315,2316],{},"\u003C!DOCTYPE html>"," : indique au navigateur qu'on utilise du HTML moderne.",[643,2319,2320,2323],{},[1141,2321,2322],{},"\u003Chtml>"," : la racine de toute la page.",[643,2325,2326,2329],{},[1141,2327,2328],{},"\u003Chead>"," : la « tête » du document — informations invisibles à l'écran\n(titre de l'onglet, métadonnées, liens vers les feuilles de style).",[643,2331,2332,2335],{},[1141,2333,2334],{},"\u003Cbody>"," : le « corps » du document — tout ce qui s'affiche à l'écran.",[1027,2337,2338],{},[599,2339,2340,2343,2344,1090],{},[606,2341,2342],{},"Outil pédagogique"," : sur n'importe quelle page Web, faites un clic droit puis\n« Inspecter » ou « Code source de la page ». Le navigateur vous montre le HTML\nréel qu'il a reçu. C'est exactement ce qu'on demande quand le programme dit\n",[690,2345,2346],{},"« étudier et modifier une page HTML simple »",[719,2348,2352,2357],{"correct":2349,"explanation":2350,"slug":2351},"2","`\u003Ch1>` est le titre principal d'une page. `\u003Ctitle>` est dans `\u003Chead>` et concerne le titre de l'onglet, pas la page elle-même.","html-css-c2",[725,2353,2354],{"v-slot:question":727},[599,2355,2356],{},"Quelle balise HTML sert à afficher un titre principal ?",[725,2358,2359],{"v-slot:choices":727},[640,2360,2361,2366,2370,2374],{},[643,2362,2363],{},[1141,2364,2365],{},"\u003Ctitle>",[643,2367,2368],{},[1141,2369,2328],{},[643,2371,2372],{},[1141,2373,1894],{},[643,2375,2376],{},[1141,2377,1805],{},[594,2379,2381],{"id":2380},"css-la-présentation","CSS : la présentation",[599,2383,2384,2385,2388,2389,2392],{},"Sans CSS, une page HTML s'affiche en ",[606,2386,2387],{},"noir sur blanc",", avec une police par\ndéfaut et aucune mise en forme particulière. CSS permet de ",[606,2390,2391],{},"styliser"," la\npage : couleurs, polices, tailles, marges, alignements, mise en page complète.",[1126,2394,2396],{"id":2395},"une-règle-css-comment-ça-sécrit","Une règle CSS, comment ça s'écrit",[599,2398,2399,2400,2403,2404,2407],{},"Une règle CSS associe ",[606,2401,2402],{},"un sélecteur"," (à qui s'applique le style) et ",[606,2405,2406],{},"un bloc\nde propriétés"," (quel style appliquer) :",[1134,2409,2413],{"className":2410,"code":2411,"language":2412,"meta":727,"style":727},"language-css shiki shiki-themes github-light github-light github-dark","h1 {\n  color: blue;\n  font-size: 32px;\n  text-align: center;\n}\n","css",[1141,2414,2415,2422,2437,2453,2465],{"__ignoreMap":727},[1782,2416,2417,2419],{"class":1784,"line":1060},[1782,2418,2235],{"class":1790},[1782,2420,2421],{"class":1787}," {\n",[1782,2423,2424,2428,2431,2434],{"class":1784,"line":1037},[1782,2425,2427],{"class":2426},"sBjJW","  color",[1782,2429,2430],{"class":1787},": ",[1782,2432,2433],{"class":2426},"blue",[1782,2435,2436],{"class":1787},";\n",[1782,2438,2439,2442,2444,2447,2451],{"class":1784,"line":1659},[1782,2440,2441],{"class":2426},"  font-size",[1782,2443,2430],{"class":1787},[1782,2445,2446],{"class":2426},"32",[1782,2448,2450],{"class":2449},"s8jYJ","px",[1782,2452,2436],{"class":1787},[1782,2454,2455,2458,2460,2463],{"class":1784,"line":2194},[1782,2456,2457],{"class":2426},"  text-align",[1782,2459,2430],{"class":1787},[1782,2461,2462],{"class":2426},"center",[1782,2464,2436],{"class":1787},[1782,2466,2467],{"class":1784,"line":2210},[1782,2468,2469],{"class":1787},"}\n",[599,2471,2472,2473],{},"Lecture : ",[690,2474,2475,2476,2478],{},"« Tous les éléments ",[1141,2477,1894],{}," de la page seront bleus, en taille 32\npixels, et centrés horizontalement. »",[599,2480,2481,2482,2485,2486,2489,2490,701,2493,701,2496,701,2499,701,2502,2505,2506,2509],{},"Chaque ligne du bloc s'écrit ",[1141,2483,2484],{},"propriété: valeur;",". Les ",[606,2487,2488],{},"propriétés"," sont\nnombreuses (",[1141,2491,2492],{},"color",[1141,2494,2495],{},"background-color",[1141,2497,2498],{},"font-size",[1141,2500,2501],{},"margin",[1141,2503,2504],{},"padding",",\n",[1141,2507,2508],{},"border",", etc.) — on en apprend quelques-unes au fil de l'usage.",[1126,2511,2513],{"id":2512},"trois-façons-dattacher-du-css-à-une-page-html","Trois façons d'attacher du CSS à une page HTML",[1134,2515,2517],{"className":1776,"code":2516,"language":1778,"meta":727,"style":727},"\u003C!-- 1. Fichier CSS séparé (recommandé) -->\n\u003Clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"style.css\">\n\n\u003C!-- 2. Balise \u003Cstyle> dans le head -->\n\u003Cstyle>\n  h1 { color: red; }\n\u003C\u002Fstyle>\n\n\u003C!-- 3. Attribut style direct sur la balise (rapide mais à éviter en production) -->\n\u003Ch1 style=\"color: green;\">Titre vert\u003C\u002Fh1>\n",[1141,2518,2519,2525,2549,2554,2559,2568,2586,2594,2598,2603],{"__ignoreMap":727},[1782,2520,2521],{"class":1784,"line":1060},[1782,2522,2524],{"class":2523},"sCsY4","\u003C!-- 1. Fichier CSS séparé (recommandé) -->\n",[1782,2526,2527,2529,2532,2535,2537,2540,2542,2544,2547],{"class":1784,"line":1037},[1782,2528,1769],{"class":1787},[1782,2530,2531],{"class":1790},"link",[1782,2533,2534],{"class":1851}," rel",[1782,2536,1855],{"class":1787},[1782,2538,2539],{"class":1858},"\"stylesheet\"",[1782,2541,1998],{"class":1851},[1782,2543,1855],{"class":1787},[1782,2545,2546],{"class":1858},"\"style.css\"",[1782,2548,1798],{"class":1787},[1782,2550,2551],{"class":1784,"line":1659},[1782,2552,2553],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1052},"\n",[1782,2555,2556],{"class":1784,"line":2194},[1782,2557,2558],{"class":2523},"\u003C!-- 2. Balise \u003Cstyle> dans le head -->\n",[1782,2560,2561,2563,2566],{"class":1784,"line":2210},[1782,2562,1769],{"class":1787},[1782,2564,2565],{"class":1790},"style",[1782,2567,1798],{"class":1787},[1782,2569,2570,2573,2576,2578,2580,2583],{"class":1784,"line":2220},[1782,2571,2572],{"class":1790},"  h1",[1782,2574,2575],{"class":1787}," { ",[1782,2577,2492],{"class":2426},[1782,2579,2430],{"class":1787},[1782,2581,2582],{"class":2426},"red",[1782,2584,2585],{"class":1787},"; }\n",[1782,2587,2588,2590,2592],{"class":1784,"line":2230},[1782,2589,2302],{"class":1787},[1782,2591,2565],{"class":1790},[1782,2593,1798],{"class":1787},[1782,2595,2596],{"class":1784,"line":2245},[1782,2597,2553],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1052},[1782,2599,2600],{"class":1784,"line":2259},[1782,2601,2602],{"class":2523},"\u003C!-- 3. Attribut style direct sur la balise (rapide mais à éviter en production) -->\n",[1782,2604,2605,2607,2609,2612,2614,2617,2620,2622],{"class":1784,"line":2290},[1782,2606,1769],{"class":1787},[1782,2608,2235],{"class":1790},[1782,2610,2611],{"class":1851}," style",[1782,2613,1855],{"class":1787},[1782,2615,2616],{"class":1858},"\"color: green;\"",[1782,2618,2619],{"class":1787},">Titre vert\u003C\u002F",[1782,2621,2235],{"class":1790},[1782,2623,1798],{"class":1787},[599,2625,2626,2627,2630],{},"La ",[606,2628,2629],{},"séparation"," est meilleure quand le CSS est dans un fichier à part :\nle HTML reste lisible, et plusieurs pages peuvent partager la même feuille\nde style.",[1126,2632,2634],{"id":2633},"exemple-complet-html-css","Exemple complet, HTML + CSS",[2636,2637,2638,2760],"code-group",{},[1134,2639,2642],{"className":1776,"code":2640,"filename":2641,"language":1778,"meta":727,"style":727},"\u003C!DOCTYPE html>\n\u003Chtml>\n  \u003Chead>\n    \u003Ctitle>Ma page stylisée\u003C\u002Ftitle>\n    \u003Clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"style.css\">\n  \u003C\u002Fhead>\n  \u003Cbody>\n    \u003Ch1>Bienvenue !\u003C\u002Fh1>\n    \u003Cp>Ceci est mon premier paragraphe.\u003C\u002Fp>\n  \u003C\u002Fbody>\n\u003C\u002Fhtml>\n","index.html",[1141,2643,2644,2654,2662,2670,2683,2703,2711,2719,2732,2744,2752],{"__ignoreMap":727},[1782,2645,2646,2648,2650,2652],{"class":1784,"line":1060},[1782,2647,2165],{"class":1787},[1782,2649,2168],{"class":1790},[1782,2651,2171],{"class":1851},[1782,2653,1798],{"class":1787},[1782,2655,2656,2658,2660],{"class":1784,"line":1037},[1782,2657,1769],{"class":1787},[1782,2659,1778],{"class":1790},[1782,2661,1798],{"class":1787},[1782,2663,2664,2666,2668],{"class":1784,"line":1659},[1782,2665,2186],{"class":1787},[1782,2667,2189],{"class":1790},[1782,2669,1798],{"class":1787},[1782,2671,2672,2674,2676,2679,2681],{"class":1784,"line":2194},[1782,2673,2197],{"class":1787},[1782,2675,2200],{"class":1790},[1782,2677,2678],{"class":1787},">Ma page stylisée\u003C\u002F",[1782,2680,2200],{"class":1790},[1782,2682,1798],{"class":1787},[1782,2684,2685,2687,2689,2691,2693,2695,2697,2699,2701],{"class":1784,"line":2210},[1782,2686,2197],{"class":1787},[1782,2688,2531],{"class":1790},[1782,2690,2534],{"class":1851},[1782,2692,1855],{"class":1787},[1782,2694,2539],{"class":1858},[1782,2696,1998],{"class":1851},[1782,2698,1855],{"class":1787},[1782,2700,2546],{"class":1858},[1782,2702,1798],{"class":1787},[1782,2704,2705,2707,2709],{"class":1784,"line":2220},[1782,2706,2213],{"class":1787},[1782,2708,2189],{"class":1790},[1782,2710,1798],{"class":1787},[1782,2712,2713,2715,2717],{"class":1784,"line":2230},[1782,2714,2186],{"class":1787},[1782,2716,2225],{"class":1790},[1782,2718,1798],{"class":1787},[1782,2720,2721,2723,2725,2728,2730],{"class":1784,"line":2245},[1782,2722,2197],{"class":1787},[1782,2724,2235],{"class":1790},[1782,2726,2727],{"class":1787},">Bienvenue !\u003C\u002F",[1782,2729,2235],{"class":1790},[1782,2731,1798],{"class":1787},[1782,2733,2734,2736,2738,2740,2742],{"class":1784,"line":2259},[1782,2735,2197],{"class":1787},[1782,2737,599],{"class":1790},[1782,2739,2252],{"class":1787},[1782,2741,599],{"class":1790},[1782,2743,1798],{"class":1787},[1782,2745,2746,2748,2750],{"class":1784,"line":2290},[1782,2747,2213],{"class":1787},[1782,2749,2225],{"class":1790},[1782,2751,1798],{"class":1787},[1782,2753,2754,2756,2758],{"class":1784,"line":2299},[1782,2755,2302],{"class":1787},[1782,2757,1778],{"class":1790},[1782,2759,1798],{"class":1787},[1134,2761,2764],{"className":2410,"code":2762,"filename":2763,"language":2412,"meta":727,"style":727},"body {\n  font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\n  background-color: #f0f4f8;\n  margin: 40px;\n}\n\nh1 {\n  color: #1e3a8a;\n  text-align: center;\n}\n\np {\n  color: #333;\n  line-height: 1.6;\n}\n","style.css",[1141,2765,2766,2772,2789,2801,2815,2819,2823,2829,2840,2850,2854,2858,2865,2877,2890],{"__ignoreMap":727},[1782,2767,2768,2770],{"class":1784,"line":1060},[1782,2769,2225],{"class":1790},[1782,2771,2421],{"class":1787},[1782,2773,2774,2777,2779,2782,2784,2787],{"class":1784,"line":1037},[1782,2775,2776],{"class":2426},"  font-family",[1782,2778,2430],{"class":1787},[1782,2780,2781],{"class":2426},"Arial",[1782,2783,701],{"class":1787},[1782,2785,2786],{"class":2426},"sans-serif",[1782,2788,2436],{"class":1787},[1782,2790,2791,2794,2796,2799],{"class":1784,"line":1659},[1782,2792,2793],{"class":2426},"  background-color",[1782,2795,2430],{"class":1787},[1782,2797,2798],{"class":2426},"#f0f4f8",[1782,2800,2436],{"class":1787},[1782,2802,2803,2806,2808,2811,2813],{"class":1784,"line":2194},[1782,2804,2805],{"class":2426},"  margin",[1782,2807,2430],{"class":1787},[1782,2809,2810],{"class":2426},"40",[1782,2812,2450],{"class":2449},[1782,2814,2436],{"class":1787},[1782,2816,2817],{"class":1784,"line":2210},[1782,2818,2469],{"class":1787},[1782,2820,2821],{"class":1784,"line":2220},[1782,2822,2553],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1052},[1782,2824,2825,2827],{"class":1784,"line":2230},[1782,2826,2235],{"class":1790},[1782,2828,2421],{"class":1787},[1782,2830,2831,2833,2835,2838],{"class":1784,"line":2245},[1782,2832,2427],{"class":2426},[1782,2834,2430],{"class":1787},[1782,2836,2837],{"class":2426},"#1e3a8a",[1782,2839,2436],{"class":1787},[1782,2841,2842,2844,2846,2848],{"class":1784,"line":2259},[1782,2843,2457],{"class":2426},[1782,2845,2430],{"class":1787},[1782,2847,2462],{"class":2426},[1782,2849,2436],{"class":1787},[1782,2851,2852],{"class":1784,"line":2290},[1782,2853,2469],{"class":1787},[1782,2855,2856],{"class":1784,"line":2299},[1782,2857,2553],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1052},[1782,2859,2861,2863],{"class":1784,"line":2860},12,[1782,2862,599],{"class":1790},[1782,2864,2421],{"class":1787},[1782,2866,2868,2870,2872,2875],{"class":1784,"line":2867},13,[1782,2869,2427],{"class":2426},[1782,2871,2430],{"class":1787},[1782,2873,2874],{"class":2426},"#333",[1782,2876,2436],{"class":1787},[1782,2878,2880,2883,2885,2888],{"class":1784,"line":2879},14,[1782,2881,2882],{"class":2426},"  line-height",[1782,2884,2430],{"class":1787},[1782,2886,2887],{"class":2426},"1.6",[1782,2889,2436],{"class":1787},[1782,2891,2893],{"class":1784,"line":2892},15,[1782,2894,2469],{"class":1787},[719,2896,2899,2910],{"correct":2349,"explanation":2897,"slug":2898},"Le sélecteur indique à quels éléments HTML la règle s'applique. Ici, tous les `\u003Cp>`.","html-css-c3",[725,2900,2901],{"v-slot:question":727},[599,2902,2903,2904,2907,2908,2135],{},"Dans la règle CSS ",[1141,2905,2906],{},"p { color: red; }",", à quoi correspond ",[1141,2909,599],{},[725,2911,2912],{"v-slot:choices":727},[640,2913,2914,2917,2920,2923],{},[643,2915,2916],{},"Une propriété",[643,2918,2919],{},"Une valeur",[643,2921,2922],{},"Un sélecteur",[643,2924,2925],{},"Un commentaire",[594,2927,2929],{"id":2928},"pourquoi-séparer-le-contenu-et-la-présentation","Pourquoi séparer le contenu et la présentation ?",[679,2931,2934],{"icon":2932,"title":2933},"i-lucide-layers","Une idée puissante",[599,2935,2936,2937,2940,2941,634,2944,1090],{},"Le ",[606,2938,2939],{},"même HTML"," peut être affiché de mille façons selon le CSS — ordinateur de\nbureau, mobile, mode sombre, mode imprimable, lecteur d'écran pour personnes\nmalvoyantes. La séparation rend le Web ",[606,2942,2943],{},"adaptatif",[606,2945,2946],{},"accessible",[599,2948,2949],{},"Avantages concrets :",[640,2951,2952,2958,2965,2974],{},[643,2953,2954,2957],{},[606,2955,2956],{},"Une seule feuille CSS"," peut habiller un site entier de 100 pages.",[643,2959,2960,2961,2964],{},"Pour changer la couleur de tous les titres, on modifie ",[606,2962,2963],{},"une ligne",", pas\n100 pages.",[643,2966,2936,2967,2970,2971,1090],{},[606,2968,2969],{},"même contenu HTML"," peut être présenté différemment sur mobile et sur\nordinateur — c'est le ",[690,2972,2973],{},"responsive design",[643,2975,2976,2977,2980],{},"Les ",[606,2978,2979],{},"outils d'accessibilité"," (lecteurs d'écran) lisent le HTML brut sans\nêtre perturbés par la mise en forme visuelle.",[594,2982,1566],{"id":1565},[640,2984,2985,2991,3000],{},[643,2986,2987,2990],{},[606,2988,2989],{},"Une balise mal fermée"," peut casser tout le rendu de la suite de la page.