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physiques","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002Freseaux-physiques","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002F2.reseaux-physiques",{"title":29,"path":30,"stem":31},"Protocoles TCP\u002FIP et routage des paquets","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002Ftcp-ip-routage","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002F3.tcp-ip-routage",{"title":33,"path":34,"stem":35},"Réseaux pair-à-pair","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002Fpair-a-pair","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002F4.pair-a-pair",{"title":37,"path":38,"stem":39,"children":40},"Le Web","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsb-web","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F0.index",[41,42,46,50,54,58,62],{"title":37,"path":38,"stem":39},{"title":43,"path":44,"stem":45},"Histoire du Web","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002Fhistoire-web","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F1.histoire-web",{"title":47,"path":48,"stem":49},"URL et hypertexte","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002Furl-hypertexte","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F2.url-hypertexte",{"title":51,"path":52,"stem":53},"HTML et CSS — le contenu et la 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cloud","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002Fcloud","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F5.cloud",{"title":119,"path":120,"stem":121,"children":122},"Localisation, cartographie et mobilité","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F0.index",[123,124,128,132,136,140],{"title":119,"path":120,"stem":121},{"title":125,"path":126,"stem":127},"GPS et Galileo — se situer grâce aux satellites","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fgps-galileo","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F1.gps-galileo",{"title":129,"path":130,"stem":131},"Décoder une trame NMEA","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Ftrame-nmea","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F2.trame-nmea",{"title":133,"path":134,"stem":135},"Cartes numériques — GeoPortail et 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embarqués","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002Fsystemes-embarques","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F1.systemes-embarques",{"title":155,"path":156,"stem":157},"Capteurs et actionneurs","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002Fcapteurs-actionneurs","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F2.capteurs-actionneurs",{"title":159,"path":160,"stem":161},"IHM et objets connectés","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002Fihm-objet-connecte","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F3.ihm-objet-connecte",{"title":163,"path":164,"stem":165,"children":166},"Photographie numérique","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F0.index",[167,168,172,176,180],{"title":163,"path":164,"stem":165},{"title":169,"path":170,"stem":171},"Photosites, pixels et résolution","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Fpixels-resolution","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F1.pixels-resolution",{"title":173,"path":174,"stem":175},"Les algorithmes de l'appareil photo","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Falgorithmes-photo","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F2.algorithmes-photo",{"title":177,"path":178,"stem":179},"Les métadonnées EXIF","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Fmetadonnees-exif","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F3.metadonnees-exif",{"title":181,"path":182,"stem":183},"Traiter une image en Python","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Ftraitement-rgb","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F4.traitement-rgb",{"title":185,"path":186,"stem":187,"children":188},"Notions transversales de programmation","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F0.index",[189,190,194,198,202],{"title":185,"path":186,"stem":187},{"title":191,"path":192,"stem":193},"Séquences d'instructions et variables","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Fsequences-affectations","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F1.sequences-affectations",{"title":195,"path":196,"stem":197},"Instructions conditionnelles","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Fconditionnelles","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F2.conditionnelles",{"title":199,"path":200,"stem":201},"Boucles bornées et non bornées","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Fboucles","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F3.boucles",{"title":203,"path":204,"stem":205},"Définitions et appels de fonctions","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Ffonctions","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F4.fonctions",{"title":207,"path":208,"stem":209,"children":210},"Démo des widgets MDC","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F0.index",[211,212,216,220],{"title":207,"path":208,"stem":209},{"title":213,"path":214,"stem":215},"Démo statique — callouts, code, BO, illustration","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002Fstatique","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F1.statique",{"title":217,"path":218,"stem":219},"Démo interactive — self-eval et python-snippet","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002Finteractif","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F2.interactif",{"title":221,"path":222,"stem":223},"Démo · 14 widgets de manipulation NSI","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002Fwidgets-manipulation","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F3.widgets-manipulation",{"title":225,"path":226,"stem":227,"children":228},"NSI — Première","\u002Fnsi-1ere","1.nsi-1ere\u002F0.index",[229,230,234,256,282,304,328,354,380,410],{"title":225,"path":226,"stem":227},{"title":231,"path":232,"stem":233},"Relecture pédagogique — 8 chapitres NSI 1ère (PA → PH)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Freview","1.nsi-1ere\u002FREVIEW",{"title":235,"path":236,"stem":237,"children":238},"Histoire de l'informatique","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F0.index",[239,240,244,248,252],{"title":235,"path":236,"stem":237},{"title":241,"path":242,"stem":243},"De la préantiquité aux machines à calculer","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Fpreantiquite-aux-machines","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F1.preantiquite-aux-machines",{"title":245,"path":246,"stem":247},"La machine universelle (1930-1950)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Fmachine-universelle","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F2.machine-universelle",{"title":249,"path":250,"stem":251},"Les ordinateurs modernes (1947-1990)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Fordinateurs-modernes","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F3.ordinateurs-modernes",{"title":253,"path":254,"stem":255},"Réseaux, Web et IA (1969 à aujourd'hui)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Freseaux-et-web","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F4.reseaux-et-web",{"title":257,"path":258,"stem":259,"children":260},"Représentation des données — types et valeurs","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F0.index",[261,262,266,270,274,278],{"title":257,"path":258,"stem":259},{"title":263,"path":264,"stem":265},"Bases de numération et entiers positifs","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002Fbases-entiers-positifs","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F1.bases-entiers-positifs",{"title":267,"path":268,"stem":269},"Entiers relatifs et complément à deux","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002Fentiers-relatifs","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F2.entiers-relatifs",{"title":271,"path":272,"stem":273},"Nombres flottants et virgule 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filtrage","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Frecherche","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F2.recherche",{"title":319,"path":320,"stem":321},"Trier une table","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Ftri","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F3.tri",{"title":323,"path":324,"stem":325,"children":326},"Fusion et indexation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Ffusion-indexation","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F4.fusion-indexation",[327],{"title":323,"path":324,"stem":325},{"title":329,"path":330,"stem":331,"children":332},"IHM sur le Web","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F0.index",[333,334,338,342,346,350],{"title":329,"path":330,"stem":331},{"title":335,"path":336,"stem":337},"HTML et CSS — rappel de structure","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fhtml-css-bases","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F1.html-css-bases",{"title":339,"path":340,"stem":341},"Formulaires HTML","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fformulaires","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F2.formulaires",{"title":343,"path":344,"stem":345},"Événements JavaScript","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fevenements-js","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F3.evenements-js",{"title":347,"path":348,"stem":349},"Manipulation du DOM","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fdom-interaction","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F4.dom-interaction",{"title":351,"path":352,"stem":353},"Client, serveur et HTTP","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fclient-serveur-http","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F5.client-serveur-http",{"title":355,"path":356,"stem":357,"children":358},"Architectures matérielles et systèmes d'exploitation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F0.index",[359,360,364,368,372,376],{"title":355,"path":356,"stem":357},{"title":361,"path":362,"stem":363},"Le modèle de von Neumann","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Fvon-neumann","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F1.von-neumann",{"title":365,"path":366,"stem":367},"Périphériques et interface homme-machine","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Fperipheriques-ihm","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F2.peripheriques-ihm",{"title":369,"path":370,"stem":371},"Les systèmes d'exploitation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Fsystemes-exploitation","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F3.systemes-exploitation",{"title":373,"path":374,"stem":375},"Linux et le shell","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Flinux-shell","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F4.linux-shell",{"title":377,"path":378,"stem":379},"Réseaux et protocoles","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Freseaux","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F5.reseaux",{"title":381,"path":382,"stem":383,"children":384},"Langages et programmation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F0.index",[385,386,390,394,398,402,406],{"title":381,"path":382,"stem":383},{"title":387,"path":388,"stem":389},"Diversité et unité des langages de programmation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fdiversite-langages","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F1.diversite-langages",{"title":391,"path":392,"stem":393},"Constructions élémentaires","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fconstructions-elementaires","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F2.constructions-elementaires",{"title":395,"path":396,"stem":397},"Fonctions","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Ffonctions","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F3.fonctions",{"title":399,"path":400,"stem":401},"Spécification d'une fonction","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fspecification","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F4.specification",{"title":403,"path":404,"stem":405},"Mise au point des programmes","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fmise-au-point","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F5.mise-au-point",{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409},"Utilisation de bibliothèques","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fbibliotheques","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F6.bibliotheques",{"title":411,"path":412,"stem":413,"children":414},"Algorithmique","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F0.index",[415,416,420,424,428,432,436],{"title":411,"path":412,"stem":413},{"title":417,"path":418,"stem":419},"Parcours séquentiel d'un tableau","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fparcours-sequentiel","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F1.parcours-sequentiel",{"title":421,"path":422,"stem":423},"Bases de la complexité","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fcomplexite-bases","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F2.complexite-bases",{"title":425,"path":426,"stem":427},"Tris par sélection et par insertion","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Ftris","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F3.tris",{"title":429,"path":430,"stem":431},"Recherche dichotomique","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fdichotomie","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F4.dichotomie",{"title":433,"path":434,"stem":435},"Algorithmes gloutons","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fgloutons","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F5.gloutons",{"title":437,"path":438,"stem":439},"Les k plus proches voisins (k-NN)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fknn","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F6.knn",{"title":441,"path":442,"stem":443,"children":444},"NSI — Terminale","\u002Fnsi-tale","2.nsi-tale\u002F0.index",[445,446,450,476,498,536,560],{"title":441,"path":442,"stem":443},{"title":447,"path":448,"stem":449},"Review pédagogique — chapitres NSI Terminale (TA, TB, TC, TD, TE)","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Freview","2.nsi-tale\u002FREVIEW",{"title":451,"path":452,"stem":453,"children":454},"Structures de données","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F0.index",[455,456,460,464,468,472],{"title":451,"path":452,"stem":453},{"title":457,"path":458,"stem":459},"Objet, classe, interface","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Finterface-implementation","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F1.interface-implementation",{"title":461,"path":462,"stem":463},"Implémenter une structure — l'exemple de la file FIFO","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Fimplementer-une-structure","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F2.implementer-une-structure",{"title":465,"path":466,"stem":467},"Listes, piles, files, dictionnaires","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Flistes-piles-files-dict","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F3.listes-piles-files-dict",{"title":469,"path":470,"stem":471},"Arbres binaires","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Farbres-binaires","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F4.arbres-binaires",{"title":473,"path":474,"stem":475},"Graphes","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Fgraphes","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F5.graphes",{"title":477,"path":478,"stem":479,"children":480},"Bases de données","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F0.index",[481,482,486,490,494],{"title":477,"path":478,"stem":479},{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Le modèle relationnel","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fmodele-relationnel","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F1.modele-relationnel",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Bases de données relationnelles et anomalies de schéma","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fbase-relationnelle","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F2.base-relationnelle",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Le langage SQL","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fsql","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F3.sql",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Les systèmes de gestion de bases de données","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fsgbd","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F4.sgbd",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501,"children":502},"Architectures matérielles, systèmes d'exploitation et réseaux","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F0.index",[503,504,508,512,516,520,524,528,532],{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},{"title":505,"path":506,"stem":507},"Le système sur puce (SoC)","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fsysteme-sur-puce","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F1.systeme-sur-puce",{"title":509,"path":510,"stem":511},"Processus et ordonnancement par l'OS","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fprocessus-os","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F2.processus-os",{"title":513,"path":514,"stem":515},"L'interblocage (deadlock)","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Finterblocage","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F3.interblocage",{"title":517,"path":518,"stem":519},"Principes du routage","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Froutage-principes","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F4.routage-principes",{"title":521,"path":522,"stem":523},"Protocoles de routage RIP et OSPF","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fprotocoles-rip-ospf","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F5.protocoles-rip-ospf",{"title":525,"path":526,"stem":527},"Chiffrement symétrique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fchiffrement-symetrique","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F6.chiffrement-symetrique",{"title":529,"path":530,"stem":531},"Chiffrement asymétrique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fchiffrement-asymetrique","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F7.chiffrement-asymetrique",{"title":533,"path":534,"stem":535},"HTTPS — l'échange de clé symétrique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fhttps-tls","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F8.https-tls",{"title":381,"path":537,"stem":538,"children":539},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F0.index",[540,541,544,548,552,556],{"title":381,"path":537,"stem":538},{"title":403,"path":542,"stem":543},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fmise-au-point","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F1.mise-au-point",{"title":545,"path":546,"stem":547},"Modularité","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fmodularite","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F2.modularite",{"title":549,"path":550,"stem":551},"Récursivité","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Frecursivite","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F3.recursivite",{"title":553,"path":554,"stem":555},"Paradigmes de programmation","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fparadigmes","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F4.paradigmes",{"title":557,"path":558,"stem":559},"Programme comme donnée — calculabilité et indécidabilité","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fprogramme-comme-donnee","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F5.programme-comme-donnee",{"title":411,"path":561,"stem":562,"children":563},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F0.index",[564,565,569,573,577,581],{"title":411,"path":561,"stem":562},{"title":566,"path":567,"stem":568},"Algorithmes sur les arbres binaires","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Farbres-binaires-algos","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F1.arbres-binaires-algos",{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"Parcours de graphes — DFS, BFS, cycles, chemins","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Fgraphes-parcours","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F2.graphes-parcours",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"Diviser pour régner","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Fdiviser-pour-regner","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F3.diviser-pour-regner",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Programmation dynamique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Fprogrammation-dynamique","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F4.programmation-dynamique",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},"Recherche textuelle — l'algorithme de Boyer-Moore","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Frecherche-textuelle","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F5.recherche-textuelle",[586,1181,1708,2149],{"id":587,"title":21,"bo":588,"body":590,"description":1167,"eval":1168,"extension":1169,"labo":1168,"meta":1170,"navigation":1171,"path":22,"quizzes":1172,"readingTime":1035,"seo":1179,"stem":23,"tp":1168,"__hash__":1180},"cours\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002F1.adresses-dns.md",[589],"SA01",{"type":591,"value":592,"toc":1158},"minimark",[593,598,624,627,631,637,647,662,716,727,733,766,770,783,790,805,814,894,897,903,907,917,986,989,1013,1017,1020,1096,1103,1107,1143,1147,1154],[594,595,597],"h2",{"id":596},"introduction","Introduction",[599,600,601,602,606,607,609,610,614,615,618,619,623],"p",{},"Vous tapez ",[603,604,605],"code",{},"nsi.rocks"," dans la barre d'adresse de votre navigateur et la page\ns'affiche en une fraction de seconde. Pourtant, votre ordinateur ne sait pas ce\nqu'est ",[603,608,605],{}," : pour lui, une machine sur Internet est identifiée par une\nsuite de chiffres appelée ",[611,612,613],"strong",{},"adresse IP",". Comment passer alors de l'un à\nl'autre ? La réponse tient en trois lettres : ",[611,616,617],{},"DNS"," (",[620,621,622],"em",{},"Domain Name System","),\nun immense annuaire distribué qui traduit les noms en adresses.",[625,626],"bo-ref",{"code":589},[594,628,630],{"id":629},"adresse-ip-et-adresse-symbolique","Adresse IP et adresse symbolique",[599,632,633,634,636],{},"Chaque machine connectée à Internet possède une ",[611,635,613],{},", une suite de\nquatre nombres séparés par des points pour la version la plus répandue (IPv4) :",[638,639,645],"pre",{"className":640,"code":642,"language":643,"meta":644},[641],"language-text","192.168.1.42\n172.217.18.131\n2a00:1450:4007:80f::200e   (IPv6, version plus récente)\n","text","",[603,646,642],{"__ignoreMap":644},[599,648,649,650,653,654,657,658,661],{},"Les nombres entre 0 et 255 constituent les quatre octets d'une adresse IPv4.\nCette numérotation est efficace pour les machines mais pénible pour les humains :\nqui mémoriserait ",[603,651,652],{},"142.250.179.142"," pour visiter Google ? On utilise donc, en\nparallèle, des ",[611,655,656],{},"adresses symboliques"," — les fameux ",[620,659,660],{},"noms de domaine"," :",[663,664,665,678],"table",{},[666,667,668],"thead",{},[669,670,671,675],"tr",{},[672,673,674],"th",{},"Adresse symbolique",[672,676,677],{},"Adresse IP possible",[679,680,681,693,704],"tbody",{},[669,682,683,689],{},[684,685,686],"td",{},[603,687,688],{},"google.com",[684,690,691],{},[603,692,652],{},[669,694,695,699],{},[684,696,697],{},[603,698,605],{},[684,700,701],{},[603,702,703],{},"185.158.133.1",[669,705,706,711],{},[684,707,708],{},[603,709,710],{},"wikipedia.org",[684,712,713],{},[603,714,715],{},"208.80.154.224",[599,717,718,719,722,723,726],{},"Une analogie utile : l'adresse symbolique est le ",[611,720,721],{},"nom inscrit sur un\ninterphone",", l'adresse IP est le ",[611,724,725],{},"numéro d'appartement",". Vous appuyez sur le\nnom, le système se charge de vous mettre en relation avec la bonne porte.",[728,729,730],"note",{},[599,731,732],{},"Une même adresse symbolique peut pointer vers plusieurs adresses IP (pour\nrépartir la charge entre serveurs), et une adresse IP peut héberger plusieurs\nadresses symboliques (un même serveur peut servir plusieurs sites).",[734,735,738,744],"self-eval-qcm",{"correct":736,"slug":737},"1","adresses-dns-c1",[739,740,741],"template",{"v-slot:question":644},[599,742,743],{},"Laquelle de ces écritures est une adresse IP valide ?",[739,745,746],{"v-slot:choices":644},[747,748,749,752,755,763],"ul",{},[750,751,688],"li",{},[750,753,754],{},"192.168.1.10",[750,756,757],{},[758,759,760],"a",{"href":760,"rel":761},"https:\u002F\u002Fnsi.rocks",[762],"nofollow",[750,764,765],{},"2a00 1450",[594,767,769],{"id":768},"le-rôle-du-dns","Le rôle du DNS",[599,771,772,773,775,776,778,779,782],{},"Le ",[611,774,617],{}," est le service chargé de cette traduction. Quand vous tapez\n",[603,777,605],{},", votre ordinateur n'envoie pas la requête directement : il\ninterroge d'abord un ",[611,780,781],{},"serveur DNS",", qui lui répond par l'adresse IP\ncorrespondante. Ensuite seulement, votre navigateur contacte cette IP.",[784,785],"illustration",{"alt":786,"kind":787,"src":788,"svg":789},"Étapes d'une résolution