\nToujours fermer ce qu'on ouvre.",[643,2992,2993,2996,2997,1090],{},[606,2994,2995],{},"HTML n'est pas un langage de programmation"," : pas de calcul, pas de\ncondition, pas de boucle. C'est un langage de ",[606,2998,2999],{},"description",[643,3001,3002,3005,3006,3009,3010,3013],{},[606,3003,3004],{},"CSS n'est pas non plus un langage de programmation"," : c'est un langage\nde ",[606,3007,3008],{},"présentation",". Pour rendre une page interactive, il faut un troisième\nlangage : ",[606,3011,3012],{},"JavaScript"," (que vous découvrirez en NSI Première).",[873,3015,3016],{},[599,3017,3018,3019,3021,3022,3024,3025,3027],{},"Beaucoup d'élèves confondent ",[1141,3020,1894],{}," (gros titre) avec ",[1141,3023,2365],{}," (titre de\nl'onglet, dans ",[1141,3026,2328],{},"). Ce sont deux choses différentes.",[594,3029,1025],{"id":1024},[599,3031,3032,3033,3036,3037,3040,3041,3044,3045,1090],{},"HTML décrit ",[606,3034,3035],{},"ce qu'il y a"," sur la page (sa structure) ; CSS décrit ",[606,3038,3039],{},"à quoi\nça ressemble"," (sa présentation). Cette séparation rend le Web flexible et\nadaptable. En HTML, on encadre le contenu avec des balises ",[1141,3042,3043],{},"\u003C…>…\u003C\u002F…>",". En CSS,\non associe un sélecteur à un bloc de propriétés ",[1141,3046,2484],{},[2565,3048,3049],{},"html pre.shiki code .sxrX7, html code.shiki .sxrX7{--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sovSZ, html code.shiki .sovSZ{--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-default:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .snPdu, html code.shiki .snPdu{--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .sIIMD, html code.shiki .sIIMD{--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sBjJW, html code.shiki .sBjJW{--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .s8jYJ, html code.shiki .s8jYJ{--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sCsY4, html code.shiki .sCsY4{--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D}",{"title":727,"searchDepth":1037,"depth":1037,"links":3051},[3052,3053,3060,3065,3066,3067],{"id":596,"depth":1037,"text":597},{"id":1744,"depth":1037,"text":1745,"children":3054},[3055,3056,3057,3059],{"id":1759,"depth":1659,"text":1760},{"id":1873,"depth":1659,"text":1874},{"id":1970,"depth":1659,"text":3058},"Zoom sur la balise du lien : \u003Ca>",{"id":2154,"depth":1659,"text":2155},{"id":2380,"depth":1037,"text":2381,"children":3061},[3062,3063,3064],{"id":2395,"depth":1659,"text":2396},{"id":2512,"depth":1659,"text":2513},{"id":2633,"depth":1659,"text":2634},{"id":2928,"depth":1037,"text":2929},{"id":1565,"depth":1037,"text":1566},{"id":1024,"depth":1037,"text":1025},"Une page Web est un fichier texte qui décrit d'abord son contenu (HTML), puis son apparence (CSS). Cette séparation entre fond et forme est l'une des idées-clés du Web.",{},[3071,3074,3076],{"slug":2124,"kind":1055,"question":3072,"choices":3073,"correct":721,"multi":1057,"explanation":2123},"Que veut dire l'attribut href d'une balise \u003Ca> ?",[2142,2145,2148,2151],{"slug":2351,"kind":1055,"question":2356,"choices":3075,"correct":2349,"multi":1057,"explanation":2350},[2365,2328,1894,1805],{"slug":2898,"kind":1055,"question":3077,"choices":3078,"correct":2349,"multi":1057,"explanation":2897},"Dans la règle CSS p { color: red; }, à quoi correspond p ?",[2916,2919,2922,2925],{"title":51,"description":3068},"LyiZ3IvaYknnnbh-jUXaoIm4tKc5b45XSZlpxBQDREc",{"id":3082,"title":55,"bo":3083,"body":3086,"description":4043,"eval":1049,"extension":1050,"labo":1049,"meta":4044,"navigation":1052,"path":56,"quizzes":4045,"readingTime":1060,"seo":4051,"stem":57,"tp":1049,"__hash__":4052},"cours\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F4.client-serveur-http.md",[3084,3085],"SB03","SB08",{"type":591,"value":3087,"toc":4027},[3088,3090,3107,3118,3124,3128,3131,3151,3164,3183,3187,3190,3244,3265,3280,3305,3309,3320,3323,3336,3340,3346,3388,3391,3475,3487,3491,3523,3543,3547,3557,3563,3602,3621,3634,3661,3665,3672,3747,3780,3784,3868,3877,3881,3887,3941,3947,3949,3982,3984,4024],[594,3089,597],{"id":596},[599,3091,3092,3093,3096,3097,3100,3101,1706,3103,3106],{},"Chaque fois que vous chargez une page Web, deux ordinateurs entrent en\nconversation : le ",[606,3094,3095],{},"vôtre"," (qui exécute votre navigateur) et un ",[606,3098,3099],{},"serveur","\ndistant (qui héberge la page). Le vôtre demande, le serveur répond. Ce dialogue\nsuit un protocole strict — ",[606,3102,616],{},[690,3104,3105],{},"HyperText Transfer Protocol",") — qui\nprécise quels messages s'échanger et comment les structurer.",[599,3108,3109,3110,3113,3114,3117],{},"Comprendre ce dialogue, c'est lever un dernier capot du Web : derrière chaque\nclic se cache une ",[606,3111,3112],{},"requête"," envoyée à travers Internet, et une ",[606,3115,3116],{},"réponse","\nqui revient avec le contenu attendu.",[599,3119,3120,1098,3122],{},[623,3121],{"code":3084},[623,3123],{"code":3085},[594,3125,3127],{"id":3126},"le-modèle-client-serveur","Le modèle client-serveur",[599,3129,3130],{},"Sur le Web, deux rôles bien distincts :",[640,3132,3133,3143],{},[643,3134,2936,3135,3138,3139,3142],{},[606,3136,3137],{},"client"," est l'ordinateur qui ",[606,3140,3141],{},"demande",". Le plus souvent, c'est votre\nnavigateur (Firefox, Chrome, Safari…).",[643,3144,2936,3145,3138,3147,3150],{},[606,3146,3099],{},[606,3148,3149],{},"répond",". Il est allumé 24h\u002F24, connecté\nà Internet, et stocke les pages et fichiers qu'il distribue.",[679,3152,3154],{"icon":3153,"title":3127},"i-lucide-server",[599,3155,2936,3156,3159,3160,3163],{},[606,3157,3158],{},"client demande",", le ",[606,3161,3162],{},"serveur répond",". Toujours dans cet ordre, jamais\nl'inverse. Le serveur ne « pousse » pas une page chez vous tant que vous ne\nl'avez pas demandée.",[661,3165,3166],{},[599,3167,3168,3169,3171,3172,3175,3176,3178,3179,3182],{},"Analogie : imaginez un restaurant. Le ",[606,3170,3137],{}," consulte la carte, ",[606,3173,3174],{},"passe\ncommande"," auprès du serveur en salle ; le ",[606,3177,3099],{}," transmet en cuisine, puis\n",[606,3180,3181],{},"rapporte le plat",". La salle ne vous apporte rien tant que vous n'avez pas\ncommandé.",[1126,3184,3186],{"id":3185},"qui-fait-quoi-dans-le-navigateur","Qui fait quoi dans le navigateur ?",[599,3188,3189],{},"Une page Web moderne fait travailler les deux côtés :",[785,3191,3192,3207],{},[788,3193,3194],{},[791,3195,3196,3202],{},[794,3197,3198,3199,3201],{},"Côté ",[606,3200,3137],{}," (votre navigateur)",[794,3203,3198,3204,3206],{},[606,3205,3099],{}," (machine distante)",[801,3208,3209,3217,3228,3236],{},[791,3210,3211,3214],{},[806,3212,3213],{},"Affiche le HTML \u002F CSS reçu",[806,3215,3216],{},"Stocke les pages HTML, CSS, images",[791,3218,3219,3225],{},[806,3220,3221,3222,3224],{},"Exécute le ",[606,3223,3012],{}," de la page",[806,3226,3227],{},"Génère parfois les pages à la demande (PHP, Python, Node.js)",[791,3229,3230,3233],{},[806,3231,3232],{},"Gère vos clics, vos formulaires",[806,3234,3235],{},"Stocke la base de données",[791,3237,3238,3241],{},[806,3239,3240],{},"Charge les images, vidéos",[806,3242,3243],{},"Envoie chaque ressource à la demande",[599,3245,3246,3247,3250,3251,3254,3255,3258,3259,3262,3263,1090],{},"C'est pour cela que le programme demande de ",[690,3248,3249],{},"« distinguer ce qui est exécuté\npar le client et par le serveur »"," : tout ce qui dépend du moment où ",[606,3252,3253],{},"vous","\ninteragissez (clic, animation, formulaire) tourne dans ",[606,3256,3257],{},"votre navigateur"," ;\ntout ce qui dépend de ",[606,3260,3261],{},"données partagées"," (catalogue produits, commentaires,\nposts) est calculé sur le ",[606,3264,3099],{},[1027,3266,3267],{},[599,3268,3269,3271,3272,3275,3276,3279],{},[606,3270,2342],{}," : ouvrez les ",[690,3273,3274],{},"Outils de développement"," d'un navigateur\n(touche F12 sur la plupart). L'onglet ",[606,3277,3278],{},"Réseau"," vous montre toutes les requêtes\némises pour charger la page courante. Chaque ligne = un dialogue client\u002Fserveur.",[719,3281,3284,3289],{"correct":721,"explanation":3282,"slug":3283},"Toujours le client qui demande en premier. Le serveur ne pousse jamais une page sans qu'on la demande.","client-serveur-http-c1",[725,3285,3286],{"v-slot:question":727},[599,3287,3288],{},"Quand vous tapez une adresse Web, qui contacte qui en premier ?",[725,3290,3291],{"v-slot:choices":727},[640,3292,3293,3296,3299,3302],{},[643,3294,3295],{},"Le serveur contacte le client",[643,3297,3298],{},"Le client contacte le serveur",[643,3300,3301],{},"Les deux contactent en même temps",[643,3303,3304],{},"Aucun des deux",[594,3306,3308],{"id":3307},"le-protocole-http-la-langue-du-dialogue","Le protocole HTTP : la langue du dialogue",[599,3310,3311,1109,3313,3315,3316,3319],{},[606,3312,616],{},[690,3314,3105],{}," — protocole de transfert\nhypertexte. C'est l'ensemble des règles qui dictent ",[606,3317,3318],{},"comment"," le client et\nle serveur formulent leurs messages.",[599,3321,3322],{},"Une transaction HTTP, c'est toujours :",[3324,3325,3326,3331],"ol",{},[643,3327,3328,3329,1090],{},"Le client envoie une ",[606,3330,3112],{},[643,3332,3333,3334,1090],{},"Le serveur renvoie une ",[606,3335,3116],{},[1126,3337,3339],{"id":3338},"une-requête-http-à-quoi-ça-ressemble","Une requête HTTP : à quoi ça ressemble",[599,3341,3342,3343,3345],{},"Quand vous demandez ",[1141,3344,1335],{}," à votre navigateur, voici\nce qu'il envoie réellement au serveur (en simplifié) :",[1134,3347,3350],{"className":3348,"code":3349,"language":1322,"meta":727,"style":727},"language-http shiki shiki-themes github-light github-light github-dark","GET \u002Fcours\u002Fsb-web HTTP\u002F1.1\nHost: nsi.rocks\nUser-Agent: Mozilla\u002F5.0 (...)\n",[1141,3351,3352,3367,3378],{"__ignoreMap":727},[1782,3353,3354,3357,3360,3362,3364],{"class":1784,"line":1060},[1782,3355,3356],{"class":2449},"GET",[1782,3358,3359],{"class":1787}," \u002Fcours\u002Fsb-web ",[1782,3361,616],{"class":2449},[1782,3363,1237],{"class":1787},[1782,3365,3366],{"class":2426},"1.1\n",[1782,3368,3369,3372,3375],{"class":1784,"line":1037},[1782,3370,3371],{"class":1790},"Host",[1782,3373,3374],{"class":2449},":",[1782,3376,3377],{"class":1858}," nsi.rocks\n",[1782,3379,3380,3383,3385],{"class":1784,"line":1659},[1782,3381,3382],{"class":1790},"User-Agent",[1782,3384,3374],{"class":2449},[1782,3386,3387],{"class":1858}," Mozilla\u002F5.0 (...)\n",[599,3389,3390],{},"Décomposons ligne par ligne :",[785,3392,3393,3404],{},[788,3394,3395],{},[791,3396,3397,3400,3402],{},[794,3398,3399],{},"Élément",[794,3401,1157],{},[794,3403,1160],{},[801,3405,3406,3420,3433,3448,3461],{},[791,3407,3408,3413,3417],{},[806,3409,3410],{},[606,3411,3412],{},"Méthode",[806,3414,3415],{},[1141,3416,3356],{},[806,3418,3419],{},"Le verbe : « je veux récupérer une ressource »",[791,3421,3422,3426,3430],{},[806,3423,3424],{},[606,3425,1193],{},[806,3427,3428],{},[1141,3429,1343],{},[806,3431,3432],{},"Quelle ressource sur le serveur",[791,3434,3435,3440,3445],{},[806,3436,3437],{},[606,3438,3439],{},"Version",[806,3441,3442],{},[1141,3443,3444],{},"HTTP\u002F1.1",[806,3446,3447],{},"Version du protocole",[791,3449,3450,3454,3458],{},[806,3451,3452],{},[606,3453,3371],{},[806,3455,3456],{},[1141,3457,1340],{},[806,3459,3460],{},"Quel site (un serveur peut en héberger plusieurs)",[791,3462,3463,3467,3472],{},[806,3464,3465],{},[606,3466,3382],{},[806,3468,3469],{},[1141,3470,3471],{},"Mozilla\u002F5.0 (...)",[806,3473,3474],{},"Quel navigateur fait la demande",[599,3476,3477,3478,701,3480,3482,3483,3486],{},"Les deux dernières lignes (",[1141,3479,3371],{},[1141,3481,3382],{},") sont des ",[606,3484,3485],{},"en-têtes"," : des\ninformations supplémentaires que le navigateur joint à la requête. Une vraie\nrequête en compte plusieurs autres, mais ces deux-là suffisent pour comprendre\nle principe.",[1126,3488,3490],{"id":3489},"les-méthodes-http-à-connaître","Les méthodes HTTP à connaître",[785,3492,3493,3502],{},[788,3494,3495],{},[791,3496,3497,3499],{},[794,3498,3412],{},[794,3500,3501],{},"Sens",[801,3503,3504,3513],{},[791,3505,3506,3510],{},[806,3507,3508],{},[1141,3509,3356],{},[806,3511,3512],{},"Récupérer une ressource (le cas le plus fréquent — afficher une page)",[791,3514,3515,3520],{},[806,3516,3517],{},[1141,3518,3519],{},"POST",[806,3521,3522],{},"Envoyer des données au serveur (formulaire, message à publier)",[599,3524,3525,3526,3530,3531,3535,3536,701,3539,3542],{},"Pour SNT, deux méthodes suffisent : ",[606,3527,3528],{},[1141,3529,3356],{}," (afficher une page, suivre un\nlien) et ",[606,3532,3533],{},[1141,3534,3519],{}," (envoyer un formulaire, publier un message). D'autres\nméthodes existent (",[1141,3537,3538],{},"PUT",[1141,3540,3541],{},"DELETE","…) mais sortent du programme à ce niveau.",[1126,3544,3546],{"id":3545},"les-paramètres-dans-une-requête","Les paramètres dans une requête",[599,3548,3549,3550,3553,3554,3556],{},"Une URL peut contenir des ",[606,3551,3552],{},"paramètres"," après le ",[1141,3555,1241],{},". Ils sont transmis avec\nla requête, et permettent au serveur de personnaliser sa réponse :",[1134,3558,3561],{"className":3559,"code":3560,"language":1139,"meta":727},[1137],"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.google.com\u002Fsearch?q=meteo+paris&hl=fr\n",[1141,3562,3560],{"__ignoreMap":727},[785,3564,3565,3574],{},[788,3566,3567],{},[791,3568,3569,3572],{},[794,3570,3571],{},"Paramètre",[794,3573,1157],{},[801,3575,3576,3589],{},[791,3577,3578,3583],{},[806,3579,3580],{},[1141,3581,3582],{},"q",[806,3584,3585,3588],{},[1141,3586,3587],{},"meteo paris"," (la recherche)",[791,3590,3591,3596],{},[806,3592,3593],{},[1141,3594,3595],{},"hl",[806,3597,3598,3601],{},[1141,3599,3600],{},"fr"," (langue d'affichage)",[599,3603,3604,3605,3607,3608,3613,3614,634,3617,3620],{},"Plusieurs paramètres sont séparés par ",[1141,3606,1252],{},". Cette URL utilise donc la ",[606,3609,3610,3611],{},"méthode\n",[1141,3612,3356],{}," pour transmettre ",[1141,3615,3616],{},"q=meteo+paris",[1141,3618,3619],{},"hl=fr"," au serveur de Google.",[873,3622,3623],{},[599,3624,3625,3626,3628,3629,3631,3632,1090],{},"Quand on remplit un formulaire (par exemple un mot de passe), il ne faut ",[606,3627,1419],{},"\nque la donnée passe par l'URL en méthode ",[1141,3630,3356],{}," — sinon le mot de passe apparaît\ndans l'historique du navigateur et dans les journaux du serveur. C'est la\nraison pour laquelle les formulaires de connexion utilisent toujours ",[1141,3633,3519],{},[719,3635,3638,3647],{"correct":2349,"explanation":3636,"slug":3637},"Deux paramètres : `q=hello` et `page=2`. Ils sont séparés par `&` après le `?`.","client-serveur-http-c2",[725,3639,3640],{"v-slot:question":727},[599,3641,1352,3642,3646],{},[1289,3643,3644],{"href":3644,"rel":3645},"https:\u002F\u002Fexample.com\u002Fsearch?q=hello&page=2",[1293],", combien de paramètres sont passés au serveur ?",[725,3648,3649],{"v-slot:choices":727},[640,3650,3651,3654,3656,3658],{},[643,3652,3653],{},"0",[643,3655,721],{},[643,3657,2349],{},[643,3659,3660],{},"3",[1126,3662,3664],{"id":3663},"une-réponse-http-à-quoi-ça-ressemble","Une réponse HTTP : à quoi ça ressemble",[599,3666,3667,3668,3671],{},"Le serveur répond avec un message qui commence par un ",[606,3669,3670],{},"code de statut"," :",[1134,3673,3675],{"className":3348,"code":3674,"language":1322,"meta":727,"style":727},"HTTP\u002F1.1 200 OK\nContent-Type: text\u002Fhtml\nContent-Length: 1245\n\n\u003C!DOCTYPE html>\n\u003Chtml>\n...\n\u003C\u002Fhtml>\n",[1141,3676,3677,3692,3702,3712,3716,3726,3734,3739],{"__ignoreMap":727},[1782,3678,3679,3681,3683,3686,3689],{"class":1784,"line":1060},[1782,3680,616],{"class":2449},[1782,3682,1237],{"class":1787},[1782,3684,3685],{"class":2426},"1.1",[1782,3687,3688],{"class":2426}," 200",[1782,3690,3691],{"class":1858}," OK\n",[1782,3693,3694,3697,3699],{"class":1784,"line":1037},[1782,3695,3696],{"class":1790},"Content-Type",[1782,3698,3374],{"class":2449},[1782,3700,3701],{"class":1858}," text\u002Fhtml\n",[1782,3703,3704,3707,3709],{"class":1784,"line":1659},[1782,3705,3706],{"class":1790},"Content-Length",[1782,3708,3374],{"class":2449},[1782,3710,3711],{"class":1858}," 1245\n",[1782,3713,3714],{"class":1784,"line":2194},[1782,3715,2553],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1052},[1782,3717,3718,3720,3722,3724],{"class":1784,"line":2210},[1782,3719,2165],{"class":1787},[1782,3721,2168],{"class":2449},[1782,3723,2171],{"class":2426},[1782,3725,1798],{"class":1787},[1782,3727,3728,3730,3732],{"class":1784,"line":2220},[1782,3729,1769],{"class":1787},[1782,3731,1778],{"class":1790},[1782,3733,1798],{"class":1787},[1782,3735,3736],{"class":1784,"line":2230},[1782,3737,3738],{"class":1787},"...\n",[1782,3740,3741,3743,3745],{"class":1784,"line":2245},[1782,3742,2302],{"class":1787},[1782,3744,1778],{"class":1790},[1782,3746,1798],{"class":1787},[640,3748,3749,3758,3774],{},[643,3750,3751,3754,3755,1090],{},[1141,3752,3753],{},"200 OK"," signifie : ",[690,3756,3757],{},"« j'ai trouvé la ressource, la voici »",[643,3759,3760,3762,3763,3766,3767,701,3770,3773],{},[1141,3761,3696],{}," indique le type de contenu (",[1141,3764,3765],{},"text\u002Fhtml"," ici, mais ce peut être\n",[1141,3768,3769],{},"image\u002Fpng",[1141,3771,3772],{},"application\u002Fpdf","…).",[643,3775,3776,3777,3779],{},"Après une ligne vide, le ",[606,3778,1713],{}," lui-même (le HTML de la page).",[1126,3781,3783],{"id":3782},"codes-de-statut-à-reconnaître","Codes de statut à reconnaître",[785,3785,3786,3798],{},[788,3787,3788],{},[791,3789,3790,3793,3796],{},[794,3791,3792],{},"Code",[794,3794,3795],{},"Signification",[794,3797,3501],{},[801,3799,3800,3813,3829,3842,3855],{},[791,3801,3802,3807,3810],{},[806,3803,3804],{},[1141,3805,3806],{},"200",[806,3808,3809],{},"OK",[806,3811,3812],{},"Tout va bien, voici la ressource",[791,3814,3815,3823,3826],{},[806,3816,3817,1938,3820],{},[1141,3818,3819],{},"301",[1141,3821,3822],{},"302",[806,3824,3825],{},"Redirection",[806,3827,3828],{},"La ressource a changé d'adresse",[791,3830,3831,3836,3839],{},[806,3832,3833],{},[1141,3834,3835],{},"403",[806,3837,3838],{},"Forbidden",[806,3840,3841],{},"Accès interdit",[791,3843,3844,3849,3852],{},[806,3845,3846],{},[1141,3847,3848],{},"404",[806,3850,3851],{},"Not Found",[806,3853,3854],{},"Page introuvable (« lien cassé »)",[791,3856,3857,3862,3865],{},[806,3858,3859],{},[1141,3860,3861],{},"500",[806,3863,3864],{},"Internal Server Error",[806,3866,3867],{},"Le serveur a planté",[1027,3869,3870],{},[599,3871,3872,3873,3876],{},"Le célèbre « erreur 404 » que vous voyez parfois est exactement ça : le serveur\nvous répond ",[690,3874,3875],{},"« je n'ai pas cette page »",". C'est une réponse HTTP valide, juste\nnégative.",[594,3878,3880],{"id":3879},"récapitulatif-le-voyage-dune-page","Récapitulatif : le voyage d'une page",[599,3882,3883,3884,3886],{},"Quand vous tapez ",[1141,3885,1340],{}," dans la barre de votre navigateur :",[3324,3888,3889,3899,3905,3914,3926,3935],{},[643,3890,3891,3892,3895,3896,3898],{},"Le navigateur ",[606,3893,3894],{},"résout le nom"," via le DNS (",[1141,3897,1340],{}," → adresse IP) — vu\nau chapitre Internet.",[643,3900,3891,3901,3904],{},[606,3902,3903],{},"ouvre une connexion"," TCP avec le serveur à cette IP.",[643,3906,3891,3907,3910,3911,1090],{},[606,3908,3909],{},"envoie une requête HTTP"," : ",[1141,3912,3913],{},"GET \u002F HTTP\u002F1.1",[643,3915,3916,3917,634,3920,3910,3923,3925],{},"Le serveur ",[606,3918,3919],{},"traite la requête",[606,3921,3922],{},"renvoie une réponse HTTP",[1141,3924,3753],{},"\nsuivi du HTML de la page d'accueil.",[643,3927,3891,3928,634,3931,3934],{},[606,3929,3930],{},"analyse le HTML",[606,3932,3933],{},"affiche"," la page.",[643,3936,3937,3938,1090],{},"Pour chaque image, chaque feuille CSS, chaque fichier JavaScript référencé\ndans le HTML : ",[606,3939,3940],{},"nouvelle requête, nouvelle réponse",[599,3942,3943,3944,1090],{},"Une seule page peut ainsi déclencher ",[606,3945,3946],{},"des dizaines de requêtes HTTP",[594,3948,1566],{"id":1565},[640,3950,3951,3965,3976],{},[643,3952,3953,3956,3957,3960,3961,1809,3963,1813],{},[606,3954,3955],{},"HTTP n'est pas chiffré"," par défaut — c'est ",[606,3958,3959],{},"HTTPS"," qui ajoute le\nchiffrement (",[1141,3962,1384],{},[690,3964,1394],{},[643,3966,3967,3968,3971,3972,3975],{},"Le serveur ne sait pas ",[690,3969,3970],{},"« qui »"," est le client de manière fiable — c'est pour\ncela qu'on a besoin des ",[606,3973,3974],{},"cookies"," pour identifier un utilisateur d'une\nrequête à l'autre (vu au cours sécurité).",[643,3977,1643,3978,3981],{},[606,3979,3980],{},"requête est sans mémoire"," : chaque échange est indépendant du\nprécédent du point de vue du protocole HTTP.",[594,3983,1025],{"id":1024},[599,3985,3986,3987,3990,3991,3993,3994,3996,3997,3999,4000,1706,4003,701,4005,4007,4008,4011,4012,1706,4014,701,4016,4018,4019,4021,4022,1090],{},"Le Web fonctionne en ",[606,3988,3989],{},"client-serveur"," : le client (navigateur) ",[606,3992,3141],{},",\nle serveur ",[606,3995,3149],{},". Le dialogue suit le protocole ",[606,3998,616],{}," : une requête\nqui précise une ",[606,4001,4002],{},"méthode",[1141,4004,3356],{},[1141,4006,3519],{},") et un ",[606,4009,4010],{},"chemin",", suivie d'une\nréponse qui commence par un ",[606,4013,3670],{},[1141,4015,3806],{},[1141,4017,3848],{},"…). Les paramètres\nsont passés dans l'URL après un ",[1141,4020,1241],{},", séparés par ",[1141,4023,1252],{},[2565,4025,4026],{},"html pre.shiki code .s8jYJ, html code.shiki .s8jYJ{--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sxrX7, html code.shiki .sxrX7{--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sBjJW, html code.shiki .sBjJW{--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sovSZ, html code.shiki .sovSZ{--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-default:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D}html pre.shiki code .sIIMD, html code.shiki .sIIMD{--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}",{"title":727,"searchDepth":1037,"depth":1037,"links":4028},[4029,4030,4033,4040,4041,4042],{"id":596,"depth":1037,"text":597},{"id":3126,"depth":1037,"text":3127,"children":4031},[4032],{"id":3185,"depth":1659,"text":3186},{"id":3307,"depth":1037,"text":3308,"children":4034},[4035,4036,4037,4038,4039],{"id":3338,"depth":1659,"text":3339},{"id":3489,"depth":1659,"text":3490},{"id":3545,"depth":1659,"text":3546},{"id":3663,"depth":1659,"text":3664},{"id":3782,"depth":1659,"text":3783},{"id":3879,"depth":1037,"text":3880},{"id":1565,"depth":1037,"text":1566},{"id":1024,"depth":1037,"text":1025},"Quand vous chargez une page Web, deux ordinateurs dialoguent — le vôtre (client) demande, un serveur lointain répond. Ce dialogue suit un protocole précis : HTTP.",{},[4046,4048],{"slug":3283,"kind":1055,"question":3288,"choices":4047,"correct":721,"multi":1057,"explanation":3282},[3295,3298,3301,3304],{"slug":3637,"kind":1055,"question":4049,"choices":4050,"correct":2349,"multi":1057,"explanation":3636},"Dans l'URL https:\u002F\u002Fexample.com\u002Fsearch?q=hello&page=2, combien de paramètres sont passés au serveur ?",[3653,721,2349,3660],{"title":55,"description":4043},"xHQ3rAGaBK0hlNKhcLgS_xL1pDhry_P_oWCVedfqz8o",{"id":4054,"title":59,"bo":4055,"body":4057,"description":4581,"eval":1049,"extension":1050,"labo":1049,"meta":4582,"navigation":1052,"path":60,"quizzes":4583,"readingTime":1060,"seo":4588,"stem":61,"tp":1049,"__hash__":4589},"cours\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F5.moteurs-recherche.md",[4056],"SB04",{"type":591,"value":4058,"toc":4566},[4059,4061,4068,4086,4088,4092,4108,4141,4145,4162,4180,4185,4188,4192,4205,4212,4216,4227,4266,4291,4295,4312,4315,4358,4362,4373,4389,4393,4400,4447,4472,4476,4483,4514,4523,4525,4547,4549],[594,4060,597],{"id":596},[599,4062,4063,4064,4067],{},"Avec des milliards de pages disponibles sur le Web, retrouver une information\nsans aide serait impossible. Les ",[606,4065,4066],{},"moteurs de recherche"," (Google, Bing,\nQwant, DuckDuckGo, Ecosia…) sont les outils qui permettent de poser une\nquestion et d'obtenir, en quelques fractions de seconde, une liste de pages\nqui paraissent pertinentes.",[599,4069,4070,4071,4074,4075,4078,4079,4082,4083,1090],{},"Mais cette liste n'est ni neutre ni complète : elle dépend de la manière\ndont le moteur a ",[606,4072,4073],{},"exploré"," le Web, ",[606,4076,4077],{},"indexé"," les pages et ",[606,4080,4081],{},"classé"," les\nrésultats. Comprendre ces étapes vous donne les outils pour ne plus subir un\nclassement, mais le ",[606,4084,4085],{},"lire de façon critique",[623,4087],{"code":4056},[594,4089,4091],{"id":4090},"comment-fonctionne-un-moteur-de-recherche","Comment fonctionne un moteur de recherche",[599,4093,3883,4094,4097,4098,4100,4101,4104,4105,1090],{},[1141,4095,4096],{},"« recette du fondant au chocolat »"," dans la barre de\nrecherche, le moteur ne fouille ",[606,4099,1419],{}," le Web en direct. Ce serait beaucoup\ntrop lent. Tout le travail a été préparé ",[606,4102,4103],{},"à l'avance",", en trois étapes\nqu'on appelle ",[690,4106,4107],{},"crawling, indexing, ranking",[679,4109,4112],{"icon":4110,"title":4111},"i-lucide-search","Les trois étapes en français",[3324,4113,4114,4123,4132],{},[643,4115,4116,1706,4119,4122],{},[606,4117,4118],{},"Exploration",[690,4120,4121],{},"crawling",") : des programmes parcourent le Web et lisent les pages.",[643,4124,4125,1706,4128,4131],{},[606,4126,4127],{},"Indexation",[690,4129,4130],{},"indexing",") : le moteur range les mots-clés trouvés dans un grand index.",[643,4133,4134,1706,4137,4140],{},[606,4135,4136],{},"Classement",[690,4138,4139],{},"ranking",") : quand vous posez une question, l'index est consulté et les pages sont ordonnées par pertinence.",[1126,4142,4144],{"id":4143},"_1-lexploration-les-robots-qui-lisent-le-web","1. L'exploration : les robots qui lisent le Web",[599,4146,4147,4148,4151,4152,701,4155,2505,4158,4161],{},"Le moteur lance des programmes appelés ",[606,4149,4150],{},"robots"," (ou ",[690,4153,4154],{},"bots",[690,4156,4157],{},"crawlers",[690,4159,4160],{},"spiders","). Ces robots :",[640,4163,4164,4167,4170,4177],{},[643,4165,4166],{},"visitent une page ;",[643,4168,4169],{},"en extraient tout le texte ;",[643,4171,4172,4173,4176],{},"récupèrent ",[606,4174,4175],{},"tous les liens"," présents sur la page ;",[643,4178,4179],{},"visitent à leur tour ces liens, et recommencent.",[661,4181,4182],{},[599,4183,4184],{},"Analogie : un robot d'exploration agit comme un randonneur qui visite un\nvillage, note tout ce qu'il voit, puis emprunte chaque route au départ du\nvillage pour découvrir d'autres villages. De proche en proche, il finit par\ncouvrir une grande partie du territoire.",[599,4186,4187],{},"Plus un site a de liens entrants venant d'autres sites, plus il a de chances\nd'être découvert rapidement par les robots. Inversement, un site isolé,\nauquel personne ne fait référence, peut rester longtemps invisible.",[1126,4189,4191],{"id":4190},"_2-lindexation-un-dictionnaire-géant","2. L'indexation : un dictionnaire géant",[599,4193,4194,4195,4198,4199,2505,4202,1090],{},"Chaque page lue est analysée : le moteur en extrait les mots importants, le\ntitre, les liens, parfois la fraîcheur de la mise à jour. Ces informations\nsont stockées dans un ",[606,4196,4197],{},"index"," — un grand dictionnaire qui ressemble à\nl'index d'un livre : ",[690,4200,4201],{},"« le mot ‘fondant’ apparaît dans telles pages »",[690,4203,4204],{},"« le mot ‘chocolat’ apparaît dans telles autres »",[599,4206,4207,4208,4211],{},"Cet index pèse plusieurs ",[606,4209,4210],{},"pétaoctets"," chez Google — c'est ce qui permet de\nchercher dans des milliards de pages en moins d'une seconde.",[1126,4213,4215],{"id":4214},"_3-le-classement-pourquoi-cette-page-en-premier","3. Le classement : pourquoi cette page en premier ?",[599,4217,4218,4219,4222,4223,4226],{},"Quand vous tapez une question, le moteur consulte son index, retrouve toutes\nles pages qui parlent du sujet, et les ",[606,4220,4221],{},"classe"," par ordre de pertinence\nestimée. Le classement utilise des ",[606,4224,4225],{},"dizaines de critères",", parmi lesquels :",[640,4228,4229,4236,4246,4252,4263],{},[643,4230,4231,4232,4235],{},"la ",[606,4233,4234],{},"présence des mots-clés"," dans la page (titre, paragraphe, URL) ;",[643,4237,4231,4238,4241,4242,4245],{},[606,4239,4240],{},"popularité"," : combien d'autres sites font un lien vers cette page\n(principe historique du ",[606,4243,4244],{},"PageRank"," chez Google) ;",[643,4247,4231,4248,4251],{},[606,4249,4250],{},"qualité"," estimée du site (ancienneté, mise à jour, vitesse de\nchargement) ;",[643,4253,4254,4255,4258,4259,4262],{},"votre ",[606,4256,4257],{},"localisation"," et votre ",[606,4260,4261],{},"historique"," (si vous êtes connecté) ;",[643,4264,4265],{},"des critères secrets propres à chaque moteur.",[719,4267,4270,4275],{"correct":721,"explanation":4268,"slug":4269},"Le moteur a déjà exploré et indexé le Web à l'avance. Quand vous tapez votre question, il consulte cet index et classe les résultats — il ne refouille pas le Web en direct.","moteurs-recherche-c1",[725,4271,4272],{"v-slot:question":727},[599,4273,4274],{},"Quelle est l'étape qui se passe AVANT votre recherche ?",[725,4276,4277],{"v-slot:choices":727},[640,4278,4279,4282,4285,4288],{},[643,4280,4281],{},"Vous tapez la question",[643,4283,4284],{},"L'exploration et l'indexation des pages",[643,4286,4287],{},"Le classement des résultats",[643,4289,4290],{},"Les trois en même temps",[594,4292,4294],{"id":4293},"une-page-de-résultats-nest-pas-neutre","Une page de