DNS","mermaid","\u002Fillustrations\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002Fdns-resolution.svg","\u003Csvg class=\"illustration-svg\" id=\"ill-0-snt-2nde-sa-internet-dns-resolution\" xmlns=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2000\u002Fsvg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" viewBox=\"-32 -16 626 241\" role=\"graphics-document document\" aria-roledescription=\"sequence\">\u003Cg>\u003Cline id=\"actor2\" x1=\"487\" y1=\"65\" x2=\"487\" y2=\"2000\" class=\"actor-line 200\" stroke-width=\"0.5px\" stroke=\"#999\" name=\"W\" data-et=\"life-line\" data-id=\"W\"\u002F>\u003Cg id=\"root-2\" data-et=\"participant\" data-type=\"participant\" data-id=\"W\">\u003Crect x=\"412\" y=\"0\" fill=\"#eaeaea\" stroke=\"#666\" width=\"150\" height=\"65\" name=\"W\" rx=\"3\" ry=\"3\" class=\"actor actor-top\"\u002F>\u003Ctext 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id=\"ill-0-snt-2nde-sa-internet-dns-resolution-solidBottomArrowHead\" refX=\"7.9\" refY=\"0.75\" markerUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" markerWidth=\"12\" markerHeight=\"12\" orient=\"auto-start-reverse\">\u003Cpath d=\"M 0 0 L 10 0 L 0 8 z\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fmarker>\u003C\u002Fdefs>\u003Cdefs>\u003Cmarker id=\"ill-0-snt-2nde-sa-internet-dns-resolution-stickTopArrowHead\" refX=\"7.5\" refY=\"7\" markerUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" markerWidth=\"12\" markerHeight=\"12\" orient=\"auto-start-reverse\">\u003Cpath d=\"M 0 0 L 7 7\" stroke=\"black\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" fill=\"none\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fmarker>\u003C\u002Fdefs>\u003Cdefs>\u003Cmarker id=\"ill-0-snt-2nde-sa-internet-dns-resolution-stickBottomArrowHead\" refX=\"7.5\" refY=\"0\" markerUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" markerWidth=\"12\" markerHeight=\"12\" orient=\"auto-start-reverse\">\u003Cpath d=\"M 0 7 L 7 0\" stroke=\"black\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" fill=\"none\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fmarker>\u003C\u002Fdefs>\u003Ctext x=\"177\" y=\"80\" text-anchor=\"middle\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" alignment-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"messageText\" dy=\"1em\" style=\"font-family: Geist, Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 500;\">nsi.rocks ?\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003Cline x1=\"82\" y1=\"113\" x2=\"277\" y2=\"113\" class=\"messageLine0\" data-et=\"message\" data-id=\"i1\" data-from=\"O\" data-to=\"D\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke=\"none\" marker-end=\"url(#ill-0-snt-2nde-sa-internet-dns-resolution-arrowhead)\" style=\"fill: none;\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"75\" y1=\"113\" x2=\"75\" y2=\"113\" stroke-width=\"0\" marker-start=\"url(#ill-0-snt-2nde-sa-internet-dns-resolution-sequencenumber)\"\u002F>\u003Ctext x=\"75\" y=\"117\" font-family=\"sans-serif\" font-size=\"12px\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"sequenceNumber\">1\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003Ctext x=\"180\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" alignment-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"messageText\" dy=\"1em\" style=\"font-family: Geist, Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 500;\">185.158.133.1\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003Cline x1=\"286\" y1=\"161\" x2=\"79\" y2=\"161\" class=\"messageLine1\" data-et=\"message\" data-id=\"i2\" data-from=\"D\" data-to=\"O\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke=\"none\" marker-end=\"url(#ill-0-snt-2nde-sa-internet-dns-resolution-arrowhead)\" style=\"stroke-dasharray: 3, 3; fill: none;\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"281\" y1=\"161\" x2=\"281\" y2=\"161\" stroke-width=\"0\" marker-start=\"url(#ill-0-snt-2nde-sa-internet-dns-resolution-sequencenumber)\"\u002F>\u003Ctext x=\"281\" y=\"165\" font-family=\"sans-serif\" font-size=\"12px\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"sequenceNumber\">2\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003Ctext x=\"280\" y=\"176\" text-anchor=\"middle\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" alignment-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"messageText\" dy=\"1em\" style=\"font-family: Geist, Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 500;\">requête HTTP vers 185.158.133.1\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003Cline x1=\"82\" y1=\"209\" x2=\"483\" y2=\"209\" class=\"messageLine0\" data-et=\"message\" data-id=\"i3\" data-from=\"O\" data-to=\"W\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke=\"none\" marker-end=\"url(#ill-0-snt-2nde-sa-internet-dns-resolution-arrowhead)\" style=\"fill: none;\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"75\" y1=\"209\" x2=\"75\" y2=\"209\" stroke-width=\"0\" marker-start=\"url(#ill-0-snt-2nde-sa-internet-dns-resolution-sequencenumber)\"\u002F>\u003Ctext x=\"75\" y=\"213\" font-family=\"sans-serif\" font-size=\"12px\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"sequenceNumber\">3\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003C\u002Fsvg>",[599,791,792,793,796,797,800,801,804],{},"Le système est ",[611,794,795],{},"distribué"," : il n'existe pas un unique serveur DNS qui\nconnaîtrait tous les noms du monde. Il existe ",[611,798,799],{},"plusieurs serveurs en\ncascade",", chacun spécialisé dans une partie du nom, et chaque réponse est\n",[611,802,803],{},"mémorisée temporairement"," (mise en cache) pour gagner du temps la fois\nsuivante.",[599,806,807,808,810,811,661],{},"Pour rendre la chose tangible, voici ce qui se passe quand vous tapez\n",[603,809,605],{}," pour la première fois — l'ensemble dure typiquement ",[611,812,813],{},"moins de\n50 ms",[663,815,816,826],{},[666,817,818],{},[669,819,820,823],{},[672,821,822],{},"Temps écoulé",[672,824,825],{},"Étape",[679,827,828,843,854,865,875,886],{},[669,829,830,833],{},[684,831,832],{},"0 ms",[684,834,835,836,839,840,842],{},"Vous appuyez sur Entrée. Votre ordinateur demande à son ",[611,837,838],{},"résolveur DNS"," s'il connaît ",[603,841,605],{},".",[669,844,845,848],{},[684,846,847],{},"5 ms",[684,849,850,851,842],{},"Le résolveur ne connaît pas. Il interroge un serveur qui s'occupe des noms en ",[603,852,853],{},".rocks",[669,855,856,859],{},[684,857,858],{},"25 ms",[684,860,861,862,864],{},"Ce serveur répond : « pour ",[603,863,605],{},", va voir tel autre serveur ».",[669,866,867,870],{},[684,868,869],{},"40 ms",[684,871,872,873,842],{},"Le résolveur interroge ce serveur, qui renvoie enfin l'IP ",[603,874,703],{},[669,876,877,880],{},[684,878,879],{},"45 ms",[684,881,882,883,885],{},"Le résolveur ",[611,884,728],{}," la réponse dans son cache et vous la transmet.",[669,887,888,891],{},[684,889,890],{},"50 ms",[684,892,893],{},"Votre navigateur peut enfin contacter le site.",[599,895,896],{},"La fois d'après, plus besoin de tout refaire : la réponse est dans le cache,\nc'est instantané.",[898,899,900],"tip",{},[599,901,902],{},"Cette mise en cache explique pourquoi un nom de domaine récemment modifié peut\nsembler pointer encore vers l'ancienne adresse pendant quelques heures : les\nrésolveurs intermédiaires conservent leur souvenir de la réponse précédente.",[594,904,906],{"id":905},"lire-un-nom-de-domaine-de-droite-à-gauche","Lire un nom de domaine de droite à gauche",[599,908,909,910,913,914,661],{},"Un nom de domaine se lit du ",[611,911,912],{},"plus général au plus spécifique en allant de\ndroite à gauche",". Prenons ",[603,915,916],{},"dashboard.nsi.rocks",[663,918,919,932],{},[666,920,921],{},[669,922,923,926,929],{},[672,924,925],{},"Partie",[672,927,928],{},"Niveau",[672,930,931],{},"Rôle",[679,933,934,947,960,973],{},[669,935,936,941,944],{},[684,937,938,940],{},[603,939,842],{}," (implicite)",[684,942,943],{},"racine",[684,945,946],{},"sommet de la hiérarchie DNS",[669,948,949,954,957],{},[684,950,951],{},[603,952,953],{},"rocks",[684,955,956],{},"TLD",[684,958,959],{},"extension générique",[669,961,962,967,970],{},[684,963,964],{},[603,965,966],{},"nsi",[684,968,969],{},"domaine",[684,971,972],{},"enregistré par le propriétaire",[669,974,975,980,983],{},[684,976,977],{},[603,978,979],{},"dashboard",[684,981,982],{},"sous-domaine",[684,984,985],{},"choisi par le propriétaire pour un service",[599,987,988],{},"C'est l'inverse d'une adresse postale, où le pays s'écrit en dernier. Ici, le\nplus large (le TLD) se trouve à droite.",[734,990,993,998],{"correct":991,"slug":992},"2","adresses-dns-c2",[739,994,995],{"v-slot:question":644},[599,996,997],{},"Dans 'cours.lycee-jaures.fr', quel élément est le TLD ?",[739,999,1000],{"v-slot:choices":644},[747,1001,1002,1005,1008,1011],{},[750,1003,1004],{},"cours",[750,1006,1007],{},"lycee-jaures",[750,1009,1010],{},"fr",[750,1012,842],{},[594,1014,1016],{"id":1015},"retrouver-lip-en-pratique","Retrouver l'IP en pratique",[599,1018,1019],{},"Plusieurs outils permettent d'observer le DNS au travail. Sous un terminal :",[1021,1022,1023,1062],"code-group",{},[638,1024,1029],{"className":1025,"code":1026,"filename":1027,"language":1028,"meta":644,"style":644},"language-bash shiki shiki-themes github-light github-light github-dark","$ host nsi.rocks\nnsi.rocks has address 185.158.133.1\n","Linux\u002FmacOS","bash",[603,1030,1031,1047],{"__ignoreMap":644},[1032,1033,1036,1040,1044],"span",{"class":1034,"line":1035},"line",1,[1032,1037,1039],{"class":1038},"snPdu","$",[1032,1041,1043],{"class":1042},"sIIMD"," host",[1032,1045,1046],{"class":1042}," nsi.rocks\n",[1032,1048,1050,1052,1055,1058],{"class":1034,"line":1049},2,[1032,1051,605],{"class":1038},[1032,1053,1054],{"class":1042}," has",[1032,1056,1057],{"class":1042}," address",[1032,1059,1061],{"class":1060},"sBjJW"," 185.158.133.1\n",[638,1063,1066],{"className":1025,"code":1064,"filename":1065,"language":1028,"meta":644,"style":644},"> nslookup nsi.rocks\nNom :    nsi.rocks\nAddress: 185.158.133.1\n","Windows",[603,1067,1068,1078,1088],{"__ignoreMap":644},[1032,1069,1070,1074],{"class":1034,"line":1035},[1032,1071,1073],{"class":1072},"s8jYJ",">",[1032,1075,1077],{"class":1076},"sxrX7"," nslookup nsi.rocks\n",[1032,1079,1080,1083,1085],{"class":1034,"line":1049},[1032,1081,1082],{"class":1038},"Nom",[1032,1084,661],{"class":1042},[1032,1086,1087],{"class":1042},"    nsi.rocks\n",[1032,1089,1091,1094],{"class":1034,"line":1090},3,[1032,1092,1093],{"class":1038},"Address:",[1032,1095,1061],{"class":1060},[599,1097,1098,1099,1102],{},"L'opération inverse — retrouver le nom à partir d'une IP — s'appelle une\n",[611,1100,1101],{},"résolution inverse",". Elle n'est pas toujours possible : certaines adresses\nIP n'ont pas de nom associé.",[594,1104,1106],{"id":1105},"pièges-courants","Pièges courants",[1108,1109,1110],"warning",{},[747,1111,1112,1126,1133],{},[750,1113,1114,1115,1118,1119,1121,1122,1125],{},"Un nom de domaine n'est ",[611,1116,1117],{},"pas"," une URL. ",[603,1120,605],{}," est un nom de domaine ;\n",[603,1123,1124],{},"https:\u002F\u002Fnsi.rocks\u002Fcours"," est une URL complète, qui inclut un protocole et\nun chemin.",[750,1127,1128,1129,1132],{},"L'adresse IP ",[611,1130,1131],{},"change"," : un site peut déménager d'un serveur à l'autre sans\nprévenir. C'est tout l'intérêt du DNS, qui découple le nom (stable) de\nl'adresse (variable).",[750,1134,1135,1136,1139,1140,1142],{},"Une ",[611,1137,1138],{},"adresse IP locale"," (par exemple ",[603,1141,754],{},") n'est pas visible\ndepuis Internet. Elle n'a de sens qu'à l'intérieur du réseau local de la\nmaison ou du lycée.",[594,1144,1146],{"id":1145},"pour-aller-plus-loin","Pour aller plus loin",[599,1148,1149,1150,1153],{},"Le DNS a une responsabilité critique : si tous les serveurs DNS d'une\ncatégorie tombent, des pans entiers d'Internet deviennent inatteignables — non\npas parce que les serveurs hébergeant les sites sont en panne, mais parce que\nplus personne ne sait les trouver. La panne Facebook du 4 octobre 2021 illustre\nce maillon vital : un retrait accidentel des routes ",[611,1151,1152],{},"BGP"," (le protocole qui\nindique aux routeurs comment atteindre les réseaux de Facebook) a rendu les\nserveurs DNS de Facebook inaccessibles pendant plusieurs heures, plongeant\nFacebook, Instagram et WhatsApp dans le noir alors que les serveurs eux-mêmes\nfonctionnaient toujours.",[1155,1156,1157],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .snPdu, html code.shiki .snPdu{--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .sIIMD, html code.shiki .sIIMD{--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sBjJW, html code.shiki .sBjJW{--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .s8jYJ, html code.shiki .s8jYJ{--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sxrX7, html code.shiki .sxrX7{--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}",{"title":644,"searchDepth":1049,"depth":1049,"links":1159},[1160,1161,1162,1163,1164,1165,1166],{"id":596,"depth":1049,"text":597},{"id":629,"depth":1049,"text":630},{"id":768,"depth":1049,"text":769},{"id":905,"depth":1049,"text":906},{"id":1015,"depth":1049,"text":1016},{"id":1105,"depth":1049,"text":1106},{"id":1145,"depth":1049,"text":1146},"D'un nom lisible comme nsi.rocks à une adresse IP, le détour obligé par le DNS.",null,"md",{},true,[1173,1177],{"slug":737,"kind":1174,"question":743,"choices":1175,"correct":736,"multi":1176,"explanation":644},"qcm",[688,754,760,765],false,{"slug":992,"kind":1174,"question":997,"choices":1178,"correct":991,"multi":1176,"explanation":644},[1004,1007,1010,842],{"title":21,"description":1167},"jsS19xwb1r-czvdxoS0yNq3EJIj7PzmDZeJBQ3OoZeU",{"id":1182,"title":25,"bo":1183,"body":1185,"description":1699,"eval":1168,"extension":1169,"labo":1168,"meta":1700,"navigation":1171,"path":26,"quizzes":1701,"readingTime":1035,"seo":1706,"stem":27,"tp":1168,"__hash__":1707},"cours\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002F2.reseaux-physiques.md",[1184],"SA02",{"type":591,"value":1186,"toc":1690},[1187,1189,1200,1202,1206,1213,1222,1226,1229,1332,1339,1360,1383,1387,1394,1399,1412,1416,1426,1437,1607,1614,1633,1657,1661,1672,1681,1683],[594,1188,597],{"id":596},[599,1190,1191,1192,1195,1196,1199],{},"Quand vous regardez une vidéo sur votre téléphone, les données passent par les\nondes du réseau mobile, peut-être par le Wi-Fi de votre maison, puis empruntent\ndes câbles enterrés, traversent des routeurs, et finissent parfois par franchir\nun océan via une fibre sous-marine. Internet ",[611,1193,1194],{},"n'est pas"," un câble, ni une\nantenne, ni un satellite : c'est un ",[611,1197,1198],{},"réseau de réseaux"," qui s'appuie sur des\nsupports physiques très divers, et qui fonctionne quel que soit le support.",[625,1201],{"code":1184},[594,1203,1205],{"id":1204},"internet-est-un-réseau-logique","Internet est un réseau logique",[599,1207,1208,1209,1212],{},"Une analogie utile : Internet est comme le ",[611,1210,1211],{},"réseau routier mondial",". Vous\npouvez vous déplacer d'un point à un autre via des autoroutes, des routes\nsecondaires, des chemins de campagne, parfois un ferry. La destination est\nla même ; les moyens de la rejoindre varient. Internet fonctionne de la même\nfaçon : la donnée part d'un point A et arrive à un point B, peu importe les\nsupports physiques empruntés sur le trajet.",[728,1214,1215],{},[599,1216,1217,1218,1221],{},"Internet est défini par les ",[611,1219,1220],{},"protocoles"," qui régissent les échanges\n(TCP, IP — vous les verrez au cours suivant), pas par un support matériel\nparticulier. C'est ce qui le rend si flexible.",[594,1223,1225],{"id":1224},"les-principaux-supports-physiques","Les principaux supports physiques",[599,1227,1228],{},"Voici les supports les plus courants aujourd'hui, classés grossièrement par\ndébit et par usage :",[663,1230,1231,1247],{},[666,1232,1233],{},[669,1234,1235,1238,1241,1244],{},[672,1236,1237],{},"Support",[672,1239,1240],{},"Type",[672,1242,1243],{},"Débit typique",[672,1245,1246],{},"Usage typique",[679,1248,1249,1263,1276,1290,1304,1318],{},[669,1250,1251,1254,1257,1260],{},[684,1252,1253],{},"Câble Ethernet (cuivre)",[684,1255,1256],{},"filaire",[684,1258,1259],{},"100 Mbit\u002Fs à 10 Gbit\u002Fs",[684,1261,1262],{},"réseau local (lycée, maison)",[669,1264,1265,1268,1270,1273],{},[684,1266,1267],{},"Fibre optique",[684,1269,1256],{},[684,1271,1272],{},"100 Mbit\u002Fs à plusieurs Gbit\u002Fs",[684,1274,1275],{},"accès Internet, dorsales",[669,1277,1278,1281,1284,1287],{},[684,1279,1280],{},"Wi-Fi",[684,1282,1283],{},"sans fil",[684,1285,1286],{},"50 à 1 000 Mbit\u002Fs",[684,1288,1289],{},"accès local sans fil",[669,1291,1292,1295,1298,1301],{},[684,1293,1294],{},"4G \u002F 5G",[684,1296,1297],{},"sans fil mobile",[684,1299,1300],{},"50 Mbit\u002Fs à 1 Gbit\u002Fs",[684,1302,1303],{},"Internet mobile",[669,1305,1306,1309,1312,1315],{},[684,1307,1308],{},"Satellite",[684,1310,1311],{},"sans fil longue portée",[684,1313,1314],{},"25 à 200 Mbit\u002Fs",[684,1316,1317],{},"zones isolées, mer, avion",[669,1319,1320,1323,1326,1329],{},[684,1321,1322],{},"ADSL (cuivre téléphonique)",[684,1324,1325],{},"filaire (obsolète)",[684,1327,1328],{},"1 à 20 Mbit\u002Fs",[684,1330,1331],{},"encore présent en milieu rural",[599,1333,1334,1335,1338],{},"L'unité ",[611,1336,1337],{},"bit par seconde"," (bit\u002Fs, ou b\u002Fs) mesure le débit, c'est-à-dire la\nquantité d'information transportée par seconde. Mille bits, c'est un kilobit\n(Kbit\u002Fs) ; un million, un mégabit (Mbit\u002Fs) ; un milliard, un gigabit (Gbit\u002Fs).",[1108,1340,1341],{},[599,1342,1343,1344,1347,1348,1351,1352,1355,1356,1359],{},"Attention à ne pas confondre ",[611,1345,1346],{},"bit"," (l'unité du débit, écrite avec un petit ",[603,1349,1350],{},"b",")\net ",[611,1353,1354],{},"octet"," (8 bits, écrit avec un grand ",[603,1357,1358],{},"B","). Une connexion à 100 Mbit\u002Fs\ntransmet environ 12,5 Mo (méga-octets) par seconde — huit fois moins.",[734,1361,1363,1368],{"correct":736,"slug":1362},"reseaux-physiques-c1",[739,1364,1365],{"v-slot:question":644},[599,1366,1367],{},"Lequel de ces supports est sans fil ?",[739,1369,1370],{"v-slot:choices":644},[747,1371,1372,1375,1377,1380],{},[750,1373,1374],{},"fibre optique",[750,1376,1280],{},[750,1378,1379],{},"câble Ethernet",[750,1381,1382],{},"ADSL",[594,1384,1386],{"id":1385},"filaire-ou-sans-fil-pas-la-même-histoire","Filaire ou sans fil : pas la même histoire",[599,1388,1389,1390,1393],{},"Les supports ",[611,1391,1392],{},"filaires"," (cuivre, fibre) sont en général plus rapides, plus\nfiables et moins sensibles aux perturbations. Mais ils nécessitent une\ninfrastructure lourde : creuser des tranchées, poser des câbles.",[599,1395,1389,1396,1398],{},[611,1397,1283],{}," (Wi-Fi, 4G, satellite) offrent la mobilité et le\ndéploiement rapide, au prix d'un débit plus variable, d'une latence parfois\nplus élevée, et d'une sensibilité aux obstacles (murs, météo, distance à\nl'antenne).",[898,1400,1401],{},[599,1402,1403,1404,1407,1408,1411],{},"Les ",[611,1405,1406],{},"dorsales"," d'Internet — les grands axes de communication intercontinentaux —\nsont presque exclusivement constituées de ",[611,1409,1410],{},"fibres optiques",", souvent\nsous-marines. Plusieurs centaines de câbles relient ainsi les continents au\nfond des océans.",[594,1413,1415],{"id":1414},"lévolution-du-trafic-mondial","L'évolution du trafic mondial",[599,1417,772,1418,1421,1422,1425],{},[611,1419,1420],{},"trafic Internet"," désigne le volume total de données transitant sur le\nréseau. Il a connu une croissance spectaculaire ces dernières décennies :\n",[611,1423,1424],{},"le trafic mondial double tous les deux à trois ans"," depuis le début des\nannées 2000, et la tendance continue.",[599,1427,1428,1429,1432,1433,1436],{},"Pour donner un repère concret, deux chiffres et une division. Le trafic mondial\nvaut aujourd'hui environ ",[611,1430,1431],{},"150 téraoctets par seconde",", et une heure de vidéo\nen haute définition pèse environ ",[611,1434,1435],{},"2,5 gigaoctets",". Donc :",[1032,1438,1441],{"className":1439},[1440],"katex-display",[1032,1442,1445,1508],{"className":1443},[1444],"katex",[1032,1446,1449],{"className":1447},[1448],"katex-mathml",[1450,1451,1454],"math",{"xmlns":1452,"display":1453},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML","block",[1455,1456,1457,1503],"semantics",{},[1458,1459,1460,1464,1468,1471,1474,1478,1480,1484,1487,1490,1493,1496,1498,1500],"mrow",{},[1461,1462,1463],"mn",{},"150",[1465,1466,1467],"mtext",{}," ",[1461,1469,1470],{},"000",[1465,1472,1473],{}," Go\u002Fs",[1475,1476,1477],"mo",{},"÷",[1461,1479,991],{},[1475,1481,1483],{"separator":1482},"true",",",[1461,1485,1486],{},"5",[1465,1488,1489],{}," Go\u002Fh",[1475,1491,1492],{},"≈",[1461,1494,1495],{},"60",[1465,1497,1467],{},[1461,1499,1470],{},[1465,1501,1502],{}," heures\u002Fs",[1504,1505,1507],"annotation",{"encoding":1506},"application\u002Fx-tex","150\\,000 \\text{ Go\u002Fs} \\div 2,5 \\text{ Go\u002Fh} \\approx 60\\,000 \\text{ heures\u002Fs}",[1032,1509,1512,1550,1586],{"className":1510,"ariaHidden":1482},[1511],"katex-html",[1032,1513,1516,1521,1525,1530,1533,1539,1543,1547],{"className":1514},[1515],"base",[1032,1517],{"className":1518,"style":1520},[1519],"strut","height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1032,1522,1463],{"className":1523},[1524],"mord",[1032,1526],{"className":1527,"style":1529},[1528],"mspace","margin-right:0.1667em;",[1032,1531,1470],{"className":1532},[1524],[1032,1534,1536],{"className":1535},[1524,643],[1032,1537,1473],{"className":1538},[1524],[1032,1540],{"className":1541,"style":1542},[1528],"margin-right:0.2222em;",[1032,1544,1477],{"className":1545},[1546],"mbin",[1032,1548],{"className":1549,"style":1542},[1528],[1032,1551,1553,1556,1559,1563,1566,1569,1575,1579,1583],{"className":1552},[1515],[1032,1554],{"className":1555,"style":1520},[1519],[1032,1557,991],{"className":1558},[1524],[1032,1560,1483],{"className":1561},[1562],"mpunct",[1032,1564],{"className":1565,"style":1529},[1528],[1032,1567,1486],{"className":1568},[1524],[1032,1570,1572],{"className":1571},[1524,643],[1032,1573,1489],{"className":1574},[1524],[1032,1576],{"className":1577,"style":1578},[1528],"margin-right:0.2778em;",[1032,1580,1492],{"className":1581},[1582],"mrel",[1032,1584],{"className":1585,"style":1578},[1528],[1032,1587,1589,1592,1595,1598,1601],{"className":1588},[1515],[1032,1590],{"className":1591,"style":1520},[1519],[1032,1593,1495],{"className":1594},[1524],[1032,1596],{"className":1597,"style":1529},[1528],[1032,1599,1470],{"className":1600},[1524],[1032,1602,1604],{"className":1603},[1524,643],[1032,1605,1502],{"className":1606},[1524],[599,1608,1609,1610,1613],{},"Soit près de ",[611,1611,1612],{},"sept ans de vidéo… chaque seconde",". Retiens la méthode plutôt\nque le résultat : les deux chiffres d'entrée vieillissent, la division non.",[599,1615,1616,1617,1620,1621,1624,1625,1628,1629,1632],{},"Cette croissance est portée par la ",[611,1618,1619],{},"vidéo en streaming"," (Netflix, YouTube,\nTikTok), les ",[611,1622,1623],{},"visioconférences",", le ",[611,1626,1627],{},"cloud"," et les ",[611,1630,1631],{},"objets connectés",". Une\nseule heure de vidéo en haute définition consomme entre 1 et 3 gigaoctets — multiplié\npar des milliards d'utilisateurs, l'ordre de grandeur devient vite vertigineux.",[734,1634,1636,1641],{"correct":736,"slug":1635},"reseaux-physiques-c2",[739,1637,1638],{"v-slot:question":644},[599,1639,1640],{},"Quel usage contribue le plus à la croissance du trafic Internet aujourd'hui ?",[739,1642,1643],{"v-slot:choices":644},[747,1644,1645,1648,1651,1654],{},[750,1646,1647],{},"les courriels",[750,1649,1650],{},"la vidéo en streaming",[750,1652,1653],{},"la navigation web textuelle",[750,1655,1656],{},"les jeux de cartes",[594,1658,1660],{"id":1659},"pourquoi-cette-indépendance-est-précieuse","Pourquoi cette indépendance est précieuse",[599,1662,1663,1664,1667,1668,1671],{},"Si Internet dépendait d'un seul support physique, il serait extrêmement\nfragile : la moindre coupure de câble suffirait à isoler un pays. Au contraire,\nl'",[611,1665,1666],{},"indépendance par rapport au matériel"," garantit la ",[611,1669,1670],{},"résilience"," : si une\nliaison tombe, les paquets peuvent emprunter un autre chemin sur un autre\nsupport. Cette propriété, voulue dès la conception d'Internet (à l'origine, un\nprojet de recherche financé par la DARPA dans les années 1960), explique en\ngrande partie sa robustesse actuelle.",[1673,1674,1675],"caution",{},[599,1676,1677,1678,1680],{},"Cette résilience n'est ",[611,1679,1117],{}," absolue. Les câbles sous-marins peuvent être\nendommagés (chalutiers, séismes, sabotages), les routeurs critiques peuvent\nêtre saturés, et certains pays peuvent restreindre l'accès à Internet sur leur\nterritoire. Mais la décentralisation rend une coupure totale et durable\ndifficile à provoquer.",[594,1682,1146],{"id":1145},[599,1684,1685,1686,1689],{},"Au-delà des supports terrestres, des entreprises déploient désormais des\nconstellations de ",[611,1687,1688],{},"satellites en orbite basse"," (Starlink, OneWeb) pour fournir\nun accès Internet aux zones que la fibre n'atteindra jamais. Ces déploiements\nillustrent une fois encore la souplesse du modèle : on ajoute un nouveau type de\nsupport, et Internet l'absorbe sans modification de sa structure logique.",{"title":644,"searchDepth":1049,"depth":1049,"links":1691},[1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698],{"id":596,"depth":1049,"text":597},{"id":1204,"depth":1049,"text":1205},{"id":1224,"depth":1049,"text":1225},{"id":1385,"depth":1049,"text":1386},{"id":1414,"depth":1049,"text":1415},{"id":1659,"depth":1049,"text":1660},{"id":1145,"depth":1049,"text":1146},"Internet