résultats n'est pas neutre",[873,4296,4297],{},[599,4298,4299,4300,4303,4304,4307,4308,4311],{},"Deux personnes qui tapent ",[606,4301,4302],{},"la même question"," sur Google peuvent obtenir\n",[606,4305,4306],{},"deux listes de résultats différentes",". Les résultats sont ",[606,4309,4310],{},"personnalisés","\nselon votre localisation, votre langue, votre historique de navigation, votre\ncompte (si vous êtes connecté).",[599,4313,4314],{},"Ce n'est pas seulement une affaire de personnalisation. Plusieurs facteurs\ninfluencent ce que vous voyez en premier :",[640,4316,4317,4331,4337,4346],{},[643,4318,2976,4319,4322,4323,4326,4327,4330],{},[606,4320,4321],{},"annonces publicitaires"," — premiers résultats payés, souvent indiqués\npar une mention discrète « ",[690,4324,4325],{},"Annonce"," » ou « ",[690,4328,4329],{},"Sponsorisé"," ».",[643,4332,2976,4333,4336],{},[606,4334,4335],{},"résultats organiques"," — pages classées par l'algorithme, gratuites.",[643,4338,2976,4339,1706,4342,4345],{},[606,4340,4341],{},"encadrés spéciaux",[690,4343,4344],{},"featured snippets",", cartes de connaissance,\nvidéos, images) — sélectionnés par le moteur pour répondre directement.",[643,4347,2936,4348,1706,4351,701,4354,4357],{},[606,4349,4350],{},"référencement",[690,4352,4353],{},"SEO",[690,4355,4356],{},"Search Engine Optimization",") — l'art que\npratiquent les sites pour apparaître en tête sans payer.",[1126,4359,4361],{"id":4360},"le-modèle-économique-en-arrière-plan","Le modèle économique en arrière-plan",[599,4363,4364,4365,4368,4369,4372],{},"Les moteurs de recherche sont ",[606,4366,4367],{},"gratuits"," pour l'utilisateur. Ils se\nfinancent quasi exclusivement par la ",[606,4370,4371],{},"publicité"," : les premiers résultats\npayés rapportent à chaque clic. Cela explique pourquoi le moteur a un intérêt\ndirect à connaître vos centres d'intérêt — pour vous montrer des publicités\nmieux ciblées.",[1027,4374,4375],{},[599,4376,4377,4380,4381,4384,4385,4388],{},[606,4378,4379],{},"Test à faire en classe"," : demandez à plusieurs élèves de chercher le même\nmot (par exemple « ",[690,4382,4383],{},"meilleur restaurant"," »). Comparez les premières lignes\nde leurs résultats. Vous verrez que la liste ",[606,4386,4387],{},"n'est pas exactement la même","\nselon la localisation, l'historique, le compte connecté.",[594,4390,4392],{"id":4391},"mener-une-analyse-critique-des-résultats","Mener une analyse critique des résultats",[599,4394,4395,4396,4399],{},"Le programme officiel demande explicitement de ",[690,4397,4398],{},"« mener une analyse critique\ndes résultats fournis par un moteur de recherche »",". Quelques réflexes utiles :",[3324,4401,4402,4408,4423,4429,4435,4441],{},[643,4403,4404,4407],{},[606,4405,4406],{},"Repérer les publicités"," : la mention « Annonce » ou « Sponsorisé »\nchange tout — la position en premier n'est pas un gage de qualité, c'est\nun emplacement payé.",[643,4409,4410,3910,4413,701,4416,701,4419,4422],{},[606,4411,4412],{},"Lire le nom de domaine",[1141,4414,4415],{},"wikipedia.org",[1141,4417,4418],{},"gouv.fr",[1141,4420,4421],{},"cnrs.fr"," ne se\nvalent pas en termes de fiabilité comparée à un blog inconnu.",[643,4424,4425,4428],{},[606,4426,4427],{},"Vérifier la date"," : une page de 2008 sur un sujet d'actualité peut être\npérimée.",[643,4430,4431,4434],{},[606,4432,4433],{},"Croiser les sources"," : ne pas se contenter d'un seul résultat. Sur un\nsujet sensible (santé, politique), comparer plusieurs sources.",[643,4436,4437,4440],{},[606,4438,4439],{},"Se demander qui a écrit la page"," : un article scientifique signé, ou\nun texte anonyme ? Un site officiel, ou une plateforme commerciale ?",[643,4442,4443,4446],{},[606,4444,4445],{},"Connaître le but du site"," : informer, vendre, convaincre, divertir ?",[719,4448,4451,4456],{"correct":721,"explanation":4449,"slug":4450},"Le classement reflète popularité, optimisation SEO et parfois publicité — pas directement la fiabilité d'une information.","moteurs-recherche-c2",[725,4452,4453],{"v-slot:question":727},[599,4454,4455],{},"Le premier résultat sur Google est-il forcément le plus fiable ?",[725,4457,4458],{"v-slot:choices":727},[640,4459,4460,4463,4466,4469],{},[643,4461,4462],{},"Oui, c'est le mieux classé",[643,4464,4465],{},"Pas forcément — il peut s'agir d'une publicité ou d'un site populaire mais peu fiable",[643,4467,4468],{},"Oui, sauf le mardi",[643,4470,4471],{},"Aucun rapport avec la fiabilité",[594,4473,4475],{"id":4474},"les-enjeux-de-la-publication-dinformations","Les enjeux de la publication d'informations",[599,4477,4478,4479,4482],{},"Quand vous publiez quelque chose sur le Web — un commentaire, une photo, un\npost — vous devenez vous-même ",[606,4480,4481],{},"source d'information"," pour les moteurs.",[640,4484,4485,4495,4505],{},[643,4486,4487,4488,652,4491,4494],{},"Une information ",[606,4489,4490],{},"publiée",[606,4492,4493],{},"archivée"," : même supprimée plus tard,\nelle peut subsister dans des caches, des sauvegardes, des copies d'écran\nfaites par d'autres personnes.",[643,4496,4487,4497,4500,4501,4504],{},[606,4498,4499],{},"publique"," sera ",[606,4502,4503],{},"indexée"," : un moteur la trouvera et\nl'associera à votre nom si elle y est rattachée.",[643,4506,2626,4507,4510,4511,1090],{},[606,4508,4509],{},"réputation numérique"," se construit lentement, mais peut être abîmée\nrapidement par une publication imprudente — ce qu'on appelle ",[690,4512,4513],{},"e-réputation",[873,4515,4516],{},[599,4517,4518,4519,4522],{},"Avant de publier : ",[690,4520,4521],{},"« si une personne tape mon nom dans un moteur dans 5 ans,\nserai-je à l'aise avec ce résultat ? »"," C'est la question simple à se poser.",[594,4524,1566],{"id":1565},[640,4526,4527,4534,4541],{},[643,4528,4529,4530,4533],{},"Tous les moteurs ",[606,4531,4532],{},"ne se valent pas"," : Google domine en France, mais\nQwant, DuckDuckGo, Ecosia proposent moins de pistage, parfois moins de\npersonnalisation.",[643,4535,4536,4537,4540],{},"L'absence de résultat ",[606,4538,4539],{},"ne veut pas dire"," que la page n'existe pas —\nelle peut ne pas être indexée, ou exclue par certains réglages.",[643,4542,2976,4543,4546],{},[606,4544,4545],{},"moteurs spécialisés"," (Wikipedia, Pubmed, archive.org…) sont parfois\nbien plus pertinents qu'un moteur généraliste pour des recherches précises.",[594,4548,1025],{"id":1024},[599,4550,4551,4552,4555,4556,4559,4560,4562,4563,1090],{},"Un moteur de recherche ",[606,4553,4554],{},"explore"," le Web à l'avance, ",[606,4557,4558],{},"indexe"," ce qu'il\ntrouve, et ",[606,4561,4221],{}," les résultats au moment où vous l'interrogez. Le\nclassement n'est pas neutre — il dépend de critères techniques, économiques\net personnels. Une lecture critique commence par : ",[690,4564,4565],{},"« qui parle, depuis\nquand, et avec quel but ? »",{"title":727,"searchDepth":1037,"depth":1037,"links":4567},[4568,4569,4574,4577,4578,4579,4580],{"id":596,"depth":1037,"text":597},{"id":4090,"depth":1037,"text":4091,"children":4570},[4571,4572,4573],{"id":4143,"depth":1659,"text":4144},{"id":4190,"depth":1659,"text":4191},{"id":4214,"depth":1659,"text":4215},{"id":4293,"depth":1037,"text":4294,"children":4575},[4576],{"id":4360,"depth":1659,"text":4361},{"id":4391,"depth":1037,"text":4392},{"id":4474,"depth":1037,"text":4475},{"id":1565,"depth":1037,"text":1566},{"id":1024,"depth":1037,"text":1025},"Quand vous tapez une question sur Google, vous ne fouillez pas le Web en direct — vous interrogez un index préparé à l'avance. Comprendre cette mécanique, c'est apprendre à lire les résultats avec esprit critique.",{},[4584,4586],{"slug":4269,"kind":1055,"question":4274,"choices":4585,"correct":721,"multi":1057,"explanation":4268},[4281,4284,4287,4290],{"slug":4450,"kind":1055,"question":4455,"choices":4587,"correct":721,"multi":1057,"explanation":4449},[4462,4465,4468,4471],{"title":59,"description":4581},"h6VQg_9mL8BgJ5QacYjdNk4vBSVYbq3-qDLj8Ek4IX8",{"id":4591,"title":63,"bo":4592,"body":4595,"description":5278,"eval":1049,"extension":1050,"labo":1049,"meta":5279,"navigation":1052,"path":64,"quizzes":5280,"readingTime":1060,"seo":5285,"stem":65,"tp":1049,"__hash__":5286},"cours\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F6.securite-droits.md",[4593,4594],"SB05","SB06",{"type":591,"value":4596,"toc":5261},[4597,4599,4606,4612,4616,4619,4623,4638,4668,4686,4695,4698,4723,4727,4730,4757,4761,4764,4797,4813,4838,4842,4845,4849,4864,4867,4886,4897,4901,4912,4927,4930,4934,4949,5035,5038,5042,5052,5072,5097,5101,5111,5135,5144,5146,5180,5184,5191,5208,5222,5236,5250],[594,4598,597],{"id":596},[599,4600,4601,4602,4605],{},"Le Web n'est pas un terrain de jeu sans règle : à la fois techniquement (le\nnavigateur peut être plus ou moins protégé) et juridiquement (la loi\ns'applique en ligne comme ailleurs). Ce dernier cours du chapitre rassemble\nles deux faces de la ",[606,4603,4604],{},"navigation responsable"," : ce que vous réglez dans\nvotre navigateur pour protéger vos données, et ce que la loi vous oblige à\nrespecter quand vous consultez, partagez ou publiez du contenu.",[599,4607,4608,1098,4610],{},[623,4609],{"code":4594},[623,4611],{"code":4593},[594,4613,4615],{"id":4614},"paramètres-de-sécurité-dun-navigateur","Paramètres de sécurité d'un navigateur",[599,4617,4618],{},"Votre navigateur (Firefox, Chrome, Edge, Safari…) est une porte ouverte sur\nle Web. Selon ses réglages, cette porte est plus ou moins surveillée. Trois\nréglages méritent d'être connus.",[1126,4620,4622],{"id":4621},"_1-les-cookies","1. Les cookies",[599,4624,4625,4626,4629,4630,4633,4634,4637],{},"Un ",[606,4627,4628],{},"cookie"," est un ",[606,4631,4632],{},"petit fichier texte"," que le serveur dépose dans\nvotre navigateur. Au prochain passage sur le même site, votre navigateur\n",[606,4635,4636],{},"renvoie"," ce cookie. C'est le mécanisme qui permet à un site de :",[640,4639,4640,4647,4654,4661],{},[643,4641,4642,4643,4646],{},"se souvenir que vous êtes ",[606,4644,4645],{},"connecté"," (votre identifiant est dans un\ncookie) ;",[643,4648,4649,4650,4653],{},"garder votre ",[606,4651,4652],{},"panier d'achat"," d'une page à l'autre ;",[643,4655,4656,4657,4660],{},"enregistrer vos ",[606,4658,4659],{},"préférences"," (langue, thème, taille de police) ;",[643,4662,4663,4664,4667],{},"vous ",[606,4665,4666],{},"suivre"," à travers plusieurs sites (cookies tiers, à des fins\npublicitaires).",[679,4669,4672],{"icon":4670,"title":4671},"i-lucide-cookie","Deux familles de cookies",[640,4673,4674,4680],{},[643,4675,4676,4679],{},[606,4677,4678],{},"Cookies de session ou de connexion"," : utiles, nécessaires au fonctionnement\ndu site. À garder.",[643,4681,4682,4685],{},[606,4683,4684],{},"Cookies tiers \u002F publicitaires"," : suivent vos visites entre plusieurs\nsites. À limiter ou bloquer.",[661,4687,4688],{},[599,4689,4690,4691,4694],{},"Analogie : un cookie est comme un ",[606,4692,4693],{},"ticket nominatif"," que le site vous remet\nà votre première visite et que vous présentez à chaque retour. Tant que vous\nle conservez, il sait que c'est vous. Certains tickets restent valables un\njour, d'autres un an. Et certains sites partagent les listes de tickets entre\neux — c'est le pistage entre sites.",[599,4696,4697],{},"Dans votre navigateur, vous pouvez en général :",[640,4699,4700,4710,4716],{},[643,4701,4702,4705,4706,4709],{},[606,4703,4704],{},"bloquer"," les cookies ",[606,4707,4708],{},"tiers"," (recommandé) ;",[643,4711,4712,4715],{},[606,4713,4714],{},"effacer"," régulièrement les cookies (réglages → confidentialité) ;",[643,4717,4718,4719,4722],{},"accepter ou refuser ",[606,4720,4721],{},"lors d'une visite"," via la bannière européenne (RGPD).",[1126,4724,4726],{"id":4725},"_2-la-confidentialité-et-le-suivi","2. La confidentialité et le suivi",[599,4728,4729],{},"Plusieurs réglages limitent ce que les sites apprennent de vous :",[640,4731,4732,4745,4751],{},[643,4733,4734,4737,4738,4741,4742,1090],{},[606,4735,4736],{},"Mode navigation privée"," : votre navigateur ",[606,4739,4740],{},"n'enregistre pas l'historique\nlocal",", ni les cookies, à la fermeture. Attention : votre fournisseur\nd'accès, votre lycée et les sites visités continuent à voir votre trafic.\nLe mode privé n'est ",[606,4743,4744],{},"pas un mode anonyme",[643,4746,4747,4750],{},[606,4748,4749],{},"Faire-part « Do Not Track »"," : indique aux sites que vous ne souhaitez\npas être suivi. Les sites ne sont pas obligés de respecter cette demande.",[643,4752,4753,4756],{},[606,4754,4755],{},"Bloqueurs de traceurs"," : intégrés dans Firefox, Brave… Empêchent la\ncharge des scripts de pistage les plus connus.",[1126,4758,4760],{"id":4759},"_3-la-sécurité-face-aux-contenus-malveillants","3. La sécurité face aux contenus malveillants",[599,4762,4763],{},"Le navigateur protège contre des dangers spécifiques :",[640,4765,4766,4776,4785,4791],{},[643,4767,4768,4771,4772,4775],{},[606,4769,4770],{},"Vérification HTTPS"," : si le certificat d'un site est invalide (expiré,\nmensonger), un avertissement rouge s'affiche. ",[606,4773,4774],{},"Ne jamais ignorer"," cet\navertissement, surtout sur un site qui demande des informations sensibles.",[643,4777,4778,1706,4781,4784],{},[606,4779,4780],{},"Anti-hameçonnage",[690,4782,4783],{},"anti-phishing",") : le navigateur consulte une liste\nnoire de sites frauduleux et bloque l'accès si vous tentez d'y aller.",[643,4786,4787,4790],{},[606,4788,4789],{},"Analyse des téléchargements"," : les fichiers téléchargés sont parfois\nvérifiés avant l'ouverture.",[643,4792,4793,4796],{},[606,4794,4795],{},"Extensions"," : permettent d'ajouter des fonctionnalités, mais peuvent\naussi être malveillantes — n'installer que des extensions de confiance.",[873,4798,4799],{},[599,4800,4801,4804,4805,4808,4809,4812],{},[606,4802,4803],{},"L'erreur classique"," : cliquer sur ",[690,4806,4807],{},"« Continuer quand même »"," face à un\navertissement HTTPS, parce que la page est censée être urgente (« votre\ncompte va être fermé », « livraison à confirmer »). Beaucoup d'attaques\nexploitent cette impulsion. ",[606,4810,4811],{},"Toujours fermer la page"," et vérifier l'URL\nexacte par un autre moyen.",[719,4814,4817,4822],{"correct":721,"explanation":4815,"slug":4816},"Mode privé = pas de trace LOCALE (sur votre ordi). Mais le fournisseur d'accès, l'école, l'employeur, les sites visités continuent à voir votre trafic.","securite-droits-c1",[725,4818,4819],{"v-slot:question":727},[599,4820,4821],{},"Le mode navigation privée vous rend-il anonyme sur Internet ?",[725,4823,4824],{"v-slot:choices":727},[640,4825,4826,4829,4832,4835],{},[643,4827,4828],{},"Oui, totalement",[643,4830,4831],{},"Non — il n'efface que votre historique local, votre fournisseur d'accès voit toujours tout",[643,4833,4834],{},"Oui, sauf pour Google",[643,4836,4837],{},"Cela dépend du navigateur",[594,4839,4841],{"id":4840},"notions-juridiques-essentielles","Notions juridiques essentielles",[599,4843,4844],{},"Le Web est un espace public — la loi s'y applique. Quatre notions reviennent\nsouvent au lycée et dans la vie courante.",[1126,4846,4848],{"id":4847},"le-droit-dauteur","Le droit d'auteur",[599,4850,4851,4852,4855,4856,4859,4860,4863],{},"En France, dès qu'un ",[606,4853,4854],{},"auteur"," crée une œuvre (texte, photo, vidéo, musique,\ndessin, code source…), il en détient automatiquement le ",[606,4857,4858],{},"droit d'auteur",".\nPas besoin de démarche, pas de symbole ",[1141,4861,4862],{},"©"," à apposer.",[599,4865,4866],{},"Le droit d'auteur comprend :",[640,4868,4869,4880],{},[643,4870,4871,4872,4875,4876,4879],{},"des ",[606,4873,4874],{},"droits moraux"," (paternité de l'œuvre, intégrité) — ",[606,4877,4878],{},"perpétuels"," et\ninaliénables ;",[643,4881,4871,4882,4885],{},[606,4883,4884],{},"droits patrimoniaux"," (autorisation de reproduction, de diffusion) —\nmonnayables, transmissibles, qui expirent 70 ans après la mort de l'auteur.",[679,4887,4890],{"icon":4888,"title":4889},"i-lucide-scale","Conséquence concrète",[599,4891,4892,4893,4896],{},"Récupérer une image trouvée sur Internet et la coller dans un exposé, un blog\nou un projet, ",[606,4894,4895],{},"sans autorisation",", c'est en principe une violation du droit\nd'auteur — même si l'image était librement accessible.",[1126,4898,4900],{"id":4899},"le-droit-dusage","Le droit d'usage",[599,4902,4903,4904,4907,4908,4911],{},"Le droit d'usage, c'est ce que ",[606,4905,4906],{},"l'utilisateur"," a ",[606,4909,4910],{},"le droit de faire"," avec\nune ressource. Il découle :",[640,4913,4914,4920],{},[643,4915,4871,4916,4919],{},[606,4917,4918],{},"autorisations légales"," (par exemple le « droit de courte citation »,\nqui permet de citer brièvement une œuvre avec mention de l'auteur) ;",[643,4921,4922,4923,4926],{},"de la ",[606,4924,4925],{},"licence"," sous laquelle l'œuvre est diffusée (voir ci-dessous).",[599,4928,4929],{},"Posséder un fichier ne donne pas tous les droits dessus. Acheter un MP3\ndonne le droit de l'écouter, pas de le revendre ou de le rediffuser.",[1126,4931,4933],{"id":4932},"les-licences-libres","Les licences libres",[599,4935,4936,4937,4940,4941,4944,4945,4948],{},"Pour faciliter le partage en respectant la loi, des licences ",[606,4938,4939],{},"libres"," ou\n",[606,4942,4943],{},"ouvertes"," existent. La plus connue est ",[606,4946,4947],{},"Creative Commons"," (CC), avec\nplusieurs combinaisons :",[785,4950,4951,4960],{},[788,4952,4953],{},[791,4954,4955,4958],{},[794,4956,4957],{},"Mention",[794,4959,3501],{},[801,4961,4962,4975,4989,5005,5021],{},[791,4963,4964,4969],{},[806,4965,4966],{},[606,4967,4968],{},"CC BY",[806,4970,4971,4972],{},"Réutilisation libre ",[606,4973,4974],{},"à condition de citer l'auteur",[791,4976,4977,4982],{},[806,4978,4979],{},[606,4980,4981],{},"CC BY-SA",[806,4983,4984,4985,4988],{},"Idem + le résultat doit être partagé sous la même licence (",[690,4986,4987],{},"share alike",")",[791,4990,4991,4996],{},[806,4992,4993],{},[606,4994,4995],{},"CC BY-NC",[806,4997,4998,4999,1706,5002,4988],{},"Idem + interdit pour un usage ",[606,5000,5001],{},"commercial",[690,5003,5004],{},"non commercial",[791,5006,5007,5012],{},[806,5008,5009],{},[606,5010,5011],{},"CC BY-ND",[806,5013,5014,5015,1706,5018,4988],{},"Idem + ",[606,5016,5017],{},"sans modification",[690,5019,5020],{},"no derivatives",[791,5022,5023,5028],{},[806,5024,5025],{},[606,5026,5027],{},"CC0",[806,5029,5030,5031,5034],{},"Libre ",[606,5032,5033],{},"totalement",", équivalent à un don au domaine public",[599,5036,5037],{},"Wikipedia est par exemple en CC BY-SA, ce qui explique pourquoi on peut\ncopier-coller un passage, à condition de citer la source et de garder la\nmême licence sur ce qu'on publie en aval.",[1126,5039,5041],{"id":5040},"la-valeur-dun-bien-numérique","La valeur d'un bien numérique",[599,5043,4625,5044,5047,5048,5051],{},[606,5045,5046],{},"bien numérique"," (un fichier, un logiciel, une chanson) a une\nparticularité économique : il peut être ",[606,5049,5050],{},"copié à coût quasi nul",". Cela\nremet en cause les modèles économiques traditionnels.",[640,5053,5054,5060,5066],{},[643,5055,5056,5059],{},[606,5057,5058],{},"Œuvre payante"," : la valeur réside dans le droit d'utilisation, pas dans\nle support. C'est pour cela qu'un MP3 peut coûter 1 €, comme un CD à 15 €.",[643,5061,5062,5065],{},[606,5063,5064],{},"Œuvre gratuite mais valorisée autrement"," : services en ligne (gratuits\npour vous, payés par la publicité et vos données).",[643,5067,5068,5071],{},[606,5069,5070],{},"Œuvre libre"," : valeur partagée, modèle communautaire (Linux, Wikipédia).",[719,5073,5076,5081],{"correct":721,"explanation":5074,"slug":5075},"CC BY = Creative Commons + obligation de citer l'auteur (BY). Aucun paiement requis, usage libre, modifications autorisées.","securite-droits-c2",[725,5077,5078],{"v-slot:question":727},[599,5079,5080],{},"Vous trouvez une photo sur Internet. Que vous indique la mention « CC BY » ?",[725,5082,5083],{"v-slot:choices":727},[640,5084,5085,5088,5091,5094],{},[643,5086,5087],{},"Vous ne pouvez pas la réutiliser",[643,5089,5090],{},"Vous pouvez la réutiliser librement à condition de citer l'auteur",[643,5092,5093],{},"Vous devez payer 1 €",[643,5095,5096],{},"Elle est interdite aux mineurs",[594,5098,5100],{"id":5099},"au-delà-du-droit-léthique","Au-delà du droit, l'éthique",[599,5102,5103,5104,5107,5108,3671],{},"Certaines choses ne sont ",[606,5105,5106],{},"pas illégales"," mais restent ",[606,5109,5110],{},"discutables",[640,5112,5113,5119,5125],{},[643,5114,5115,5118],{},[606,5116,5117],{},"Partager"," une rumeur que vous n'avez pas vérifiée.",[643,5120,5121,5124],{},[606,5122,5123],{},"Reprendre"," une œuvre libre sans citer son auteur (techniquement permis\npar CC0 mais peu courtois).",[643,5126,5127,5130,5131,5134],{},[606,5128,5129],{},"Publier"," une photo de quelqu'un sans son accord (souvent illégal en\nvertu du ",[606,5132,5133],{},"droit à l'image",", distinct du droit d'auteur).",[1027,5136,5137],{},[599,5138,5139,5140,5143],{},"Une bonne règle de pouce : ",[690,5141,5142],{},"« si je trouvais ce comportement déplaisant venant\nde quelqu'un d'autre, est-ce que je continue ? »",". C'est l'éthique de la\nréciprocité, qui vaut autant en ligne qu'hors ligne.",[594,5145,1566],{"id":1565},[640,5147,5148,5154,5160,5171],{},[643,5149,2976,5150,5153],{},[606,5151,5152],{},"bannières cookies"," européennes ne sont pas une fioriture — refuser\nles cookies tiers est rapide et utile.",[643,5155,4625,5156,5159],{},[606,5157,5158],{},"antivirus"," complète le navigateur mais ne le remplace pas.",[643,5161,5162,5163,5166,5167,5170],{},"Beaucoup de ",[606,5164,5165],{},"logiciels libres"," sont gratuits, mais tous les logiciels\ngratuits ne sont ",[606,5168,5169],{},"pas libres"," — c'est deux notions différentes.",[643,5172,2976,5173,634,5176,5179],{},[606,5174,5175],{},"memes",[606,5177,5178],{},"gifs"," que vous partagez sur les réseaux sont, en\nthéorie, soumis au droit d'auteur. Le tolérance d'usage en pratique\nn'efface pas la règle légale.",[594,5181,5183],{"id":5182},"à-retenir-4-idées-force","À retenir : 4 idées-force",[599,5185,5186,5187,5190],{},"Ce cours a balayé beaucoup de notions — voici les ",[606,5188,5189],{},"quatre choses"," à graver\ndans la mémoire en sortant.",[679,5192,5195],{"icon":5193,"title":5194},"i-lucide-lock","1. HTTPS = chiffré, HTTP = exposé",[599,5196,5197,5198,5200,5201,5203,5204,5207],{},"Le cadenas et le ",[1141,5199,1407],{}," ne sont pas décoratifs. Sur un site en ",[1141,5202,1415],{},"\nsimple, ce que vous tapez (mot de passe, message, numéro de carte) peut être\n",[606,5205,5206],{},"lu en clair"," par qui partage le réseau. Vérifier le cadenas avant toute\nsaisie sensible.",[679,5209,5211],{"icon":4670,"title":5210},"2. Mes cookies = mes traces",[599,5212,5213,5214,5217,5218,5221],{},"Un cookie permet à un site de ",[606,5215,5216],{},"vous reconnaître"," d'une visite à l'autre.\nUtile pour rester connecté, problématique quand le cookie est partagé entre\nsites pour vous ",[606,5219,5220],{},"profiler",". Bloquer les cookies tiers, effacer régulièrement,\nrefuser via la bannière RGPD ce qui n'est pas nécessaire.",[679,5223,5226],{"icon":5224,"title":5225},"i-lucide-camera-off","3. L'image d'autrui ne m'appartient pas",[599,5227,5228,5229,5232,5233,5235],{},"Filmer ou photographier quelqu'un, et publier le résultat ",[606,5230,5231],{},"sans son accord",",\nrelève du ",[606,5234,5133],{}," — distinct du droit d'auteur. Cette règle\ns'applique à un camarade comme à un enseignant ou à un inconnu dans la rue.",[679,5237,5240],{"icon":5238,"title":5239},"i-lucide-creative-commons","4. CC = liberté contrôlée",[599,5241,5242,5243,5246,5247,5249],{},"Une œuvre n'est ",[606,5244,5245],{},"pas libre par défaut"," : trouver une image sur Google ne\ndonne aucun droit de la réutiliser. Les licences ",[606,5248,4947],{}," balisent\ndes libertés explicites (citation de l'auteur obligatoire, partage à\nl'identique, usage non commercial, etc.). Avant de réutiliser : chercher la\nlicence ou demander.",[599,5251,5252,5253,5256,5257,5260],{},"En une phrase de plus : un navigateur bien réglé est votre ",[606,5254,5255],{},"rempart\ntechnique",", le droit (auteur, image, licences) est votre ",[606,5258,5259],{},"cadre social",".\nNaviguer responsable, c'est connaître les deux.",{"title":727,"searchDepth":1037,"depth":1037,"links":5262},[5263,5264,5269,5275,5276,5277],{"id":596,"depth":1037,"text":597},{"id":4614,"depth":1037,"text":4615,"children":5265},[5266,5267,5268],{"id":4621,"depth":1659,"text":4622},{"id":4725,"depth":1659,"text":4726},{"id":4759,"depth":1659,"text":4760},{"id":4840,"depth":1037,"text":4841,"children":5270},[5271,5272,5273,5274],{"id":4847,"depth":1659,"text":4848},{"id":4899,"depth":1659,"text":4900},{"id":4932,"depth":1659,"text":4933},{"id":5040,"depth":1659,"text":5041},{"id":5099,"depth":1037,"text":5100},{"id":1565,"depth":1037,"text":1566},{"id":5182,"depth":1037,"text":5183},"Naviguer en sécurité, c'est connaître les bons réglages de son navigateur et savoir ce que la loi permet ou interdit quand on consulte ou publie en ligne.",{},[5281,5283],{"slug":4816,"kind":1055,"question":4821,"choices":5282,"correct":721,"multi":1057,"explanation":4815},[4828,4831,4834,4837],{"slug":5075,"kind":1055,"question":5080,"choices":5284,"correct":721,"multi":1057,"explanation":5074},[5087,5090,5093,5096],{"title":63,"description":5278},"mp1sz4gLkqmAdoho2Hq2sqMF2n-88PiS2VxYRTZhUIQ",{"id":5288,"title":37,"bo":1049,"body":5289,"description":5439,"eval":1049,"extension":1050,"labo":1049,"meta":5440,"navigation":1052,"path":38,"quizzes":5442,"readingTime":1060,"seo":5443,"stem":39,"tp":1049,"__hash__":5444},"cours\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F0.index.md",{"type":591,"value":5290,"toc":5433},[5291,5295,5298,5305,5309,5312,5370,5374,5408,5412],[594,5292,5294],{"id":5293},"de-quoi-parle-ce-chapitre","De quoi parle ce chapitre ?",[599,5296,5297],{},"Vous utilisez le Web tous les jours, sans nécessairement savoir ce qui se passe\nquand vous cliquez sur un lien ou tapez une adresse dans la barre de votre\nnavigateur. Ce chapitre lève le capot : derrière chaque page que vous lisez se\ncachent des fichiers texte, des serveurs distants, des requêtes voyageant à\ntravers le réseau, et une histoire qui commence au CERN à la fin des années 1980.",[599,5299,5300,5301,5304],{},"Le Web n'est pas Internet : Internet est le réseau physique et logique qui\nrelie les ordinateurs entre eux (vu au chapitre précédent). Le Web est ",[606,5302,5303],{},"une\napplication"," qui circule sur Internet — un service parmi d'autres (messagerie,\nvisio, jeu en ligne…), mais sans doute le plus visible.",[594,5306,5308],{"id":5307},"objectifs","Objectifs",[599,5310,5311],{},"À la fin de ce chapitre, vous saurez :",[640,5313,5314,5320,5326,5335,5346,5353,5356,5363],{},[643,5315,5316,5317,5319],{},"expliquer en quoi consiste un ",[606,5318,1444],{}," et reconnaître une page sécurisée ;",[643,5321,5322,5325],{},[606,5323,5324],{},"décomposer une URL"," en ses parties (protocole, domaine, chemin, paramètres) ;",[643,5327,5328,5329,5331,5332,5334],{},"distinguer le ",[606,5330,1713],{}," (HTML) de la ",[606,5333,3008],{}," (CSS) d'une page Web ;",[643,5336,5337,5338,5341,5342,5345],{},"décrire le fonctionnement ",[606,5339,5340],{},"client\u002Fserveur"," et lire une ",[606,5343,5344],{},"requête HTTP"," simple ;",[643,5347,5348,5349,5352],{},"exercer une ",[606,5350,5351],{},"lecture critique"," des résultats d'un moteur de recherche ;",[643,5354,5355],{},"repérer les notions juridiques utiles (licence, droit d'auteur, droit d'usage) ;",[643,5357,5358,5359,5362],{},"ajuster les ",[606,5360,5361],{},"paramètres de sécurité"," d'un navigateur (cookies, confidentialité) ;",[643,5364,5365,5366,5369],{},"retracer les ",[606,5367,5368],{},"grandes étapes"," du développement du Web.",[594,5371,5373],{"id":5372},"plan","Plan",[3324,5375,5376,5381,5386,5392,5397,5402],{},[643,5377,5378,5380],{},[606,5379,43],{}," — du CERN à 1990, à aujourd'hui.",[643,5382,5383,5385],{},[606,5384,47],{}," — la structure d'une adresse et le principe des liens.",[643,5387,5388,5391],{},[606,5389,5390],{},"HTML & CSS"," — séparer le fond et la forme d'une page.",[643,5393,5394,5396],{},[606,5395,55],{}," — comment votre navigateur dialogue avec un serveur.",[643,5398,5399,5401],{},[606,5400,59],{}," — principes de fonctionnement et lecture critique.",[643,5403,5404,5407],{},[606,5405,5406],{},"Sécurité et droits"," — paramètres du navigateur et notions juridiques.",[594,5409,5411],{"id":5410},"programme-officiel-couvert","Programme officiel couvert",[599,5413,5414,5415,701,5417,701,5419,701,5421,2505,5423,701,5425,701,5427,701,5429,2505,5431,1090],{},"Ce chapitre couvre les 9 items du BO de SNT Seconde sur le Web :\n",[623,5416],{"code":1066},[623,5418],{"code":1681},[623,5420],{"code":3084},[623,5422],{"code":4056},[623,5424],{"code":4593},[623,5426],{"code":4594},[623,5428],{"code":589},[623,5430],{"code":3085},[623,5432],{"code":1067},{"title":727,"searchDepth":1037,"depth":1037,"links":5434},[5435,5436,5437,5438],{"id":5293,"depth":1037,"text":5294},{"id":5307,"depth":1037,"text":5308},{"id":5372,"depth":1037,"text":5373},{"id":5410,"depth":1037,"text":5411},"Comment fonctionne le Web — des pages liées entre elles aux serveurs qui les distribuent, en passant par HTML, HTTP et les enjeux de sécurité et de