est un réseau logique, indépendant des supports qui le portent — fibre, cuivre, ondes, satellites.",{},[1702,1704],{"slug":1362,"kind":1174,"question":1367,"choices":1703,"correct":736,"multi":1176,"explanation":644},[1374,1280,1379,1382],{"slug":1635,"kind":1174,"question":1640,"choices":1705,"correct":736,"multi":1176,"explanation":644},[1647,1650,1653,1656],{"title":25,"description":1699},"fd8iJTowXqfUZeXNOXlnBk56EsLXqEP2e9AW-f1GClQ",{"id":1709,"title":29,"bo":1710,"body":1712,"description":2140,"eval":1168,"extension":1169,"labo":1168,"meta":2141,"navigation":1171,"path":30,"quizzes":2142,"readingTime":1035,"seo":2147,"stem":31,"tp":1168,"__hash__":2148},"cours\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002F3.tcp-ip-routage.md",[1711],"SA03",{"type":591,"value":1713,"toc":2130},[1714,1716,1734,1736,1740,1750,1755,1759,1771,1786,1793,1799,1823,1827,1838,1868,1873,1882,1886,1889,1919,1925,1929,1940,1947,1952,1955,1979,1984,1988,2003,2041,2050,2074,2076],[594,1715,597],{"id":596},[599,1717,1718,1719,1722,1723,1725,1726,1729,1730,1733],{},"Quand vous envoyez un message ou ouvrez une page web, votre donnée ne voyage\npas d'un seul tenant sur le câble. Elle est d'abord ",[611,1720,1721],{},"découpée en petits\nmorceaux",", puis chaque morceau prend la route, traverse une dizaine de\nrouteurs intermédiaires, et arrive — souvent dans le désordre — au destinataire,\noù l'ensemble est reconstitué. Deux ",[611,1724,1220],{}," orchestrent cette opération\nsans faille apparente : ",[611,1727,1728],{},"IP"," pour l'adressage et le routage, ",[611,1731,1732],{},"TCP"," pour la\nfiabilité de la transmission.",[625,1735],{"code":1711},[594,1737,1739],{"id":1738},"quest-ce-quun-protocole","Qu'est-ce qu'un protocole ?",[599,1741,1742,1743,1746,1747,842],{},"Un ",[611,1744,1745],{},"protocole"," est un ensemble de règles partagées qui permet à deux machines\nde se comprendre. Sans protocole commun, deux ordinateurs sont comme deux\npersonnes parlant chacune une langue différente : aucun échange n'est possible.\nTCP et IP sont les deux protocoles fondamentaux d'Internet — si fondamentaux\nqu'ils sont souvent évoqués d'un seul bloc, ",[611,1748,1749],{},"TCP\u002FIP",[728,1751,1752],{},[599,1753,1754],{},"Une analogie postale : envoyer une lettre suit un protocole — adresser\nl'enveloppe, coller un timbre, déposer dans une boîte. Sans ces conventions\npartagées entre expéditeur, La Poste et destinataire, le courrier n'arriverait\njamais.",[594,1756,1758],{"id":1757},"le-rôle-dip-adresser-et-router","Le rôle d'IP : adresser et router",[599,1760,1761,1762,618,1764,1767,1768,661],{},"Le protocole ",[611,1763,1728],{},[620,1765,1766],{},"Internet Protocol",") s'occupe de ",[611,1769,1770],{},"deux choses",[1772,1773,1774,1780],"ol",{},[750,1775,1776,1779],{},[611,1777,1778],{},"Adresser"," chaque machine sur Internet par une adresse IP unique.",[750,1781,1782,1785],{},[611,1783,1784],{},"Acheminer les paquets"," de l'expéditeur au destinataire en passant par\nles routeurs intermédiaires.",[599,1787,1788,1789,1792],{},"Chaque morceau de donnée à envoyer est emballé dans un ",[611,1790,1791],{},"paquet IP"," qui\nressemble à une enveloppe :",[784,1794],{"alt":1795,"kind":1796,"src":1797,"svg":1798},"Anatomie d'un paquet IP","schema","\u002Fillustrations\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002Fpaquet-ip.svg","\u003Csvg class=\"illustration-svg\" xmlns=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2000\u002Fsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 480 200\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Anatomie d'un paquet IP : en-tête (IP source, IP destination, numéro) au-dessus, corps (données) en dessous\">\n  \u003Ctitle>Anatomie d'un paquet IP\u003C\u002Ftitle>\n  \u003Cstyle>\n    \u002F* var() valide ici (contexte CSS) — PAS en attribut de présentation.\n       Tokens DS `--diagram-*` (cf. packages\u002Fui main.css), dark-mode natif. *\u002F\n    .ip-svg { font-family: Geist, Inter, system-ui, sans-serif; }\n    .ip-box-head { fill: var(--diagram-node-bg); stroke: var(--diagram-node-border); stroke-width: 1.5; }\n    .ip-box-body { fill: var(--diagram-surface-alt); stroke: var(--diagram-border); stroke-width: 1.5; }\n    .ip-div { stroke: var(--diagram-node-border); stroke-width: 1.5; }\n    .ip-eyebrow { fill: var(--diagram-line); font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 10px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; }\n    .ip-field { fill: var(--diagram-text); font-size: 14px; font-weight: 500; }\n    .ip-val { fill: var(--diagram-line); font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 11px; }\n  \u003C\u002Fstyle>\n\n  \u003Cg class=\"ip-svg\">\n    \u003C!-- EN-TÊTE -->\n    \u003Ctext x=\"40\" y=\"30\" class=\"ip-eyebrow\">EN-TÊTE\u003C\u002Ftext>\n    \u003Crect x=\"40\" y=\"36\" width=\"400\" height=\"62\" rx=\"4\" class=\"ip-box-head\"\u002F>\n    \u003Cline x1=\"195\" y1=\"36\" x2=\"195\" y2=\"98\" class=\"ip-div\"\u002F>\n    \u003Cline x1=\"350\" y1=\"36\" x2=\"350\" y2=\"98\" class=\"ip-div\"\u002F>\n\n    \u003Ctext x=\"117\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ip-field\">IP source\u003C\u002Ftext>\n    \u003Ctext x=\"117\" y=\"82\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ip-val\">192.168.0.12\u003C\u002Ftext>\n\n    \u003Ctext x=\"272\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ip-field\">IP destination\u003C\u002Ftext>\n    \u003Ctext x=\"272\" y=\"82\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ip-val\">93.184.216.34\u003C\u002Ftext>\n\n    \u003Ctext x=\"395\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ip-field\">n°\u003C\u002Ftext>\n    \u003Ctext x=\"395\" y=\"82\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ip-val\">3 \u002F 8\u003C\u002Ftext>\n\n    \u003C!-- CORPS -->\n    \u003Ctext x=\"40\" y=\"128\" class=\"ip-eyebrow\">CORPS\u003C\u002Ftext>\n    \u003Crect x=\"40\" y=\"134\" width=\"400\" height=\"50\" rx=\"4\" class=\"ip-box-body\"\u002F>\n    \u003Ctext x=\"64\" y=\"158\" class=\"ip-field\">données\u003C\u002Ftext>\n    \u003Ctext x=\"64\" y=\"174\" class=\"ip-val\">… un morceau du message découpé …\u003C\u002Ftext>\n  \u003C\u002Fg>\n\u003C\u002Fsvg>\n",[734,1800,1802,1807],{"correct":736,"slug":1801},"tcp-ip-routage-c1",[739,1803,1804],{"v-slot:question":644},[599,1805,1806],{},"Que contient un paquet IP en plus des données ?",[739,1808,1809],{"v-slot:choices":644},[747,1810,1811,1814,1817,1820],{},[750,1812,1813],{},"rien, juste les données",[750,1815,1816],{},"les adresses IP source et destination",[750,1818,1819],{},"un mot de passe",[750,1821,1822],{},"la liste complète du trajet",[594,1824,1826],{"id":1825},"le-rôle-de-tcp-garantir-larrivée","Le rôle de TCP : garantir l'arrivée",[599,1828,1761,1829,618,1831,1834,1835,661],{},[611,1830,1732],{},[620,1832,1833],{},"Transmission Control Protocol",") s'occupe de la\n",[611,1836,1837],{},"fiabilité",[747,1839,1840,1847,1853],{},[750,1841,1842,1843,1846],{},"Il ",[611,1844,1845],{},"découpe"," le message en paquets numérotés.",[750,1848,1842,1849,1852],{},[611,1850,1851],{},"réassemble"," les paquets dans le bon ordre à l'arrivée.",[750,1854,1855,1856,1859,1860,1863,1864,1867],{},"Il vérifie que ",[611,1857,1858],{},"chaque paquet est bien arrivé"," grâce à un système\nd'",[611,1861,1862],{},"accusé de réception"," : pour chaque paquet reçu, le destinataire renvoie\nun signal du type « OK, reçu ». Si l'expéditeur ne reçoit pas cet accusé\naprès un certain délai, il ",[611,1865,1866],{},"renvoie"," le paquet.",[784,1869],{"alt":1870,"kind":787,"src":1871,"svg":1872},"Mécanisme d'accusé de réception TCP : paquet reçu et confirmé, puis paquet perdu, délai dépassé, et renvoi","\u002Fillustrations\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002Ftcp-accuse-reception.svg","\u003Csvg class=\"illustration-svg\" id=\"ill-0-snt-2nde-sa-internet-tcp-accuse-reception\" xmlns=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2000\u002Fsvg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" viewBox=\"-32 -16 451.5 437\" role=\"graphics-document document\" aria-roledescription=\"sequence\">\u003Cg>\u003Cline id=\"actor1\" x1=\"312.5\" y1=\"65\" x2=\"312.5\" y2=\"2000\" class=\"actor-line 200\" stroke-width=\"0.5px\" stroke=\"#999\" name=\"B\" data-et=\"life-line\" data-id=\"B\"\u002F>\u003Cg id=\"root-1\" data-et=\"participant\" data-type=\"participant\" data-id=\"B\">\u003Crect x=\"237.5\" y=\"0\" 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:",[1772,1890,1891,1896,1902,1905,1911,1916],{},[750,1892,1893,1895],{},[611,1894,1732],{}," découpe le fichier en morceaux et les numérote.",[750,1897,1898,1899,1901],{},"Chaque morceau est emballé par ",[611,1900,1728],{}," dans un paquet portant les adresses\nIP source et destination.",[750,1903,1904],{},"Les paquets partent vers le réseau, chacun cherchant son chemin.",[750,1906,1907,1908,1910],{},"À l'arrivée, ",[611,1909,1728],{}," livre les paquets à la bonne machine.",[750,1912,1913,1915],{},[611,1914,1732],{}," vérifie les numéros, réassemble dans l'ordre, demande à renvoyer\nles éventuels paquets manquants.",[750,1917,1918],{},"Le fichier original est reconstitué.",[638,1920,1923],{"className":1921,"code":1922,"language":643,"meta":644},[641],"fichier → [TCP découpe] → morceaux numérotés\n                          → [IP emballe + adresse] → paquets\n                                                     → routage Internet\n                                                       → [IP livre]\n                                                         → [TCP réassemble]\n                                                           → fichier reconstitué\n",[603,1924,1922],{"__ignoreMap":644},[594,1926,1928],{"id":1927},"le-routage-trouver-un-chemin","Le routage : trouver un chemin",[599,1930,1931,1932,1935,1936,1939],{},"Entre deux machines distantes, il y a en général ",[611,1933,1934],{},"plusieurs routeurs","\nintermédiaires. Le ",[611,1937,1938],{},"routage"," désigne le mécanisme par lequel chaque routeur\ndécide vers quel voisin transmettre un paquet pour qu'il se rapproche de sa\ndestination.",[599,1941,1942,1943,1946],{},"Une analogie : imaginez un sac postal qui passe de bureau de poste en bureau\nde poste. Chaque bureau lit l'adresse de destination, choisit le bureau voisin\n",[611,1944,1945],{},"dans la bonne direction",", et transmet sans savoir le trajet complet. C'est\nexactement le principe du routage IP.",[784,1948],{"alt":1949,"kind":787,"src":1950,"svg":1951},"Plusieurs chemins possibles pour un paquet","\u002Fillustrations\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002Fmini-reseau-routage.svg","\u003Csvg id=\"ill-0-snt-2nde-sa-internet-mini-reseau-routage\" xmlns=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2000\u002Fsvg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" class=\"illustration-svg flowchart\" viewBox=\"0 0 551.3682250976562 301\" role=\"graphics-document document\" aria-roledescription=\"flowchart-v2\">\u003Cstyle>#ill-0-snt-2nde-sa-internet-mini-reseau-routage{font-family:Geist,Inter,system-ui,-apple-system,sans-serif;font-size:14px;fill:var(--diagram-text);}@keyframes edge-animation-frame{from{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}@keyframes dash{to{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}#ill-0-snt-2nde-sa-internet-mini-reseau-routage .edge-animation-slow{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 50s linear 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C'est ce qui rend Internet ",[611,1977,1978],{},"résilient",[1108,1980,1981],{},[599,1982,1983],{},"On entend parfois parler de « couper Internet ». À l'échelle d'un pays, cela\nnécessiterait de couper simultanément un très grand nombre de liaisons. La\ndécentralisation du routage rend une telle coupure totale très difficile à\nmaintenir durablement.",[594,1985,1987],{"id":1986},"fiable-mais-pas-en-temps-garanti","Fiable, mais pas en temps garanti",[599,1989,1990,1991,1994,1995,1998,1999,2002],{},"TCP garantit que vos données arrivent ",[611,1992,1993],{},"toutes"," et ",[611,1996,1997],{},"dans l'ordre",".\nIl ",[611,2000,2001],{},"ne garantit pas"," quand elles arriveront. Cette distinction est\nimportante :",[663,2004,2005,2014],{},[666,2006,2007],{},[669,2008,2009,2012],{},[672,2010,2011],{},"Garantie",[672,2013,1749],{},[679,2015,2016,2024,2031],{},[669,2017,2018,2021],{},[684,2019,2020],{},"Toutes les données arrivent",[684,2022,2023],{},"Oui",[669,2025,2026,2029],{},[684,2027,2028],{},"Les données sont dans l'ordre",[684,2030,2023],{},[669,2032,2033,2036],{},[684,2034,2035],{},"Les données arrivent dans un délai précis",[684,2037,2038],{},[611,2039,2040],{},"Non",[1673,2042,2043],{},[599,2044,2045,2046,2049],{},"C'est pourquoi le streaming en direct, les jeux en ligne ou la\nvisioconférence — où le temps réel compte plus que la perfection — utilisent\nsouvent un autre protocole appelé ",[611,2047,2048],{},"UDP",", plus rapide mais sans accusé de\nréception (un paquet perdu est définitivement perdu).",[734,2051,2053,2058],{"correct":736,"slug":2052},"tcp-ip-routage-c2",[739,2054,2055],{"v-slot:question":644},[599,2056,2057],{},"Que garantit TCP qui n'est pas garanti par IP seul ?",[739,2059,2060],{"v-slot:choices":644},[747,2061,2062,2065,2068,2071],{},[750,2063,2064],{},"adressage des machines",[750,2066,2067],{},"arrivée fiable et ordonnée des paquets",[750,2069,2070],{},"vitesse maximale",[750,2072,2073],{},"chiffrement des données",[594,2075,1146],{"id":1145},[599,2077,2078,2079,2082,2083,2125,2126,2129],{},"L'adresse IPv4 (",[603,2080,2081],{},"a.b.c.d"," avec chaque nombre de 0 à 255) permet environ\n",[1032,2084,2086,2101],{"className":2085},[1444],[1032,2087,2089],{"className":2088},[1448],[1450,2090,2091],{"xmlns":1452},[1455,2092,2093,2098],{},[1458,2094,2095],{},[1461,2096,2097],{},"4,3",[1504,2099,2100],{"encoding":1506},"4{,}3",[1032,2102,2104],{"className":2103,"ariaHidden":1482},[1511],[1032,2105,2107,2111,2115,2121],{"className":2106},[1515],[1032,2108],{"className":2109,"style":2110},[1519],"height:0.8389em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1032,2112,2114],{"className":2113},[1524],"4",[1032,2116,2118],{"className":2117},[1524],[1032,2119,1483],{"className":2120},[1562],[1032,2122,2124],{"className":2123},[1524],"3"," milliards d'adresses uniques — un nombre désormais insuffisant pour\nadresser tous les appareils connectés. C'est pour cela qu'a été créé l'",[611,2127,2128],{},"IPv6",",\nqui propose un espace d'adressage astronomiquement plus grand, suffisant pour\nattribuer une adresse unique à chaque grain de sable de la planète.",{"title":644,"searchDepth":1049,"depth":1049,"links":2131},[2132,2133,2134,2135,2136,2137,2138,2139],{"id":596,"depth":1049,"text":597},{"id":1738,"depth":1049,"text":1739},{"id":1757,"depth":1049,"text":1758},{"id":1825,"depth":1049,"text":1826},{"id":1884,"depth":1049,"text":1885},{"id":1927,"depth":1049,"text":1928},{"id":1986,"depth":1049,"text":1987},{"id":1145,"depth":1049,"text":1146},"Comment IP achemine les paquets de routeur en routeur, et comment TCP garantit qu'ils arrivent tous.",{},[2143,2145],{"slug":1801,"kind":1174,"question":1806,"choices":2144,"correct":736,"multi":1176,"explanation":644},[1813,1816,1819,1822],{"slug":2052,"kind":1174,"question":2057,"choices":2146,"correct":736,"multi":1176,"explanation":644},[2064,2067,2070,2073],{"title":29,"description":2140},"lqUlImJ9pEGuSrZbOMFriKlfsTI13j8Iz3QVemv-UG8",{"id":2150,"title":33,"bo":2151,"body":2153,"description":2495,"eval":1168,"extension":1169,"labo":1168,"meta":2496,"navigation":1171,"path":34,"quizzes":2497,"readingTime":1035,"seo":2502,"stem":35,"tp":1168,"__hash__":2503},"cours\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002F4.pair-a-pair.md",[2152],"SA04",{"type":591,"value":2154,"toc":2486},[2155,2157,2187,2189,2193,2199,2218,2224,2230,2234,2252,2257,2260,2284,2288,2291,2345,2354,2358,2361,2392,2416,2429,2453,2457,2464,2477,2479],[594,2156,597],{"id":596},[599,2158,2159,2160,2163,2164,2167,2168,2170,2171,2174,2175,2178,2179,2182,2183,2186],{},"La plupart de vos usages quotidiens d'Internet reposent sur un modèle simple :\nvotre ordinateur est un ",[611,2161,2162],{},"client"," qui demande, et il s'adresse à un ",[611,2165,2166],{},"serveur","\nqui répond. Vous ouvrez ",[603,2169,605],{},", le serveur vous renvoie la page. Mais il\nexiste une autre organisation, plus égalitaire, dans laquelle chaque machine\njoue ",[611,2172,2173],{},"les deux rôles"," simultanément : ce modèle est appelé réseau\n",[611,2176,2177],{},"pair-à-pair"," (en anglais, ",[620,2180,2181],{},"peer-to-peer",", ou ",[611,2184,2185],{},"P2P",").",[625,2188],{"code":2152},[594,2190,2192],{"id":2191},"le-modèle-client-serveur-pour-mémoire","Le modèle client-serveur, pour mémoire",[599,2194,2195,2196,661],{},"Dans le modèle ",[611,2197,2198],{},"client-serveur",[747,2200,2201,2206,2211],{},[750,2202,772,2203,2205],{},[611,2204,2166],{}," est une machine puissante, allumée en permanence, qui héberge\nun service (un site, un jeu, une messagerie).",[750,2207,772,2208,2210],{},[611,2209,2162],{}," est votre appareil personnel, qui se connecte au serveur pour\nconsommer le service.",[750,2212,2213,2214,2217],{},"La communication est ",[611,2215,2216],{},"asymétrique"," : le client demande, le serveur répond.",[638,2219,2222],{"className":2220,"code":2221,"language":643,"meta":644},[641],"[Client A]──┐\n[Client B]──┼──▶ [Serveur unique]\n[Client C]──┘\n",[603,2223,2221],{"__ignoreMap":644},[599,2225,2226,2227,842],{},"C'est efficace, simple à administrer, et c'est le modèle dominant du web. Mais\nil a une faiblesse : ",[611,2228,2229],{},"si le serveur tombe, plus personne n'a accès au service",[594,2231,2233],{"id":2232},"le-modèle-pair-à-pair","Le modèle pair-à-pair",[599,2235,2236,2237,2240,2241,2243,2244,2247,2248,2251],{},"Dans un ",[611,2238,2239],{},"réseau pair-à-pair",", il n'y a ",[611,2242,1117],{}," de serveur central. Chaque\nmachine connectée — appelée ",[611,2245,2246],{},"pair"," ou ",[620,2249,2250],{},"peer"," — est à la fois cliente et\nserveuse : elle demande des ressources aux autres pairs, et elle en fournit à\nceux qui en demandent.",[784,2253],{"alt":2254,"kind":787,"src":2255,"svg":2256},"Client-serveur vs pair-à-pair","\u002Fillustrations\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002Fclient-serveur-vs-p2p.svg","\u003Csvg class=\"illustration-svg\" xmlns=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2000\u002Fsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 480 250\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Comparaison : à gauche le modèle client-serveur (quatre clients autour d'un serveur central), à droite le modèle pair-à-pair (quatre pairs reliés en maille, sans centre)\">\n  \u003Ctitle>Client-serveur vs pair-à-pair\u003C\u002Ftitle>\n  \u003Cstyle>\n    .cp-title { fill: var(--diagram-text); font-family: Geist, Inter, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 600; }\n    .cp-node  { fill: var(--diagram-node-bg); stroke: var(--diagram-node-border); stroke-width: 1.5; }\n    .cp-label { fill: var(--diagram-text); font-family: Geist, Inter, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 500; }\n    .cp-edge  { stroke: var(--diagram-line); stroke-width: 1.5; fill: none; }\n    .cp-arrow { fill: var(--diagram-line); }\n    .cp-divider { stroke: var(--diagram-border); stroke-width: 1.5; stroke-dasharray: 4 4; }\n  \u003C\u002Fstyle>\n\n  \u003Cline class=\"cp-divider\" x1=\"240\" y1=\"40\" x2=\"240\" y2=\"230\"\u002F>\n\n  \u003C!-- ░░ Client-serveur (gauche) ░░ -->\n  \u003Ctext x=\"120\" y=\"26\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"cp-title\">Client-serveur\u003C\u002Ftext>\n\n  \u003C!-- arêtes client → serveur (sous les nœuds) -->\n  \u003Cpath class=\"cp-edge\" d=\"M 60 92 L 100 132\"\u002F>\n  \u003Cpath class=\"cp-edge\" d=\"M 180 92 L 140 132\"\u002F>\n  \u003Cpath class=\"cp-edge\" d=\"M 60 200 L 100 160\"\u002F>\n  \u003Cpath class=\"cp-edge\" d=\"M 180 200 L 140 160\"\u002F>\n  \u003Cpolygon class=\"cp-arrow\" points=\"103,135 92,133 99,124\"\u002F>\n  \u003Cpolygon class=\"cp-arrow\" points=\"137,135 141,124 148,133\"\u002F>\n  \u003Cpolygon class=\"cp-arrow\" points=\"103,157 99,168 92,159\"\u002F>\n  \u003Cpolygon class=\"cp-arrow\" points=\"137,157 148,159 141,168\"\u002F>\n\n  \u003C!-- serveur central -->\n  \u003Ccircle cx=\"120\" cy=\"146\" r=\"26\" class=\"cp-node\"\u002F>\n  \u003Ctext x=\"120\" y=\"150\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"cp-label\">Serveur\u003C\u002Ftext>\n\n  \u003C!-- clients -->\n  \u003Cg>\n    \u003Crect x=\"22\"  y=\"62\"  width=\"64\" height=\"30\" rx=\"4\" class=\"cp-node\"\u002F>\u003Ctext x=\"54\"  y=\"81\"  text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"cp-label\">Client\u003C\u002Ftext>\n    \u003Crect x=\"154\" y=\"62\"  width=\"64\" height=\"30\" rx=\"4\" class=\"cp-node\"\u002F>\u003Ctext x=\"186\" y=\"81\"  text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"cp-label\">Client\u003C\u002Ftext>\n    \u003Crect x=\"22\"  y=\"200\" width=\"64\" height=\"30\" rx=\"4\" class=\"cp-node\"\u002F>\u003Ctext x=\"54\"  y=\"219\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"cp-label\">Client\u003C\u002Ftext>\n    \u003Crect x=\"154\" y=\"200\" width=\"64\" height=\"30\" rx=\"4\" class=\"cp-node\"\u002F>\u003Ctext x=\"186\" y=\"219\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"cp-label\">Client\u003C\u002Ftext>\n  \u003C\u002Fg>\n\n  \u003C!-- ░░ Pair-à-pair (droite) ░░ -->\n  \u003Ctext x=\"360\" y=\"26\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"cp-title\">Pair-à-pair\u003C\u002Ftext>\n\n  \u003C!-- maille : 4 pairs tous reliés (6 arêtes, sans centre) -->\n  \u003Cpath class=\"cp-edge\" d=\"M 300 77 L 420 77\"\u002F>\n  \u003Cpath class=\"cp-edge\" d=\"M 300 215 L 420 215\"\u002F>\n  \u003Cpath class=\"cp-edge\" d=\"M 300 77 L 300 215\"\u002F>\n  \u003Cpath class=\"cp-edge\" d=\"M 420 77 L 420 215\"\u002F>\n  \u003Cpath class=\"cp-edge\" d=\"M 300 77 L 420 215\"\u002F>\n  \u003Cpath class=\"cp-edge\" d=\"M 420 77 L 300 215\"\u002F>\n\n  \u003Cg>\n    \u003Crect x=\"268\" y=\"62\"  width=\"64\" height=\"30\" rx=\"4\" class=\"cp-node\"\u002F>\u003Ctext x=\"300\" y=\"81\"  text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"cp-label\">Pair\u003C\u002Ftext>\n    \u003Crect x=\"388\" y=\"62\"  width=\"64\" height=\"30\" rx=\"4\" class=\"cp-node\"\u002F>\u003Ctext x=\"420\" y=\"81\"  text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"cp-label\">Pair\u003C\u002Ftext>\n    \u003Crect x=\"268\" y=\"200\" width=\"64\" height=\"30\" rx=\"4\" class=\"cp-node\"\u002F>\u003Ctext x=\"300\" y=\"219\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"cp-label\">Pair\u003C\u002Ftext>\n    \u003Crect x=\"388\" y=\"200\" width=\"64\" height=\"30\" rx=\"4\" class=\"cp-node\"\u002F>\u003Ctext x=\"420\" y=\"219\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"cp-label\">Pair\u003C\u002Ftext>\n  \u003C\u002Fg>\n\u003C\u002Fsvg>\n",[599,2258,2259],{},"Une analogie : un repas partagé en colocation. Plutôt qu'un seul cuisinier\nservant tout le monde (client-serveur), chaque colocataire apporte un plat et\nsert les autres tout en se servant lui-même (pair-à-pair). Personne n'est\nindispensable, et la table reste garnie même si l'un se désiste.",[734,2261,2263,2268],{"correct":991,"slug":2262},"pair-a-pair-c1",[739,2264,2265],{"v-slot:question":644},[599,2266,2267],{},"Dans un réseau pair-à-pair, quel rôle joue chaque machine ?",[739,2269,2270],{"v-slot:choices":644},[747,2271,2272,2275,2278,2281],{},[750,2273,2274],{},"uniquement cliente",[750,2276,2277],{},"uniquement serveuse",[750,2279,2280],{},"à la fois cliente et serveuse",[750,2282,2283],{},"aucun rôle particulier",[594,2285,2287],{"id":2286},"pourquoi-cest-intéressant","Pourquoi c'est intéressant",[599,2289,2290],{},"Le pair-à-pair présente plusieurs avantages structurels :",[663,2292,2293,2303],{},[666,2294,2295],{},[669,2296,2297,2300],{},[672,2298,2299],{},"Avantage",[672,2301,2302],{},"Explication",[679,2304,2305,2315,2325,2335],{},[669,2306,2307,2312],{},[684,2308,2309],{},[611,2310,2311],{},"Résilience",[684,2313,2314],{},"Pas de point central à faire tomber. Si un pair se déconnecte, les autres continuent.",[669,2316,2317,2322],{},[684,2318,2319],{},[611,2320,2321],{},"Passage à l'échelle",[684,2323,2324],{},"Plus il y a de pairs, plus il y a de ressources disponibles dans le réseau.",[669,2326,2327,2332],{},[684,2328,2329],{},[611,2330,2331],{},"Pas d'infrastructure coûteuse",[684,2333,2334],{},"Pas besoin d'investir dans des serveurs surpuissants.",[669,2336,2337,2342],{},[684,2338,2339],{},[611,2340,2341],{},"Distribution équitable de la charge",[684,2343,2344],{},"Le téléchargement d'un fichier puise des morceaux chez plusieurs pairs à la fois.",[898,2346,2347],{},[599,2348,2349,2350,2353],{},"Quand vous téléchargez un fichier volumineux via un réseau P2P, vous ne le\nrécupérez pas auprès d'une seule machine : vous en obtenez des ",[611,2351,2352],{},"morceaux"," de\nplusieurs pairs simultanément, ce qui peut accélérer considérablement le\ntéléchargement par rapport à un serveur unique.",[594,2355,2357],{"id":2356},"quelques-exemples-dusages","Quelques exemples d'usages",[599,2359,2360],{},"Le pair-à-pair n'est pas une curiosité : il sous-tend des services bien réels,\nlégitimes ou contestés.",[2362,2363,2366],"card",{"icon":2364,"title":2365},"i-lucide-check","Usages légitimes",[747,2367,2368,2374,2380,2386],{},[750,2369,2370,2373],{},[611,2371,2372],{},"BitTorrent"," pour distribuer de gros fichiers libres : images de\ndistributions Linux, archives de l'Internet Archive, jeux