droit.",{"icon":5441},"i-lucide-globe-2",[],{"title":37,"description":5439},"eSYYLx3VMoD0V2S3YEDRK9oyocLN0ucrBwFWCJ3PfJg",[5446,5681,5950,6316,6617,6832,7095],{"id":5447,"title":5448,"bo":5449,"body":5450,"description":5674,"eval":1049,"extension":1050,"labo":1049,"meta":5675,"navigation":1057,"path":5676,"quizzes":5677,"readingTime":1060,"seo":5678,"stem":5679,"tp":1049,"__hash__":5680},"coursMemo\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F1.histoire-web.memo.md","Histoire du Web — l'essentiel",[589],{"type":591,"value":5451,"toc":5667},[5452,5456,5461,5465,5515,5519,5592,5596,5617,5621],[594,5453,5455],{"id":5454},"en-une-phrase","En une phrase",[599,5457,5458],{},[606,5459,5460],{},"Le Web est une application née au CERN en 1989-1990, distincte d'Internet, et\ndont l'ouverture au domaine public en 1993 a permis l'essor mondial.",[594,5462,5464],{"id":5463},"à-mémoriser","À mémoriser",[640,5466,5467,5473,5482,5494,5503,5509],{},[643,5468,5469,5472],{},[606,5470,5471],{},"Web ≠ Internet"," : Internet est le réseau, le Web est une application qui\nl'utilise pour partager des pages liées par hyperliens.",[643,5474,5475,5477,5478,5481],{},[606,5476,740],{},", chercheur au ",[606,5479,5480],{},"CERN"," (laboratoire européen de physique\ndes particules), invente le Web pour partager des documents entre chercheurs.",[643,5483,5484,5487,5488,701,5490,701,5492,1090],{},[606,5485,5486],{},"Trois piliers techniques"," apparus en 1990 : ",[606,5489,612],{},[606,5491,616],{},[606,5493,620],{},[643,5495,5496,5498,5499,5502],{},[606,5497,756],{}," : le CERN place le Web dans le ",[606,5500,5501],{},"domaine public"," (gratuit, libre).",[643,5504,5505,5508],{},[606,5506,5507],{},"2004+"," : Web 2.0 — les utilisateurs produisent eux-mêmes le contenu.",[643,5510,5511,5514],{},[606,5512,5513],{},"2007+"," : Web mobile, suite au lancement de l'iPhone.",[594,5516,5518],{"id":5517},"frise-minimale-à-savoir-reciter","Frise minimale à savoir reciter",[785,5520,5521,5529],{},[788,5522,5523],{},[791,5524,5525,5527],{},[794,5526,796],{},[794,5528,899],{},[801,5530,5531,5539,5548,5557,5566,5574,5583],{},[791,5532,5533,5537],{},[806,5534,5535],{},[606,5536,687],{},[806,5538,928],{},[791,5540,5541,5545],{},[806,5542,5543],{},[606,5544,697],{},[806,5546,5547],{},"Premier serveur et site Web (interne au CERN) — HTML \u002F HTTP \u002F URL",[791,5549,5550,5554],{},[806,5551,5552],{},[606,5553,709],{},[806,5555,5556],{},"Premier site Web public — ouverture au monde",[791,5558,5559,5563],{},[806,5560,5561],{},[606,5562,756],{},[806,5564,5565],{},"Web dans le domaine public, navigateur Mosaic",[791,5567,5568,5572],{},[806,5569,5570],{},[606,5571,962],{},[806,5573,844],{},[791,5575,5576,5580],{},[806,5577,5578],{},[606,5579,978],{},[806,5581,5582],{},"Facebook, Web 2.0",[791,5584,5585,5589],{},[806,5586,5587],{},[606,5588,879],{},[806,5590,5591],{},"iPhone, Web mobile",[594,5593,5595],{"id":5594},"pièges-courants","Pièges courants",[640,5597,5598,5604,5610],{},[643,5599,5600,5603],{},[606,5601,5602],{},"Internet n'est pas le Web."," Le mail, la visio, les jeux en ligne utilisent\nInternet sans utiliser le Web.",[643,5605,5606,5609],{},[606,5607,5608],{},"Tim Berners-Lee n'a pas inventé Internet"," — Internet existait depuis les\nannées 1970. Il a inventé le Web.",[643,5611,5612,5613,5616],{},"Le Web n'est ",[606,5614,5615],{},"pas américain"," au départ : il est né en Europe, au CERN.",[594,5618,5620],{"id":5619},"à-savoir-reconnaître","À savoir reconnaître",[785,5622,5623,5633],{},[788,5624,5625],{},[791,5626,5627,5630],{},[794,5628,5629],{},"Situation",[794,5631,5632],{},"Réponse à donner",[801,5634,5635,5643,5651,5659],{},[791,5636,5637,5640],{},[806,5638,5639],{},"« Qui a inventé le Web ? »",[806,5641,5642],{},"Tim Berners-Lee, au CERN, en 1989.",[791,5644,5645,5648],{},[806,5646,5647],{},"« Quels sont les trois piliers techniques du Web ? »",[806,5649,5650],{},"HTML, HTTP, URL.",[791,5652,5653,5656],{},[806,5654,5655],{},"« Pourquoi le Web a-t-il pu se diffuser mondialement ? »",[806,5657,5658],{},"Mise dans le domaine public en 1993.",[791,5660,5661,5664],{},[806,5662,5663],{},"« Quelle différence entre Internet et le Web ? »",[806,5665,5666],{},"Internet = réseau ; Web = application qui s'en sert.",{"title":727,"searchDepth":1037,"depth":1037,"links":5668},[5669,5670,5671,5672,5673],{"id":5454,"depth":1037,"text":5455},{"id":5463,"depth":1037,"text":5464},{"id":5517,"depth":1037,"text":5518},{"id":5594,"depth":1037,"text":5595},{"id":5619,"depth":1037,"text":5620},"Mémo de révision sur les grandes étapes du Web.",{},"\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002Fhistoire-web.memo",[],{"title":5448,"description":5674},"0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F1.histoire-web.memo","Bv0jLQVuvv738nz-34TZHzq45lWyN9RcqGxLYQ-WQk0",{"id":5682,"title":5683,"bo":5684,"body":5685,"description":5943,"eval":1049,"extension":1050,"labo":1049,"meta":5944,"navigation":1057,"path":5945,"quizzes":5946,"readingTime":1060,"seo":5947,"stem":5948,"tp":1049,"__hash__":5949},"coursMemo\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F2.url-hypertexte.memo.md","URL et hypertexte — l'essentiel",[1066,1067],{"type":591,"value":5686,"toc":5936},[5687,5689,5697,5699,5789,5791,5851,5855,5897,5899],[594,5688,5455],{"id":5454},[599,5690,1643,5691,5693,5694,5696],{},[606,5692,620],{}," est l'adresse complète d'une ressource Web ; un ",[606,5695,1444],{},"\nest un raccourci cliquable d'une page vers une URL.",[594,5698,5464],{"id":5463},[640,5700,5701,5712,5761,5773,5779],{},[643,5702,5703,5705,5706,5708,5709,1090],{},[606,5704,620],{}," = ",[690,5707,1112],{},". Structure type :\n",[1141,5710,5711],{},"protocole:\u002F\u002Fdomaine\u002Fchemin?parametres#ancre",[643,5713,5714,5717,5718],{},[606,5715,5716],{},"Cinq parties"," d'une URL :\n",[640,5719,5720,5730,5737,5743,5751],{},[643,5721,5722,1706,5725,701,5727,5729],{},[606,5723,5724],{},"protocole",[1141,5726,1322],{},[1141,5728,1172],{},"),",[643,5731,5732,1706,5735,5729],{},[606,5733,5734],{},"nom de domaine",[1141,5736,1340],{},[643,5738,5739,1706,5741,5729],{},[606,5740,4010],{},[1141,5742,1343],{},[643,5744,5745,3553,5747,1706,5749,5729],{},[606,5746,3552],{},[1141,5748,1241],{},[1141,5750,1211],{},[643,5752,5753,3553,5756,1706,5758,1813],{},[606,5754,5755],{},"ancre",[1141,5757,1245],{},[1141,5759,5760],{},"#section",[643,5762,5763,5765,5766,5769,5770,5772],{},[606,5764,3959],{}," = HTTP ",[606,5767,5768],{},"sécurisé"," (chiffré). Indice visuel : ",[606,5771,1411],{}," dans la\nbarre d'adresse.",[643,5774,5775,5778],{},[606,5776,5777],{},"Hypertexte"," = texte qui contient des liens vers d'autres ressources.",[643,5780,4625,5781,5784,5785,5788],{},[606,5782,5783],{},"lien"," est un raccourci cliquable vers une autre URL — la ",[606,5786,5787],{},"syntaxe\nHTML"," du lien est vue au cours suivant.",[594,5790,5620],{"id":5619},[785,5792,5793,5802],{},[788,5794,5795],{},[791,5796,5797,5799],{},[794,5798,3399],{},[794,5800,5801],{},"Type",[801,5803,5804,5814,5823,5832,5841],{},[791,5805,5806,5811],{},[806,5807,5808],{},[1141,5809,5810],{},"https:\u002F\u002Fnsi.rocks\u002Fcours",[806,5812,5813],{},"URL complète",[791,5815,5816,5820],{},[806,5817,5818],{},[1141,5819,1340],{},[806,5821,5822],{},"nom de domaine seul",[791,5824,5825,5829],{},[806,5826,5827],{},[1141,5828,1343],{},[806,5830,5831],{},"chemin (relatif au domaine)",[791,5833,5834,5839],{},[806,5835,5836],{},[1141,5837,5838],{},"?lang=fr&page=2",[806,5840,3552],{},[791,5842,5843,5848],{},[806,5844,5845],{},[1141,5846,5847],{},"#section3",[806,5849,5850],{},"ancre dans une page",[594,5852,5854],{"id":5853},"quatre-familles-de-liens","Quatre familles de liens",[785,5856,5857,5867],{},[788,5858,5859],{},[791,5860,5861,5864],{},[794,5862,5863],{},"Type de lien",[794,5865,5866],{},"Cible",[801,5868,5869,5876,5883,5890],{},[791,5870,5871,5873],{},[806,5872,1499],{},[806,5874,5875],{},"un autre site",[791,5877,5878,5880],{},[806,5879,1509],{},[806,5881,5882],{},"une autre page du même site",[791,5884,5885,5887],{},[806,5886,1522],{},[806,5888,5889],{},"un endroit précis de la page courante",[791,5891,5892,5894],{},[806,5893,1532],{},[806,5895,5896],{},"une ressource disparue → erreur 404",[594,5898,5595],{"id":5594},[640,5900,5901,5907,5913,5921],{},[643,5902,5903,5906],{},[606,5904,5905],{},"Un nom de domaine n'est pas une URL."," L'URL contient en plus protocole,\nchemin, etc.",[643,5908,5909,5912],{},[606,5910,5911],{},"HTTP ≠ HTTPS."," Sans le « s », la communication n'est pas chiffrée.",[643,5914,5915,5918,5919,1090],{},[606,5916,5917],{},"Pas d'espace"," dans une URL — ils sont encodés en ",[1141,5920,1588],{},[643,5922,5923,3910,5926,5928,5929,5931,5932,5935],{},[606,5924,5925],{},"Sites malveillants",[1141,5927,1629],{}," (avec un zéro) ≠ ",[1141,5930,1633],{},". ",[606,5933,5934],{},"Lisez\ntoujours le nom de domaine"," avant de cliquer.",{"title":727,"searchDepth":1037,"depth":1037,"links":5937},[5938,5939,5940,5941,5942],{"id":5454,"depth":1037,"text":5455},{"id":5463,"depth":1037,"text":5464},{"id":5619,"depth":1037,"text":5620},{"id":5853,"depth":1037,"text":5854},{"id":5594,"depth":1037,"text":5595},"Mémo de révision sur la structure d'une URL et le principe de l'hypertexte.",{},"\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002Furl-hypertexte.memo",[],{"title":5683,"description":5943},"0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F2.url-hypertexte.memo","xjypdjLjuoa24-RckJylCMC1wEduQ0xpuCpSA6CYHgI",{"id":5951,"title":5952,"bo":5953,"body":5954,"description":6309,"eval":1049,"extension":1050,"labo":1049,"meta":6310,"navigation":1057,"path":6311,"quizzes":6312,"readingTime":1060,"seo":6313,"stem":6314,"tp":1049,"__hash__":6315},"coursMemo\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F3.html-css.memo.md","HTML et CSS — l'essentiel",[1681],{"type":591,"value":5955,"toc":6301},[5956,5958,5975,5977,6051,6055,6128,6132,6193,6213,6217,6263,6265,6298],[594,5957,5455],{"id":5454},[599,5959,5960,5962,5963,5965,5966,5968,5969,5971,5972,5974],{},[606,5961,612],{}," décrit le ",[606,5964,1713],{}," et la ",[606,5967,1717],{}," d'une page ; ",[606,5970,1722],{}," en\ndécrit la ",[606,5973,3008],{},". Le navigateur lit les deux pour dessiner la page.",[594,5976,5464],{"id":5463},[640,5978,5979,5989,6000,6015,6025,6045],{},[643,5980,5981,5705,5983,5985,5986,5988],{},[606,5982,612],{},[690,5984,1709],{},". Langage de ",[606,5987,1751],{},", pas de\nprogrammation.",[643,5990,5991,3910,5993,5996,5997,1090],{},[606,5992,1883],{},[1141,5994,5995],{},"\u003Cnom>contenu\u003C\u002Fnom>"," ou auto-fermante ",[1141,5998,5999],{},"\u003Cnom \u002F>",[643,6001,6002,6005,6006,6008,6009,6011,6012,6014],{},[606,6003,6004],{},"Squelette"," d'une page : ",[1141,6007,2322],{}," contient ",[1141,6010,2328],{}," (invisible) et ",[1141,6013,2334],{},"\n(affiché).",[643,6016,6017,5705,6019,6021,6022,1090],{},[606,6018,1722],{},[690,6020,1725],{},". Une règle s'écrit :\n",[1141,6023,6024],{},"sélecteur { propriété: valeur; }",[643,6026,6027,6030,6031,6034,6035,6038,6039,6041,6042,6044],{},[606,6028,6029],{},"3 façons"," d'attacher du CSS : fichier externe (",[1141,6032,6033],{},"\u003Clink>"," recommandé), balise\n",[1141,6036,6037],{},"\u003Cstyle>"," dans ",[1141,6040,2328],{},", attribut ",[1141,6043,2565],{}," inline.",[643,6046,6047,6050],{},[606,6048,6049],{},"Séparation fond\u002Fforme"," : un même HTML peut être stylisé pour mobile, mode\nsombre, impression, etc.",[594,6052,6054],{"id":6053},"balises-html-à-connaître","Balises HTML à connaître",[785,6056,6057,6065],{},[788,6058,6059],{},[791,6060,6061,6063],{},[794,6062,1883],{},[794,6064,1160],{},[801,6066,6067,6079,6087,6096,6104,6117],{},[791,6068,6069,6076],{},[806,6070,6071,6073,6074],{},[1141,6072,1894],{},"…",[1141,6075,1898],{},[806,6077,6078],{},"Titres",[791,6080,6081,6085],{},[806,6082,6083],{},[1141,6084,1805],{},[806,6086,1910],{},[791,6088,6089,6093],{},[806,6090,6091],{},[1141,6092,1917],{},[806,6094,6095],{},"Lien",[791,6097,6098,6102],{},[806,6099,6100],{},[1141,6101,1927],{},[806,6103,1930],{},[791,6105,6106,6114],{},[806,6107,6108,1938,6110,1938,6112],{},[1141,6109,1937],{},[1141,6111,1941],{},[1141,6113,1944],{},[806,6115,6116],{},"Listes",[791,6118,6119,6125],{},[806,6120,6121,1938,6123],{},[1141,6122,1954],{},[1141,6124,1964],{},[806,6126,6127],{},"Conteneurs génériques",[594,6129,6131],{"id":6130},"syntaxe-dun-lien","Syntaxe d'un lien",[1134,6133,6135],{"className":1776,"code":6134,"language":1778,"meta":727,"style":727},"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwikipedia.org\">Lien externe\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fcours\u002Fsb-web\">Lien interne (même site)\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Ca href=\"#histoire\">Lien d'ancre (même page)\u003C\u002Fa>\n",[1141,6136,6137,6156,6174],{"__ignoreMap":727},[1782,6138,6139,6141,6143,6145,6147,6149,6152,6154],{"class":1784,"line":1060},[1782,6140,1769],{"class":1787},[1782,6142,1289],{"class":1790},[1782,6144,1998],{"class":1851},[1782,6146,1855],{"class":1787},[1782,6148,2073],{"class":1858},[1782,6150,6151],{"class":1787},">Lien externe\u003C\u002F",[1782,6153,1289],{"class":1790},[1782,6155,1798],{"class":1787},[1782,6157,6158,6160,6162,6164,6166,6168,6170,6172],{"class":1784,"line":1037},[1782,6159,1769],{"class":1787},[1782,6161,1289],{"class":1790},[1782,6163,1998],{"class":1851},[1782,6165,1855],{"class":1787},[1782,6167,2093],{"class":1858},[1782,6169,2096],{"class":1787},[1782,6171,1289],{"class":1790},[1782,6173,1798],{"class":1787},[1782,6175,6176,6178,6180,6182,6184,6186,6189,6191],{"class":1784,"line":1659},[1782,6177,1769],{"class":1787},[1782,6179,1289],{"class":1790},[1782,6181,1998],{"class":1851},[1782,6183,1855],{"class":1787},[1782,6185,2113],{"class":1858},[1782,6187,6188],{"class":1787},">Lien d'ancre (même page)\u003C\u002F",[1782,6190,1289],{"class":1790},[1782,6192,1798],{"class":1787},[640,6194,6195,6200,6205],{},[643,6196,6197,6199],{},[1141,6198,1974],{}," : balise du lien.",[643,6201,6202,6204],{},[1141,6203,2030],{}," : URL de destination.",[643,6206,6207,6208,634,6210,6212],{},"Texte entre ",[1141,6209,1974],{},[1141,6211,2047],{}," : ce qui s'affiche et se clique.",[594,6214,6216],{"id":6215},"syntaxe-css-minimale","Syntaxe CSS minimale",[1134,6218,6219],{"className":2410,"code":2411,"language":2412,"meta":727,"style":727},[1141,6220,6221,6227,6237,6249,6259],{"__ignoreMap":727},[1782,6222,6223,6225],{"class":1784,"line":1060},[1782,6224,2235],{"class":1790},[1782,6226,2421],{"class":1787},[1782,6228,6229,6231,6233,6235],{"class":1784,"line":1037},[1782,6230,2427],{"class":2426},[1782,6232,2430],{"class":1787},[1782,6234,2433],{"class":2426},[1782,6236,2436],{"class":1787},[1782,6238,6239,6241,6243,6245,6247],{"class":1784,"line":1659},[1782,6240,2441],{"class":2426},[1782,6242,2430],{"class":1787},[1782,6244,2446],{"class":2426},[1782,6246,2450],{"class":2449},[1782,6248,2436],{"class":1787},[1782,6250,6251,6253,6255,6257],{"class":1784,"line":2194},[1782,6252,2457],{"class":2426},[1782,6254,2430],{"class":1787},[1782,6256,2462],{"class":2426},[1782,6258,2436],{"class":1787},[1782,6260,6261],{"class":1784,"line":2210},[1782,6262,2469],{"class":1787},[594,6264,5595],{"id":5594},[640,6266,6267,6277,6283,6289],{},[643,6268,6269],{},[606,6270,6271,6273,6274,6276],{},[1141,6272,2365],{}," (onglet) ≠ ",[1141,6275,1894],{}," (titre de la page).",[643,6278,6279,6282],{},[606,6280,6281],{},"Toute balise ouverte doit être fermée",", sauf les auto-fermantes.",[643,6284,6285,6288],{},[606,6286,6287],{},"HTML et CSS ne « calculent » rien"," — pour rendre une page interactive, il\nfaut un troisième langage : JavaScript.",[643,6290,6291,6297],{},[606,6292,2936,6293,6296],{},[1141,6294,6295],{},"style=\"…\""," inline"," marche, mais devient vite ingérable. Préférer le\nfichier externe.",[2565,6299,6300],{},"html pre.shiki code .sxrX7, html code.shiki .sxrX7{--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sovSZ, html code.shiki .sovSZ{--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-default:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D}html pre.shiki code .snPdu, html code.shiki .snPdu{--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .sIIMD, html code.shiki .sIIMD{--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sBjJW, html code.shiki .sBjJW{--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .s8jYJ, html code.shiki .s8jYJ{--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}",{"title":727,"searchDepth":1037,"depth":1037,"links":6302},[6303,6304,6305,6306,6307,6308],{"id":5454,"depth":1037,"text":5455},{"id":5463,"depth":1037,"text":5464},{"id":6053,"depth":1037,"text":6054},{"id":6130,"depth":1037,"text":6131},{"id":6215,"depth":1037,"text":6216},{"id":5594,"depth":1037,"text":5595},"Mémo de révision sur la structure HTML et la présentation CSS.",{},"\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002Fhtml-css.memo",[],{"title":5952,"description":6309},"0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F3.html-css.memo","TyGL43jZdFANAb5ffsKP03nzY7JdghbcFkyzVNTN5zs",{"id":6317,"title":6318,"bo":6319,"body":6320,"description":6610,"eval":1049,"extension":1050,"labo":1049,"meta":6611,"navigation":1057,"path":6612,"quizzes":6613,"readingTime":1060,"seo":6614,"stem":6615,"tp":1049,"__hash__":6616},"coursMemo\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F4.client-serveur-http.memo.md","Client-serveur et HTTP — l'essentiel",[3084,3085],{"type":591,"value":6321,"toc":6602},[6322,6324,6334,6336,6395,6399,6459,6463,6497,6532,6536,6574,6576,6600],[594,6323,5455],{"id":5454},[599,6325,3986,6326,3990,6328,6330,6331,6333],{},[606,6327,3989],{},[606,6329,3141],{}," via\nune requête HTTP, le serveur ",[606,6332,3149],{}," avec un code de statut et un contenu.",[594,6335,5464],{"id":5463},[640,6337,6338,6344,6350,6357,6364,6376,6389],{},[643,6339,6340,6343],{},[606,6341,6342],{},"Client"," = ordinateur qui demande (votre navigateur).",[643,6345,6346,6349],{},[606,6347,6348],{},"Serveur"," = ordinateur qui répond (machine distante, allumée 24h\u002F24).",[643,6351,6352,5705,6354,6356],{},[606,6353,616],{},[690,6355,3105],{},". La langue du dialogue.",[643,6358,6359,5765,6361,6363],{},[606,6360,3959],{},[606,6362,5768],{}," (chiffré).",[643,6365,6366,6369,6370,6372,6373,6375],{},[606,6367,6368],{},"Méthodes HTTP"," principales : ",[1141,6371,3356],{}," (afficher une page), ",[1141,6374,3519],{}," (envoyer\nun formulaire).",[643,6377,6378,6380,6381,4021,6383,6385,6386,1090],{},[606,6379,1206],{}," dans une URL : après ",[1141,6382,1241],{},[1141,6384,1252],{},".\nEx. ",[1141,6387,6388],{},"?q=meteo&hl=fr",[643,6390,6391,6394],{},[606,6392,6393],{},"Réponse"," = code de statut + contenu.",[594,6396,6398],{"id":6397},"codes-de-statut-à-connaître","Codes de statut à connaître",[785,6400,6401,6409],{},[788,6402,6403],{},[791,6404,6405,6407],{},[794,6406,3792],{},[794,6408,3501],{},[801,6410,6411,6420,6431,6440,6450],{},[791,6412,6413,6417],{},[806,6414,6415],{},[1141,6416,3753],{},[806,6418,6419],{},"Ressource trouvée et envoyée",[791,6421,6422,6428],{},[806,6423,6424,1938,6426],{},[1141,6425,3819],{},[1141,6427,3822],{},[806,6429,6430],{},"Redirection (la page a déménagé)",[791,6432,6433,6438],{},[806,6434,6435],{},[1141,6436,6437],{},"403 Forbidden",[806,6439,3841],{},[791,6441,6442,6447],{},[806,6443,6444],{},[1141,6445,6446],{},"404 Not Found",[806,6448,6449],{},"Page introuvable",[791,6451,6452,6457],{},[806,6453,6454],{},[1141,6455,6456],{},"500 Internal Server Error",[806,6458,3867],{},[594,6460,6462],{"id":6461},"décomposer-une-requête","Décomposer une requête",[1134,6464,6466],{"className":3348,"code":6465,"language":1322,"meta":727,"style":727},"GET \u002Fcours\u002Fsb-web HTTP\u002F1.1\nHost: nsi.rocks\nUser-Agent: Mozilla\u002F5.0\n",[1141,6467,6468,6480,6488],{"__ignoreMap":727},[1782,6469,6470,6472,6474,6476,6478],{"class":1784,"line":1060},[1782,6471,3356],{"class":2449},[1782,6473,3359],{"class":1787},[1782,6475,616],{"class":2449},[1782,6477,1237],{"class":1787},[1782,6479,3366],{"class":2426},[1782,6481,6482,6484,6486],{"class":1784,"line":1037},[1782,6483,3371],{"class":1790},[1782,6485,3374],{"class":2449},[1782,6487,3377],{"class":1858},[1782,6489,6490,6492,6494],{"class":1784,"line":1659},[1782,6491,3382],{"class":1790},[1782,6493,3374],{"class":2449},[1782,6495,6496],{"class":1858}," Mozilla\u002F5.0\n",[640,6498,6499,6505,6511,6517],{},[643,6500,6501,3910,6503],{},[606,6502,3412],{},[1141,6504,3356],{},[643,6506,6507,3910,6509],{},[606,6508,1193],{},[1141,6510,1343],{},[643,6512,6513,3910,6515],{},[606,6514,3439],{},[1141,6516,3444],{},[643,6518,6519,1706,6522,6525,6526,6528,6529,6531],{},[606,6520,6521],{},"En-têtes",[690,6523,6524],{},"headers",") : ",[1141,6527,3371],{}," (quel site), ",[1141,6530,3382],{}," (quel navigateur).",[594,6533,6535],{"id":6534},"côté-client-vs-côté-serveur","Côté client vs côté serveur",[785,6537,6538,6548],{},[788,6539,6540],{},[791,6541,6542,6545],{},[794,6543,6544],{},"Côté client",[794,6546,6547],{},"Côté serveur",[801,6549,6550,6558,6566],{},[791,6551,6552,6555],{},[806,6553,6554],{},"Affichage HTML\u002FCSS",[806,6556,6557],{},"Stockage des fichiers",[791,6559,6560,6563],{},[806,6561,6562],{},"Exécution JavaScript local",[806,6564,6565],{},"Génération dynamique (PHP, Python)",[791,6567,6568,6571],{},[806,6569,6570],{},"Réaction aux clics",[806,6572,6573],{},"Base de données",[594,6575,5595],{"id":5594},[640,6577,6578,6588,6594],{},[643,6579,6580,6585,6586,1090],{},[606,6581,6582,6584],{},[1141,6583,3356],{}," ne convient pas pour un mot de passe"," — il apparaît dans l'URL et\nl'historique. Utiliser ",[1141,6587,3519],{},[643,6589,6590,6593],{},[606,6591,6592],{},"HTTP n'est pas chiffré."," Sur Wi-Fi public, préférer HTTPS.",[643,6595,6596,6599],{},[606,6597,6598],{},"Une page = plusieurs requêtes"," : HTML + chaque image + chaque CSS + chaque\nscript = autant de requêtes HTTP distinctes.",[2565,6601,4026],{},{"title":727,"searchDepth":1037,"depth":1037,"links":6603},[6604,6605,6606,6607,6608,6609],{"id":5454,"depth":1037,"text":5455},{"id":5463,"depth":1037,"text":5464},{"id":6397,"depth":1037,"text":6398},{"id":6461,"depth":1037,"text":6462},{"id":6534,"depth":1037,"text":6535},{"id":5594,"depth":1037,"text":5595},"Mémo de révision sur le modèle client-serveur et les requêtes HTTP.",{},"\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002Fclient-serveur-http.memo",[],{"title":6318,"description":6610},"0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F4.client-serveur-http.memo","RSxGQWOJisiRR3k-A_8t4eDT0ZMndIuwZ7Ihuc3EIws",{"id":6618,"title":6619,"bo":6620,"body":6621,"description":6825,"eval":1049,"extension":1050,"labo":1049,"meta":6826,"navigation":1057,"path":6827,"quizzes":6828,"readingTime":1060,"seo":6829,"stem":6830,"tp":1049,"__hash__":6831},"coursMemo\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F5.moteurs-recherche.memo.md","Moteurs de recherche — l'essentiel",[4056],{"type":591,"value":6622,"toc":6818},[6623,6625,6634,6636,6689,6693,6737,6739,6791,6793],[594,6624,5455],{"id":5454},[599,6626,4551,6627,701,6629,634,6631,6633],{},[606,6628,4554],{},[606,6630,4558],{},[606,6632,4221],{}," le Web à\nl'avance ; la liste qu'il vous montre n'est ni neutre ni complète.",[594,6635,5464],{"id":5463},[640,6637,6638,6663,6674,6683],{},[643,6639,6640,6643,6644],{},[606,6641,6642],{},"Trois étapes"," internes :\n",[640,6645,6646,6653,6658],{},[643,6647,6648,1706,6650,6652],{},[606,6649,4118],{},[690,6651,4121],{},") : des robots parcourent le Web et lisent\nles pages.",[643,6654,6655,6657],{},[606,6656,4127],{}," : les mots-clés trouvés sont rangés dans un grand\ndictionnaire (l'index).",[643,6659,6660,6662],{},[606,6661,4136],{}," : à votre requête, le moteur consulte son index et trie\nles résultats par pertinence estimée.",[643,6664,6665,6666,6668,6669,701,6671,6673],{},"Critères de classement : présence des mots-clés, ",[606,6667,4240],{}," (liens\nentrants), qualité, ",[606,6670,4257],{},[606,6672,4261],{},", publicités.",[643,6675,6676,6679,6680,1090],{},[606,6677,6678],{},"Modèle économique"," : la recherche est gratuite, financée par la\n",[606,6681,6682],{},"publicité ciblée",[643,6684,6685,6688],{},[606,6686,6687],{},"Résultats personnalisés"," : deux personnes ≠ même liste pour la même\nrequête.",[594,6690,6692],{"id":6691},"lecture-critique-en-5-réflexes","Lecture critique en 5 réflexes",[3324,6694,6695,6707,6716,6721,6727],{},[643,6696,6697,6699,6700,6703,6704,1813],{},[606,6698,4406],{}," (mention ",[690,6701,6702],{},"« Annonce »"," ou ",[690,6705,6706],{},"« Sponsorisé »",[643,6708,6709,1706,6711,701,6713,6715],{},[606,6710,4412],{},[1141,6712,4418],{},[1141,6714,4415],{},", ou un blog inconnu ?).",[643,6717,6718,6720],{},[606,6719,4427],{}," de la page.",[643,6722,6723,6726],{},[606,6724,6725],{},"Croiser"," au moins deux sources.",[643,6728,6729,6732,6733,6736],{},[606,6730,6731],{},"Identifier l'auteur"," et le ",[606,6734,6735],{},"but"," du site (informer \u002F vendre \u002F convaincre).",[594,6738,5620],{"id":5619},[785,6740,6741,6750],{},[788,6742,6743],{},[791,6744,6745,6748],{},[794,6746,6747],{},"Élément sur une page de résultats",[794,6749,3501],{},[801,6751,6752,6764,6772,6780],{},[791,6753,6754,6757],{},[806,6755,6756],{},"Mention « Annonce »",[806,6758,6759,6760,6763],{},"Résultat ",[606,6761,6762],{},"payé"," par un annonceur",[791,6765,6766,6769],{},[806,6767,6768],{},"Encadré « Knowledge graph »",[806,6770,6771],{},"Résumé extrait par le moteur",[791,6773,6774,6777],{},[806,6775,6776],{},"Petit lien gris « Plus de résultats »",[806,6778,6779],{},"Pages similaires masquées",[791,6781,6782,6785],{},[806,6783,6784],{},"Position #1",[806,6786,6787,6788,6790],{},"Souvent le plus populaire, ",[606,6789,1419],{}," forcément le plus fiable",[594,6792,5595],{"id":5594},[640,6794,6795,6800,6806,6812],{},[643,6796,6797],{},[606,6798,6799],{},"Le premier résultat n'est pas forcément le meilleur.",[643,6801,6802,6805],{},[606,6803,6804],{},"Tous les moteurs ne se valent pas"," (Google, Qwant, DuckDuckGo, Ecosia).",[643,6807,6808,6811],{},[606,6809,6810],{},"Absence de résultat ≠ inexistence"," — la page n'est peut-être pas indexée.",[643,6813,6814,6815,6817],{},"Une publication en ligne est ",[606,6816,4493],{}," : penser à long terme.",{"title":727,"searchDepth":1037,"depth":1037,"links":6819},[6820,6821,6822,6823,6824],{"id":5454,"depth":1037,"text":5455},{"id":5463,"depth":1037,"text":5464},{"id":6691,"depth":1037,"text":6692},{"id":5619,"depth":1037,"text":5620},{"id":5594,"depth":1037,"text":5595},"Mémo de révision sur le fonctionnement et la lecture critique des moteurs de recherche.",{},"\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002Fmoteurs-recherche.memo",[],{"title":6619,"description":6825},"0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F5.moteurs-recherche.memo","-RSQ1lrF-ToXifFKGi2Ld7p6BzfUfu08vUiJkIXOfoM",{"id":6833,"title":6834,"bo":6835,"body":6836,"description":7088,"eval":1049,"extension":1050,"labo":1049,"meta":7089,"navigation":1057,"path":7090,"quizzes":7091,"readingTime":1060,"seo":7092,"stem":7093,"tp":1049,"__hash__":7094},"coursMemo\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F6.securite-droits.memo.md","Sécurité et droits — l'essentiel",[4593,4594],{"type":591,"value":6837,"toc":7080},[6838,6840,6851,6855,6881,6885,6946,6950,6984,6988,7054,7056],[594,6839,5455],{"id":5454},[599,6841,6842,6843,6846,6847,6850],{},"Naviguer en sécurité, c'est ",[606,6844,6845],{},"régler son navigateur"," (cookies, mode privé,\nHTTPS) ",[606,6848,6849],{},"et respecter le droit"," (droit d'auteur, licences, droit à l'image).",[594,6852,6854],{"id":6853},"_4-idées-force-à-graver","4 idées-force à graver",[3324,6856,6857,6863,6869,6875],{},[643,6858,6859,6862],{},[606,6860,6861],{},"HTTPS = chiffré, HTTP = exposé"," — vérifier le cadenas avant toute saisie sensible.",[643,6864,6865,6868],{},[606,6866,6867],{},"Mes cookies = mes traces"," — bloquer les cookies tiers, refuser ce qui n'est pas nécessaire.",[643,6870,6871,6874],{},[606,6872,6873],{},"L'image d'autrui ne m'appartient pas"," — droit à l'image, distinct du droit d'auteur.",[643,6876,6877,6880],{},[606,6878,6879],{},"CC = liberté contrôlée"," — chercher la licence ou demander avant de réutiliser.",[594,6882,6884],{"id":6883},"sécurité-du-navigateur-à-mémoriser","Sécurité du navigateur — à mémoriser",[640,6886,6887,6907,6921,6931],{},[643,6888,6889,6892,6893],{},[606,6890,6891],{},"Cookie"," : petit fichier déposé par le serveur dans votre navigateur.