libres.",[750,2375,2376,2379],{},[611,2377,2378],{},"Mises à jour de logiciels"," : certains systèmes (Windows, Blizzard) utilisent\nle P2P pour répartir la charge des téléchargements massifs.",[750,2381,2382,2385],{},[611,2383,2384],{},"Réseaux décentralisés"," : Bitcoin, IPFS, Mastodon (en partie). Pas de\nserveur central qui pourrait imposer une censure.",[750,2387,2388,2391],{},[611,2389,2390],{},"Visioconférence"," : certains outils utilisent du P2P pour relier\ndirectement deux participants sans passer par un serveur intermédiaire.",[2362,2393,2396],{"icon":2394,"title":2395},"i-lucide-alert-triangle","Usages illicites",[747,2397,2398,2404,2410],{},[750,2399,2400,2403],{},[611,2401,2402],{},"Partage de fichiers protégés par le droit d'auteur"," : films, séries,\nmusique, logiciels piratés. C'est l'usage historique qui a popularisé le\nP2P (Napster en 1999, eMule, BitTorrent…).",[750,2405,2406,2409],{},[611,2407,2408],{},"Distribution de contenus illégaux"," : la décentralisation rend la lutte\ncontre les contenus interdits plus difficile.",[750,2411,2412,2415],{},[611,2413,2414],{},"Marchés noirs en ligne"," : certains services illégaux s'appuient sur des\nréseaux pair-à-pair pour échapper aux autorités.",[1108,2417,2418],{},[599,2419,2420,2421,2424,2425,2428],{},"Le partage de fichiers protégés par le droit d'auteur via un réseau P2P est\n",[611,2422,2423],{},"illégal"," en France. La loi ",[611,2426,2427],{},"Hadopi"," (2009) permet de sanctionner les\nutilisateurs identifiés. Au-delà de la sanction, c'est aussi une atteinte au\ntravail des auteurs et des artistes qui produisent ces œuvres.",[734,2430,2432,2437],{"correct":736,"slug":2431},"pair-a-pair-c2",[739,2433,2434],{"v-slot:question":644},[599,2435,2436],{},"Lequel de ces usages du P2P est légitime ?",[739,2438,2439],{"v-slot:choices":644},[747,2440,2441,2444,2447,2450],{},[750,2442,2443],{},"télécharger un film en streaming illégal",[750,2445,2446],{},"distribuer une distribution Linux libre",[750,2448,2449],{},"pirater un jeu vidéo récent",[750,2451,2452],{},"partager illégalement une chanson protégée",[594,2454,2456],{"id":2455},"difficulté-du-contrôle","Difficulté du contrôle",[599,2458,2459,2460,2463],{},"Avec un service centralisé, il suffit d'éteindre le serveur pour interrompre\nle service — ou de le saisir pour bloquer la diffusion d'un contenu. Dans un\nréseau pair-à-pair, ",[611,2461,2462],{},"chaque utilisateur"," est en partie hébergeur : il\nfaudrait éteindre toutes les machines participantes pour faire disparaître le\ncontenu. C'est cette propriété qui rend le P2P précieux pour les usages\ndécentralisés, et difficile à contrôler quand il est utilisé pour des activités\nillicites.",[1673,2465,2466],{},[599,2467,2468,2469,2472,2473,2476],{},"La décentralisation n'est ni un bien ni un mal en soi : c'est une ",[611,2470,2471],{},"propriété\ntechnique"," qui sert l'usage qui en est fait. Un réseau pair-à-pair peut servir à\ndistribuer une encyclopédie libre comme à diffuser un contenu illégal — c'est\nl'",[611,2474,2475],{},"usage"," qui qualifie l'action, pas la technologie.",[594,2478,1146],{"id":1145},[599,2480,2481,2482,2485],{},"L'idée pair-à-pair est aussi au cœur des ",[611,2483,2484],{},"blockchains"," (Bitcoin, Ethereum) :\ndes milliers de machines partagent une copie commune d'un registre, qu'elles\nmettent à jour ensemble selon des règles précises, sans qu'aucune autorité\ncentrale ne valide les transactions. C'est une extension du principe P2P :\nchaque pair contribue, et la cohérence émerge de l'accord collectif.",{"title":644,"searchDepth":1049,"depth":1049,"links":2487},[2488,2489,2490,2491,2492,2493,2494],{"id":596,"depth":1049,"text":597},{"id":2191,"depth":1049,"text":2192},{"id":2232,"depth":1049,"text":2233},{"id":2286,"depth":1049,"text":2287},{"id":2356,"depth":1049,"text":2357},{"id":2455,"depth":1049,"text":2456},{"id":1145,"depth":1049,"text":1146},"Quand chaque machine devient à la fois cliente et serveuse — usages légitimes et dérives.",{},[2498,2500],{"slug":2262,"kind":1174,"question":2267,"choices":2499,"correct":991,"multi":1176,"explanation":644},[2274,2277,2280,2283],{"slug":2431,"kind":1174,"question":2436,"choices":2501,"correct":736,"multi":1176,"explanation":644},[2443,2446,2449,2452],{"title":33,"description":2495},"Uw0f4jwJIjkTS4fdMA7eRUpphgEsLy0r179XavU1bQc",{"id":2505,"title":15,"bo":1168,"body":2506,"description":2586,"eval":1168,"extension":1169,"labo":1168,"meta":2587,"navigation":1171,"path":16,"quizzes":2589,"readingTime":1035,"seo":2590,"stem":17,"tp":1168,"__hash__":2591},"cours\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002F0.index.md",{"type":591,"value":2507,"toc":2581},[2508,2512,2517,2532,2536,2554,2558],[594,2509,2511],{"id":2510},"au-programme","Au programme",[599,2513,2514,2515,842],{},"Internet est devenu aussi banal qu'invisible. Pourtant, derrière chaque page\nouverte, chaque vidéo lancée, chaque message échangé, se cache une mécanique\nremarquable qui orchestre la circulation des données à l'échelle de la planète.\nCe chapitre vous propose d'ouvrir le capot et de comprendre les grands principes\nsur lesquels repose ce ",[611,2516,1198],{},[599,2518,2519,2520,2522,2523,2525,2526,2528,2529,2531],{},"Vous découvrirez d'abord comment un nom lisible comme ",[603,2521,605],{}," est traduit en\nadresse numérique grâce au ",[611,2524,617],{},". Vous verrez ensuite qu'Internet ne dépend\npas d'un seul type de support physique : fibre, ondes, satellites cohabitent\nsans que vous n'ayez à vous en soucier. Vous étudierez les protocoles ",[611,2527,1749],{},"\nqui découpent vos messages en paquets et orchestrent leur acheminement à travers\nles routeurs. Enfin, vous explorerez l'organisation ",[611,2530,2177],{},", alternative\nau modèle client-serveur, avec ses promesses et ses dérives.",[594,2533,2535],{"id":2534},"objectifs","Objectifs",[2362,2537,2540],{"icon":2538,"title":2539},"i-lucide-target","À la fin du chapitre, vous saurez",[747,2541,2542,2545,2548,2551],{},[750,2543,2544],{},"Expliquer le rôle du DNS et retrouver une adresse IP à partir d'un nom de domaine.",[750,2546,2547],{},"Citer plusieurs types de réseaux physiques et évaluer leur ordre de grandeur en débit.",[750,2549,2550],{},"Distinguer les rôles de TCP et d'IP, et décrire le routage d'un paquet.",[750,2552,2553],{},"Décrire ce qu'est un réseau pair-à-pair et ses usages, légaux ou non.",[594,2555,2557],{"id":2556},"plan","Plan",[1772,2559,2560,2565,2570,2576],{},[750,2561,2562,2564],{},[611,2563,21],{}," — du nom de domaine à l'IP.",[750,2566,2567,2569],{},[611,2568,25],{}," — un réseau logique indépendant du matériel.",[750,2571,2572,2575],{},[611,2573,2574],{},"Protocoles TCP\u002FIP et routage"," — découpage, transport, accusé de réception.",[750,2577,2578,2580],{},[611,2579,33],{}," — l'alternative au client-serveur.",{"title":644,"searchDepth":1049,"depth":1049,"links":2582},[2583,2584,2585],{"id":2510,"depth":1049,"text":2511},{"id":2534,"depth":1049,"text":2535},{"id":2556,"depth":1049,"text":2557},"Du nom de domaine à la livraison du dernier paquet, comprendre comment Internet fait tenir l'ensemble.",{"icon":2588},"i-lucide-globe",[],{"title":15,"description":2586},"15qKAIdpFhJjj-GQZh_NjtYmOttORsBPOng5aan9fQk",[2593,2796,3188,3391,3644],{"id":2594,"title":2595,"bo":2596,"body":2597,"description":2789,"eval":1168,"extension":1169,"labo":1168,"meta":2790,"navigation":1176,"path":2791,"quizzes":2792,"readingTime":1035,"seo":2793,"stem":2794,"tp":1168,"__hash__":2795},"coursMemo\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002F1.adresses-dns.memo.md","Adresses symboliques et DNS — l'essentiel",[589],{"type":591,"value":2598,"toc":2782},[2599,2603,2612,2616,2671,2675,2735,2737,2748,2752,2779],[594,2600,2602],{"id":2601},"en-une-phrase","En une phrase",[599,2604,772,2605,2607,2608,2611],{},[611,2606,617],{}," est l'annuaire distribué d'Internet : il ",[611,2609,2610],{},"traduit un nom de domaine\nen adresse IP"," pour que votre ordinateur sache à quelle machine s'adresser.",[594,2613,2615],{"id":2614},"à-mémoriser","À mémoriser",[747,2617,2618,2627,2634,2642,2660],{},[750,2619,2620,2623,2624,2626],{},[611,2621,2622],{},"Adresse IP"," : suite de chiffres qui identifie une machine. IPv4 = quatre\noctets ",[603,2625,2081],{}," (de 0 à 255). IPv6 = format plus long, plus récent.",[750,2628,2629,2631,2632,2186],{},[611,2630,674],{}," = nom de domaine, lisible humain (",[603,2633,605],{},[750,2635,2636,2638,2639,2641],{},[611,2637,617],{}," = ",[620,2640,622],{},", service de traduction nom ↔ IP.",[750,2643,2644,2645,2648,2649,2651,2652,2655,2656,2659],{},"Un nom se lit ",[611,2646,2647],{},"de droite à gauche"," : racine ",[603,2650,842],{}," → TLD (",[603,2653,2654],{},".fr",", ",[603,2657,2658],{},".com",") →\ndomaine → sous-domaine.",[750,2661,2662,2663,2666,2667,2670],{},"La résolution passe par ",[611,2664,2665],{},"plusieurs serveurs en cascade"," (un résolveur\nqui interroge des serveurs spécialisés par extension), et chaque réponse\nest ",[611,2668,2669],{},"mise en cache"," pour aller plus vite la fois d'après.",[594,2672,2674],{"id":2673},"à-savoir-reconnaître","À savoir reconnaître",[663,2676,2677,2686],{},[666,2678,2679],{},[669,2680,2681,2684],{},[672,2682,2683],{},"Élément",[672,2685,1240],{},[679,2687,2688,2697,2706,2715,2724],{},[669,2689,2690,2694],{},[684,2691,2692],{},[603,2693,754],{},[684,2695,2696],{},"adresse IP (IPv4)",[669,2698,2699,2703],{},[684,2700,2701],{},[603,2702,605],{},[684,2704,2705],{},"nom de domaine",[669,2707,2708,2712],{},[684,2709,2710],{},[603,2711,1124],{},[684,2713,2714],{},"URL complète",[669,2716,2717,2721],{},[684,2718,2719],{},[603,2720,2654],{},[684,2722,2723],{},"TLD (extension)",[669,2725,2726,2733],{},[684,2727,2728,2730,2731],{},[603,2729,979],{}," dans ",[603,2732,916],{},[684,2734,982],{},[594,2736,1106],{"id":1105},[747,2738,2739,2742,2745],{},[750,2740,2741],{},"Une URL n'est pas un nom de domaine — l'URL contient en plus le protocole et\nun chemin.",[750,2743,2744],{},"Une même IP peut héberger plusieurs sites, un même site peut avoir plusieurs IP.",[750,2746,2747],{},"Le cache DNS retarde parfois la prise en compte d'un changement.",[594,2749,2751],{"id":2750},"commandes-utiles","Commandes utiles",[638,2753,2755],{"className":1025,"code":2754,"language":1028,"meta":644,"style":644},"host nsi.rocks       # Linux\u002FmacOS\nnslookup nsi.rocks   # Windows\n",[603,2756,2757,2769],{"__ignoreMap":644},[1032,2758,2759,2762,2765],{"class":1034,"line":1035},[1032,2760,2761],{"class":1038},"host",[1032,2763,2764],{"class":1042}," nsi.rocks",[1032,2766,2768],{"class":2767},"sCsY4","       # Linux\u002FmacOS\n",[1032,2770,2771,2774,2776],{"class":1034,"line":1049},[1032,2772,2773],{"class":1038},"nslookup",[1032,2775,2764],{"class":1042},[1032,2777,2778],{"class":2767},"   # Windows\n",[1155,2780,2781],{},"html pre.shiki code .snPdu, html code.shiki .snPdu{--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .sIIMD, html code.shiki .sIIMD{--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sCsY4, html code.shiki .sCsY4{--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}",{"title":644,"searchDepth":1049,"depth":1049,"links":2783},[2784,2785,2786,2787,2788],{"id":2601,"depth":1049,"text":2602},{"id":2614,"depth":1049,"text":2615},{"id":2673,"depth":1049,"text":2674},{"id":1105,"depth":1049,"text":1106},{"id":2750,"depth":1049,"text":2751},"Mémo de révision sur le DNS et la traduction nom → IP.",{},"\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002Fadresses-dns.memo",[],{"title":2595,"description":2789},"0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002F1.adresses-dns.memo","BnQV1woJ0UL3YkdF2OMJWYoz-IPjfGwuNJfA9IID5NU",{"id":2797,"title":2798,"bo":2799,"body":2800,"description":3181,"eval":1168,"extension":1169,"labo":1168,"meta":3182,"navigation":1176,"path":3183,"quizzes":3184,"readingTime":1035,"seo":3185,"stem":3186,"tp":1168,"__hash__":3187},"coursMemo\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002F2.reseaux-physiques.memo.md","Internet et les réseaux physiques — l'essentiel",[1184],{"type":591,"value":2801,"toc":3174},[2802,2804,2814,2816,2977,2979,3051,3053,3149,3153],[594,2803,2602],{"id":2601},[599,2805,2806,2807,2810,2811,842],{},"Internet est un ",[611,2808,2809],{},"réseau logique"," qui circule indifféremment sur des supports\nphysiques variés — fibre, cuivre, ondes, satellites — ce qui le rend ",[611,2812,2813],{},"flexible\net résilient",[594,2815,2615],{"id":2614},[747,2817,2818,2824,2827,2830,2836,2971],{},[750,2819,2820,2821,2823],{},"Internet est défini par ses ",[611,2822,1220],{}," (TCP\u002FIP), pas par un support.",[750,2825,2826],{},"Supports filaires : Ethernet (cuivre), fibre optique, ADSL (en déclin).",[750,2828,2829],{},"Supports sans fil : Wi-Fi, 4G\u002F5G, satellite.",[750,2831,2832,2835],{},[611,2833,2834],{},"Débit"," mesuré en