\n",[640,6894,6895,6901],{},[643,6896,6897,6900],{},[606,6898,6899],{},"Utiles"," : connexion, panier, préférences.",[643,6902,6903,6906],{},[606,6904,6905],{},"À limiter"," : cookies tiers (pistage publicitaire).",[643,6908,6909,6912,6913,6916,6917,6920],{},[606,6910,6911],{},"Mode privé"," : pas d'historique ",[606,6914,6915],{},"local"," sauvegardé. ",[606,6918,6919],{},"N'efface pas","\nce que voient le fournisseur d'accès, le lycée, les sites visités.",[643,6922,6923,6926,6927,6930],{},[606,6924,6925],{},"HTTPS + cadenas"," : connexion chiffrée. Ne ",[606,6928,6929],{},"jamais ignorer"," un\navertissement de certificat.",[643,6932,6933,6936,6937,6940,6941,6943,6944,1813],{},[606,6934,6935],{},"Hameçonnage"," : ne pas cliquer sur un lien inconnu, lire le ",[606,6938,6939],{},"nom de\ndomaine"," avec attention (",[1141,6942,1629],{}," ≠ ",[1141,6945,1633],{},[594,6947,6949],{"id":6948},"notions-juridiques-à-mémoriser","Notions juridiques — à mémoriser",[640,6951,6952,6966,6972,6978],{},[643,6953,6954,6957,6958,6961,6962,6965],{},[606,6955,6956],{},"Droit d'auteur"," : automatique dès la création d'une œuvre. Droits\n",[606,6959,6960],{},"moraux"," (perpétuels) + droits ",[606,6963,6964],{},"patrimoniaux"," (70 ans après la mort).",[643,6967,6968,6971],{},[606,6969,6970],{},"Droit d'usage"," : ce que l'utilisateur a le droit de faire avec une\nressource (lecture, citation, copie).",[643,6973,6974,6977],{},[606,6975,6976],{},"Licence"," : contrat qui précise les droits d'usage (Creative Commons,\nGPL…).",[643,6979,6980,6983],{},[606,6981,6982],{},"Bien numérique"," : copiable à coût quasi nul → valeur dans le droit\nd'usage, pas dans le support.",[594,6985,6987],{"id":6986},"creative-commons-petite-grille","Creative Commons — petite grille",[785,6989,6990,6998],{},[788,6991,6992],{},[791,6993,6994,6996],{},[794,6995,4957],{},[794,6997,3501],{},[801,6999,7000,7009,7021,7032,7043],{},[791,7001,7002,7006],{},[806,7003,7004],{},[606,7005,4968],{},[806,7007,7008],{},"Libre + citer l'auteur",[791,7010,7011,7015],{},[806,7012,7013],{},[606,7014,4981],{},[806,7016,7017,7018],{},"Libre + citer + ",[606,7019,7020],{},"partager pareil",[791,7022,7023,7027],{},[806,7024,7025],{},[606,7026,4995],{},[806,7028,7017,7029],{},[606,7030,7031],{},"pas commercial",[791,7033,7034,7038],{},[806,7035,7036],{},[606,7037,5011],{},[806,7039,7017,7040],{},[606,7041,7042],{},"sans modif",[791,7044,7045,7049],{},[806,7046,7047],{},[606,7048,5027],{},[806,7050,5030,7051,7053],{},[606,7052,5033],{}," (équivalent domaine public)",[594,7055,5595],{"id":5594},[640,7057,7058,7063,7069,7074],{},[643,7059,7060],{},[606,7061,7062],{},"Mode privé ≠ anonyme.",[643,7064,7065,7068],{},[606,7066,7067],{},"Une image trouvée sur Google n'est pas libre par défaut."," Vérifier la\nlicence ou demander l'autorisation.",[643,7070,7071],{},[606,7072,7073],{},"Logiciel gratuit ≠ logiciel libre.",[643,7075,7076,7079],{},[606,7077,7078],{},"Photo de quelqu'un"," : droit à l'image (distinct du droit d'auteur).",{"title":727,"searchDepth":1037,"depth":1037,"links":7081},[7082,7083,7084,7085,7086,7087],{"id":5454,"depth":1037,"text":5455},{"id":6853,"depth":1037,"text":6854},{"id":6883,"depth":1037,"text":6884},{"id":6948,"depth":1037,"text":6949},{"id":6986,"depth":1037,"text":6987},{"id":5594,"depth":1037,"text":5595},"Mémo de révision sur les paramètres de sécurité du navigateur et les notions juridiques.",{},"\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002Fsecurite-droits.memo",[],{"title":6834,"description":7088},"0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F6.securite-droits.memo","4bnUM-0hEELparA0toP6AFIhe0vBp9YdD1yDb8357bw",{"id":7096,"title":7097,"bo":7098,"body":7099,"description":7545,"eval":1049,"extension":1050,"labo":1049,"meta":7546,"navigation":1057,"path":7548,"quizzes":7549,"readingTime":1060,"seo":7577,"stem":7578,"tp":1049,"__hash__":7579},"coursMemo\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002Fchapitre.memo.md","Le Web — synthèse de chapitre",[1066,1681,3084,4056,4593,4594,589,3085,1067],{"type":591,"value":7100,"toc":7539},[7101,7105,7116,7140,7170,7180,7190,7194,7277,7281,7326,7330,7353,7392,7425,7454,7464,7476,7484,7512],[594,7102,7104],{"id":7103},"vue-densemble","Vue d'ensemble",[599,7106,7107,7108,7111,7112,7115],{},"Ce chapitre vous a fait traverser le Web par couches successives. Vous avez\nd'abord posé sa ",[606,7109,7110],{},"chronologie"," : né au CERN en 1989 sous la plume de Tim\nBerners-Lee, devenu domaine public en 1993, propulsé par Mosaic puis par les\ngéants des années 1990, transformé en espace social en 2004 et en espace\nmobile en 2007. Vous savez que le Web ",[606,7113,7114],{},"n'est pas Internet"," — c'est une\napplication qui s'appuie sur Internet et coexiste avec d'autres usages\n(mail, visio, jeu en ligne).",[599,7117,7118,7119,7121,7122,7124,7125,7127,7128,7130,7131,7133,7134,7136,7137,7139],{},"Vous avez ensuite ouvert le capot technique. Une ",[606,7120,620],{}," est l'adresse\nstructurée d'une ressource : protocole, nom de domaine, chemin, éventuels\nparamètres et ancre. Un ",[606,7123,1444],{}," est le mécanisme qui transforme\nun mot affiché en raccourci cliquable vers une autre URL : c'est ce qui donne\nau Web sa structure en « toile d'araignée ». Vous avez vu que ",[606,7126,612],{}," sert\nà décrire la ",[606,7129,1717],{}," d'une page (avec des balises) et que ",[606,7132,1722],{}," sert\nà en décrire la ",[606,7135,3008],{}," (avec des règles ",[1141,7138,6024],{},"). Cette séparation rend le Web flexible et adaptable.",[599,7141,7142,7143,7145,7146,7148,7149,7151,7152,6703,7154,7156,7157,7159,7160,7162,7163,701,7165,701,7167,7169],{},"Vous avez compris que derrière chaque page chargée se cache un dialogue\n",[606,7144,3989],{}," suivant le protocole ",[606,7147,616],{}," : le navigateur envoie une\n",[606,7150,3112],{}," (méthode ",[1141,7153,3356],{},[1141,7155,3519],{},", chemin, en-têtes, parfois des\nparamètres dans l'URL après ",[1141,7158,1241],{},"), et le serveur renvoie une ",[606,7161,3116],{}," qui\ncommence par un code de statut (",[1141,7164,3806],{},[1141,7166,3848],{},[1141,7168,3819],{},"…). Une seule page peut\ndéclencher des dizaines de ces dialogues — un par image, par feuille CSS, par\nscript.",[599,7171,7172,7173,7175,7176,7179],{},"Côté usage critique, vous avez vu que les ",[606,7174,4066],{},"\nfonctionnent en trois temps (exploration, indexation, classement) et que la\nliste qu'ils proposent ",[606,7177,7178],{},"n'est pas neutre"," — elle dépend de critères\ntechniques, économiques (publicités) et personnels (historique,\nlocalisation). Vous avez les réflexes pour lire ces résultats : repérer les\npublicités, vérifier l'auteur, croiser les sources.",[599,7181,7182,7183,7186,7187,7189],{},"Enfin, vous avez les bases d'une navigation ",[606,7184,7185],{},"responsable"," : régler son\nnavigateur (cookies tiers, mode privé, vérifier HTTPS, anti-hameçonnage), et\nrespecter la loi (droit d'auteur automatique pour les créateurs, droit\nd'usage et licences libres comme ",[606,7188,4947],{}," pour les\nutilisateurs).",[594,7191,7193],{"id":7192},"carte-des-notions","Carte des notions",[785,7195,7196,7209],{},[788,7197,7198],{},[791,7199,7200,7203,7206],{},[794,7201,7202],{},"Cours",[794,7204,7205],{},"Items BO",[794,7207,7208],{},"Notions reliées",[801,7210,7211,7221,7232,7245,7256,7266],{},[791,7212,7213,7216,7218],{},[806,7214,7215],{},"1. Histoire du Web",[806,7217,589],{},[806,7219,7220],{},"CERN, Berners-Lee, 1989, domaine public, Web 2.0, Web mobile",[791,7222,7223,7226,7229],{},[806,7224,7225],{},"2. URL et hypertexte",[806,7227,7228],{},"SB01, SB09",[806,7230,7231],{},"Décomposition URL, lien hypertexte (concept), HTTPS, page sécurisée",[791,7233,7234,7237,7239],{},[806,7235,7236],{},"3. HTML et CSS",[806,7238,1681],{},[806,7240,7241,7242,7244],{},"Balisage HTML (incluant balise ",[1141,7243,1974],{}," du lien), règles CSS, séparation fond\u002Fforme",[791,7246,7247,7250,7253],{},[806,7248,7249],{},"4. Client-serveur et HTTP",[806,7251,7252],{},"SB03, SB08",[806,7254,7255],{},"GET\u002FPOST, codes 200\u002F404, paramètres, en-têtes",[791,7257,7258,7261,7263],{},[806,7259,7260],{},"5. Moteurs de recherche",[806,7262,4056],{},[806,7264,7265],{},"Crawling, indexation, classement, lecture critique",[791,7267,7268,7271,7274],{},[806,7269,7270],{},"6. Sécurité et droits",[806,7272,7273],{},"SB05, SB06",[806,7275,7276],{},"Cookies, mode privé, droit d'auteur, Creative Commons",[594,7278,7280],{"id":7279},"comment-les-notions-sarticulent","Comment les notions s'articulent",[640,7282,7283,7292,7310,7315],{},[643,7284,7285,7286,7288,7289,7291],{},"L'",[606,7287,620],{}," (cours 2) est ce que le navigateur envoie dans la ",[606,7290,5344],{},"\n(cours 4).",[643,7293,2936,7294,7296,7297,7299,7300,7305,7306,7309],{},[606,7295,612],{}," reçu en réponse (cours 4) est interprété et stylisé avec ",[606,7298,1722],{},"\n(cours 3) ; la ",[606,7301,7302,7303],{},"balise ",[1141,7304,1974],{}," apprise en HTML (cours 3) matérialise les\n",[606,7307,7308],{},"liens hypertexte"," dont on a vu le concept au cours 2 et qui permettent de\nnaviguer.",[643,7311,2976,7312,7314],{},[606,7313,4066],{}," (cours 5) explorent le Web en suivant ces\nmêmes liens hypertexte (cours 2) et en faisant des requêtes HTTP\n(cours 4).",[643,7316,7317,7318,7321,7322,7325],{},"Tout cela existe depuis la ",[606,7319,7320],{},"fin du XXᵉ siècle"," (cours 1) et s'utilise\naujourd'hui dans un ",[606,7323,7324],{},"cadre juridique"," (cours 6) qu'il faut connaître.",[594,7327,7329],{"id":7328},"auto-évaluation","Auto-évaluation",[719,7331,7333,7337],{"correct":721,"slug":7332},"sb-web-1-q1",[725,7334,7335],{"v-slot:question":727},[599,7336,730],{},[725,7338,7339],{"v-slot:choices":727},[640,7340,7341,7344,7347,7350],{},[643,7342,7343],{},"Bill Gates en 1985, à Microsoft",[643,7345,7346],{},"Tim Berners-Lee en 1989, au CERN",[643,7348,7349],{},"Steve Jobs en 1990, chez Apple",[643,7351,7352],{},"Mark Zuckerberg en 2004, à Harvard",[719,7354,7356,7365],{"correct":721,"slug":7355},"sb-web-1-q2",[725,7357,7358],{"v-slot:question":727},[599,7359,7360,7361,1385,7363,2135],{},"Que signifie le ",[1141,7362,1384],{},[1141,7364,1172],{},[725,7366,7367],{"v-slot:choices":727},[640,7368,7369,7375,7380,7386],{},[643,7370,7371,7374],{},[690,7372,7373],{},"system"," (système d'exploitation)",[643,7376,7377,7379],{},[690,7378,1394],{}," (la communication est chiffrée)",[643,7381,7382,7385],{},[690,7383,7384],{},"server"," (c'est un serveur)",[643,7387,7388,7391],{},[690,7389,7390],{},"standard"," (norme officielle)",[719,7393,7395,7405],{"correct":2349,"slug":7394},"sb-web-1-q3",[725,7396,7397],{"v-slot:question":727},[599,7398,1352,7399,7402,7403,2135],{},[1141,7400,7401],{},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nsi.rocks\u002Fcours\u002Fsb-web?lang=fr#section3",", quelle partie est l'",[606,7404,5755],{},[725,7406,7407],{"v-slot:choices":727},[640,7408,7409,7413,7417,7421],{},[643,7410,7411],{},[1141,7412,1172],{},[643,7414,7415],{},[1141,7416,1185],{},[643,7418,7419],{},[1141,7420,5847],{},[643,7422,7423],{},[1141,7424,1211],{},[719,7426,7429,7438],{"correct":7427,"slug":7428},"0,2","sb-web-1-q4",[725,7430,7431],{"v-slot:question":727},[599,7432,7433,7434,7437],{},"Lesquelles de ces affirmations sont ",[606,7435,7436],{},"vraies"," ? (plusieurs réponses)",[725,7439,7440],{"v-slot:choices":727},[640,7441,7442,7445,7448,7451],{},[643,7443,7444],{},"HTML décrit la structure d'une page",[643,7446,7447],{},"HTML décrit la couleur des éléments",[643,7449,7450],{},"CSS décrit la présentation",[643,7452,7453],{},"CSS est un langage de programmation",[7455,7456,7459],"self-eval-free-text",{"answer":3848,"case-sensitive":7457,"slug":7458},"false","sb-web-1-q5",[725,7460,7461],{"v-slot:question":727},[599,7462,7463],{},"Quel code HTTP signifie « page introuvable » ?",[7455,7465,7467],{"answer":3356,"case-sensitive":7457,"slug":7466},"sb-web-1-q6",[725,7468,7469],{"v-slot:question":727},[599,7470,7471,7472,7475],{},"Quelle méthode HTTP votre navigateur utilise-t-il pour ",[606,7473,7474],{},"récupérer"," simplement une page Web (sans envoyer de données) ?",[7455,7477,7479],{"answer":5480,"case-sensitive":7457,"slug":7478},"sb-web-1-q7",[725,7480,7481],{"v-slot:question":727},[599,7482,7483],{},"Dans quel laboratoire le Web a-t-il été inventé ? (Donnez le sigle.)",[7485,7486,7488,7493],"self-eval-ordering",{"slug":7487},"sb-web-1-q8",[725,7489,7490],{"v-slot:question":727},[599,7491,7492],{},"Ordonnez les étapes du fonctionnement d'un moteur de recherche :",[725,7494,7495],{"v-slot:items":727},[640,7496,7497,7500,7503,7506,7509],{},[643,7498,7499],{},"Exploration : des robots parcourent le Web",[643,7501,7502],{},"Indexation : les mots-clés sont rangés dans un grand index",[643,7504,7505],{},"Vous tapez une question dans la barre de recherche",[643,7507,7508],{},"Classement : le moteur trie les pages pertinentes par ordre",[643,7510,7511],{},"Affichage de la liste de résultats à l'écran",[7485,7513,7515,7520],{"slug":7514},"sb-web-1-q9",[725,7516,7517],{"v-slot:question":727},[599,7518,7519],{},"Ordonnez les étapes du chargement d'une page Web (après avoir tapé l'URL) :",[725,7521,7522],{"v-slot:items":727},[640,7523,7524,7527,7530,7533,7536],{},[643,7525,7526],{},"Le navigateur résout le nom de domaine en adresse IP (DNS)",[643,7528,7529],{},"Le navigateur envoie une requête HTTP au serveur",[643,7531,7532],{},"Le serveur traite la requête et prépare une réponse",[643,7534,7535],{},"Le serveur renvoie la réponse HTTP avec le code 200 et le contenu HTML",[643,7537,7538],{},"Le navigateur analyse le HTML et affiche la page",{"title":727,"searchDepth":1037,"depth":1037,"links":7540},[7541,7542,7543,7544],{"id":7103,"depth":1037,"text":7104},{"id":7192,"depth":1037,"text":7193},{"id":7279,"depth":1037,"text":7280},{"id":7328,"depth":1037,"text":7329},"Vue d'ensemble du chapitre, points-clés à mémoriser et auto-évaluation finale.",{"self_eval_slug":7547},"snt-2nde-sb-web","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002Fchapitre.memo",[7550,7552,7559,7562,7565,7569,7571,7572,7575],{"slug":7332,"kind":1055,"question":730,"choices":7551,"correct":721,"multi":1057,"explanation":727},[7343,7346,7349,7352],{"slug":7355,"kind":1055,"question":7553,"choices":7554,"correct":721,"multi":1057,"explanation":727},"Que signifie le s à la fin de https ?",[7555,7556,7557,7558],"system (système d'exploitation)","secure (la communication est chiffrée)","server (c'est un serveur)","standard (norme officielle)",{"slug":7394,"kind":1055,"question":7560,"choices":7561,"correct":2349,"multi":1057,"explanation":727},"Dans l'URL https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nsi.rocks\u002Fcours\u002Fsb-web?lang=fr#section3, quelle partie est l'ancre ?",[1172,1185,5847,1211],{"slug":7428,"kind":1055,"question":7563,"choices":7564,"correct":7427,"multi":1052,"explanation":727},"Lesquelles de ces affirmations sont vraies ? (plusieurs réponses)",[7444,7447,7450,7453],{"slug":7458,"kind":7566,"question":7463,"answer":3848,"caseSensitive":1057,"tolerance":7567,"inputType":7568,"explanation":727},"free_text",0,"string",{"slug":7466,"kind":7566,"question":7570,"answer":3356,"caseSensitive":1057,"tolerance":7567,"inputType":7568,"explanation":727},"Quelle méthode HTTP votre navigateur utilise-t-il pour récupérer simplement une page Web (sans envoyer de données) ?",{"slug":7478,"kind":7566,"question":7483,"answer":5480,"caseSensitive":1057,"tolerance":7567,"inputType":7568,"explanation":727},{"slug":7487,"kind":7573,"question":7492,"items":7574,"explanation":727},"ordering",[7499,7502,7505,7508,7511],{"slug":7514,"kind":7573,"question":7519,"items":7576,"explanation":727},[7526,7529,7532,7535,7538],{"title":7097,"description":7545},"0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002Fchapitre.memo","2UV5WnYZSMiiKHEZf2tOWpvpCsr5V5osy8mMjGAtmwc",1788035573760]