bit\u002Fs, Kbit\u002Fs, Mbit\u002Fs, Gbit\u002Fs.",[750,2837,2838,2867,2868,2914,2915,2970],{},[1032,2839,2841,2854],{"className":2840},[1444],[1032,2842,2844],{"className":2843},[1448],[1450,2845,2846],{"xmlns":1452},[1455,2847,2848,2852],{},[1458,2849,2850],{},[1461,2851,736],{},[1504,2853,736],{"encoding":1506},[1032,2855,2857],{"className":2856,"ariaHidden":1482},[1511],[1032,2858,2860,2864],{"className":2859},[1515],[1032,2861],{"className":2862,"style":2863},[1519],"height:0.6444em;",[1032,2865,736],{"className":2866},[1524]," octet ",[1032,2869,2871,2889],{"className":2870},[1444],[1032,2872,2874],{"className":2873},[1448],[1450,2875,2876],{"xmlns":1452},[1455,2877,2878,2886],{},[1458,2879,2880,2883],{},[1475,2881,2882],{},"=",[1461,2884,2885],{},"8",[1504,2887,2888],{"encoding":1506},"= 8",[1032,2890,2892,2905],{"className":2891,"ariaHidden":1482},[1511],[1032,2893,2895,2899,2902],{"className":2894},[1515],[1032,2896],{"className":2897,"style":2898},[1519],"height:0.3669em;",[1032,2900,2882],{"className":2901},[1582],[1032,2903],{"className":2904,"style":1578},[1528],[1032,2906,2908,2911],{"className":2907},[1515],[1032,2909],{"className":2910,"style":2863},[1519],[1032,2912,2885],{"className":2913},[1524]," bits. Une connexion 100 Mbit\u002Fs ",[1032,2916,2918,2935],{"className":2917},[1444],[1032,2919,2921],{"className":2920},[1448],[1450,2922,2923],{"xmlns":1452},[1455,2924,2925,2932],{},[1458,2926,2927,2929],{},[1475,2928,1492],{},[1461,2930,2931],{},"12,5",[1504,2933,2934],{"encoding":1506},"\\approx 12{,}5",[1032,2936,2938,2951],{"className":2937,"ariaHidden":1482},[1511],[1032,2939,2941,2945,2948],{"className":2940},[1515],[1032,2942],{"className":2943,"style":2944},[1519],"height:0.4831em;",[1032,2946,1492],{"className":2947},[1582],[1032,2949],{"className":2950,"style":1578},[1528],[1032,2952,2954,2957,2961,2967],{"className":2953},[1515],[1032,2955],{"className":2956,"style":2110},[1519],[1032,2958,2960],{"className":2959},[1524],"12",[1032,2962,2964],{"className":2963},[1524],[1032,2965,1483],{"className":2966},[1562],[1032,2968,1486],{"className":2969},[1524]," Mo\u002Fs.",[750,2972,772,2973,2976],{},[611,2974,2975],{},"trafic Internet mondial double tous les 2 à 3 ans",", porté\nprincipalement par la vidéo en streaming.",[594,2978,2674],{"id":2673},[663,2980,2981,2994],{},[666,2982,2983],{},[669,2984,2985,2988,2991],{},[672,2986,2987],{},"Type de support",[672,2989,2990],{},"Filaire \u002F sans fil",[672,2992,2993],{},"Vitesse typique",[679,2995,2996,3005,3015,3024,3034,3042],{},[669,2997,2998,3000,3002],{},[684,2999,1267],{},[684,3001,1256],{},[684,3003,3004],{},"très élevée (Gbit\u002Fs)",[669,3006,3007,3010,3012],{},[684,3008,3009],{},"Ethernet cuivre",[684,3011,1256],{},[684,3013,3014],{},"élevée (100 Mbit\u002Fs – 10 Gbit\u002Fs)",[669,3016,3017,3019,3021],{},[684,3018,1382],{},[684,3020,1325],{},[684,3022,3023],{},"faible (qq Mbit\u002Fs)",[669,3025,3026,3028,3031],{},[684,3027,1280],{},[684,3029,3030],{},"sans fil local",[684,3032,3033],{},"moyenne à élevée",[669,3035,3036,3038,3040],{},[684,3037,1294],{},[684,3039,1297],{},[684,3041,3033],{},[669,3043,3044,3046,3048],{},[684,3045,1308],{},[684,3047,1311],{},[684,3049,3050],{},"moyenne",[594,3052,1106],{"id":1105},[747,3054,3055,3140,3143],{},[750,3056,3057,618,3059,3061,3062,3134,3135,618,3137,3139],{},[611,3058,1346],{},[603,3060,1350],{},") ",[1032,3063,3065,3081],{"className":3064},[1444],[1032,3066,3068],{"className":3067},[1448],[1450,3069,3070],{"xmlns":1452},[1455,3071,3072,3078],{},[1458,3073,3074],{},[1475,3075,3077],{"mathvariant":3076},"normal","≠",[1504,3079,3080],{"encoding":1506},"\\neq",[1032,3082,3084],{"className":3083,"ariaHidden":1482},[1511],[1032,3085,3087,3091],{"className":3086},[1515],[1032,3088],{"className":3089,"style":3090},[1519],"height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1032,3092,3094,3127,3131],{"className":3093},[1582],[1032,3095,3097],{"className":3096},[1582],[1032,3098,3101],{"className":3099},[1524,3100],"vbox",[1032,3102,3105],{"className":3103},[3104],"thinbox",[1032,3106,3109,3112,3123],{"className":3107},[3108],"rlap",[1032,3110],{"className":3111,"style":3090},[1519],[1032,3113,3116],{"className":3114},[3115],"inner",[1032,3117,3119],{"className":3118},[1524],[1032,3120,3122],{"className":3121},[1582],"",[1032,3124],{"className":3125},[3126],"fix",[1032,3128],{"className":3129},[1528,3130],"nobreak",[1032,3132,2882],{"className":3133},[1582]," ",[611,3136,1354],{},[603,3138,1358],{},"). 1 octet = 8 bits.",[750,3141,3142],{},"La fibre est filaire ; la 5G est sans fil, malgré la vitesse.",[750,3144,3145,3146,842],{},"L'indépendance physique rend Internet résilient, mais ",[611,3147,3148],{},"pas indestructible",[594,3150,3152],{"id":3151},"chiffres-clés-à-connaître","Chiffres-clés à connaître",[747,3154,3155,3162,3169],{},[750,3156,3157,3158,3161],{},"Le trafic Internet ",[611,3159,3160],{},"double tous les 2 à 3 ans"," environ.",[750,3163,3164,3165,3168],{},"La vidéo en streaming est le ",[611,3166,3167],{},"premier contributeur"," au trafic actuel.",[750,3170,1403,3171,3173],{},[611,3172,1406],{}," d'Internet sont en grande majorité des fibres optiques sous-marines.",{"title":644,"searchDepth":1049,"depth":1049,"links":3175},[3176,3177,3178,3179,3180],{"id":2601,"depth":1049,"text":2602},{"id":2614,"depth":1049,"text":2615},{"id":2673,"depth":1049,"text":2674},{"id":1105,"depth":1049,"text":1106},{"id":3151,"depth":1049,"text":3152},"Mémo de révision sur l'indépendance d'Internet par rapport au matériel.",{},"\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002Freseaux-physiques.memo",[],{"title":2798,"description":3181},"0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002F2.reseaux-physiques.memo","IxGmJ1J530QLFykTr1-rb1Q-elvQoNVcDRm8EzW8KSE",{"id":3189,"title":3190,"bo":3191,"body":3192,"description":3384,"eval":1168,"extension":1169,"labo":1168,"meta":3385,"navigation":1176,"path":3386,"quizzes":3387,"readingTime":1035,"seo":3388,"stem":3389,"tp":1168,"__hash__":3390},"coursMemo\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002F3.tcp-ip-routage.memo.md","Protocoles TCP\u002FIP et routage — l'essentiel",[1711],{"type":591,"value":3193,"toc":3377},[3194,3196,3204,3206,3249,3253,3307,3309,3352,3354],[594,3195,2602],{"id":2601},[599,3197,3198,3200,3201,3203],{},[611,3199,1728],{}," adresse et achemine les paquets de routeur en routeur ; ",[611,3202,1732],{}," découpe\nles données, vérifie l'arrivée de chaque paquet et reconstitue l'ensemble dans\nl'ordre.",[594,3205,2615],{"id":2614},[747,3207,3208,3214,3219,3224,3235,3240],{},[750,3209,3210,3213],{},[611,3211,3212],{},"Protocole"," : règles partagées entre machines pour pouvoir communiquer.",[750,3215,3216,3218],{},[611,3217,1728],{}," : adresse chaque machine + achemine les paquets.",[750,3220,3221,3223],{},[611,3222,1732],{}," : découpe en paquets numérotés + accusé de réception + réassemblage.",[750,3225,3226,3227,3230,3231,3234],{},"Un message est ",[611,3228,3229],{},"découpé en plusieurs paquets",", qui peuvent prendre des\n",[611,3232,3233],{},"chemins différents",", et peuvent arriver dans le désordre.",[750,3236,772,3237,3239],{},[611,3238,1938],{}," = choix du prochain routeur par chaque routeur intermédiaire.",[750,3241,3242,3243,3245,3246,842],{},"TCP garantit la ",[611,3244,1837],{}," (tout arrive, dans l'ordre), ",[611,3247,3248],{},"pas le délai",[594,3250,3252],{"id":3251},"comparaison-à-connaître","Comparaison à connaître",[663,3254,3255,3266],{},[666,3256,3257],{},[669,3258,3259,3261,3263],{},[672,3260,2011],{},[672,3262,1749],{},[672,3264,3265],{},"UDP\u002FIP",[679,3267,3268,3277,3286,3297],{},[669,3269,3270,3273,3275],{},[684,3271,3272],{},"Arrivée fiable",[684,3274,2023],{},[684,3276,2040],{},[669,3278,3279,3282,3284],{},[684,3280,3281],{},"Ordre conservé",[684,3283,2023],{},[684,3285,2040],{},[669,3287,3288,3291,3294],{},[684,3289,3290],{},"Vitesse",[684,3292,3293],{},"Moyenne",[684,3295,3296],{},"Élevée",[669,3298,3299,3301,3304],{},[684,3300,1246],{},[684,3302,3303],{},"web, fichiers, courriels",[684,3305,3306],{},"streaming live, jeu en ligne",[594,3308,2674],{"id":2673},[663,3310,3311,3321],{},[666,3312,3313],{},[669,3314,3315,3318],{},[672,3316,3317],{},"Situation",[672,3319,3320],{},"Rôle en cause",[679,3322,3323,3330,3338,3345],{},[669,3324,3325,3328],{},[684,3326,3327],{},"« Mon paquet est arrivé puis l'accusé est revenu »",[684,3329,1732],{},[669,3331,3332,3335],{},[684,3333,3334],{},"« Ce routeur a décidé d'envoyer vers l'est »",[684,3336,3337],{},"IP \u002F routage",[669,3339,3340,3343],{},[684,3341,3342],{},"« Le fichier a été découpé en morceaux »",[684,3344,1732],{},[669,3346,3347,3350],{},[684,3348,3349],{},"« Les paquets ont pris des chemins différents »",[684,3351,3337],{},[594,3353,1106],{"id":1105},[747,3355,3356,3363,3370],{},[750,3357,3358,3359,3362],{},"TCP ne ",[611,3360,3361],{},"garantit pas"," une vitesse minimale.",[750,3364,3365,3366,3369],{},"Plusieurs ",[611,3367,3368],{},"chemins"," existent, ce qui rend Internet résilient.",[750,3371,3372,3373,3376],{},"IPv4 a ",[611,3374,3375],{},"bientôt épuisé"," ses adresses ; IPv6 prend le relais.",{"title":644,"searchDepth":1049,"depth":1049,"links":3378},[3379,3380,3381,3382,3383],{"id":2601,"depth":1049,"text":2602},{"id":2614,"depth":1049,"text":2615},{"id":3251,"depth":1049,"text":3252},{"id":2673,"depth":1049,"text":2674},{"id":1105,"depth":1049,"text":1106},"Mémo de révision sur TCP, IP et le routage des paquets.",{},"\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002Ftcp-ip-routage.memo",[],{"title":3190,"description":3384},"0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002F3.tcp-ip-routage.memo","TQxJ6DNzGstaIJkykStyaARyFAb7LY6ZkTsdvmAHdkg",{"id":3392,"title":3393,"bo":3394,"body":3395,"description":3637,"eval":1168,"extension":1169,"labo":1168,"meta":3638,"navigation":1176,"path":3639,"quizzes":3640,"readingTime":1035,"seo":3641,"stem":3642,"tp":1168,"__hash__":3643},"coursMemo\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002F4.pair-a-pair.memo.md","Réseaux pair-à-pair — l'essentiel",[2152],{"type":591,"value":3396,"toc":3630},[3397,3399,3410,3412,3447,3451,3505,3507,3551,3553],[594,3398,2602],{"id":2601},[599,3400,3401,3402,3405,3406,3409],{},"Dans un réseau ",[611,3403,3404],{},"pair-à-pair (P2P)",", chaque machine est ",[611,3407,3408],{},"à la fois cliente\net serveuse"," ; il n'y a pas de serveur central.",[594,3411,2615],{"id":2614},[747,3413,3414,3420,3426,3435,3441],{},[750,3415,3416,3419],{},[611,3417,3418],{},"Modèle client-serveur"," : un serveur central, plusieurs clients. Si le\nserveur tombe, le service est interrompu.",[750,3421,3422,3425],{},[611,3423,3424],{},"Modèle pair-à-pair (P2P)"," : pas de serveur central, chaque pair partage et\nreçoit. Résilient et décentralisé.",[750,3427,3428,3429,3431,3432,842],{},"Un fichier téléchargé en P2P est récupéré par ",[611,3430,2352],{},", chez ",[611,3433,3434],{},"plusieurs\npairs simultanément",[750,3436,3437,3440],{},[611,3438,3439],{},"Avantages"," : résilience, passage à l'échelle, pas d'infrastructure lourde.",[750,3442,3443,3446],{},[611,3444,3445],{},"Inconvénients"," : contrôle difficile, propice aux usages illicites.",[594,3448,3450],{"id":3449},"usages-typiques","Usages typiques",[663,3452,3453,3463],{},[666,3454,3455],{},[669,3456,3457,3460],{},[672,3458,3459],{},"Usage",[672,3461,3462],{},"Légitimité",[679,3464,3465,3473,3480,3487,3498],{},[669,3466,3467,3470],{},[684,3468,3469],{},"Distribuer des images Linux libres (BitTorrent)",[684,3471,3472],{},"Légitime",[669,3474,3475,3478],{},[684,3476,3477],{},"Mises à jour distribuées (Blizzard, Windows)",[684,3479,3472],{},[669,3481,3482,3485],{},[684,3483,3484],{},"Bitcoin, blockchains",[684,3486,3472],{},[669,3488,3489,3492],{},[684,3490,3491],{},"Partage de films, séries, musique protégés",[684,3493,3494,3497],{},[611,3495,3496],{},"Illégal"," (loi Hadopi)",[669,3499,3500,3503],{},[684,3501,3502],{},"Distribution de contenus interdits",[684,3504,3496],{},[594,3506,2674],{"id":2673},[663,3508,3509,3519],{},[666,3510,3511],{},[669,3512,3513,3516],{},[672,3514,3515],{},"Indice",[672,3517,3518],{},"Modèle",[679,3520,3521,3529,3537,3544],{},[669,3522,3523,3526],{},[684,3524,3525],{},"« Un serveur central reçoit les requêtes »",[684,3527,3528],{},"Client-serveur",[669,3530,3531,3534],{},[684,3532,3533],{},"« Chaque machine partage à toutes les autres »",[684,3535,3536],{},"Pair-à-pair",[669,3538,3539,3542],{},[684,3540,3541],{},"« Si le serveur tombe, plus de service »",[684,3543,3528],{},[669,3545,3546,3549],{},[684,3547,3548],{},"« Pas d'autorité centrale »",[684,3550,3536],{},[594,3552,1106],{"id":1105},[747,3554,3555,3562,3565],{},[750,3556,3557,3558,3561],{},"Le P2P n'est ",[611,3559,3560],{},"pas illégal en soi"," — c'est l'usage qui l'est.",[750,3563,3564],{},"Télécharger via P2P un contenu protégé est répréhensible (Hadopi).",[750,3566,3567,3568,3629],{},"Décentralisation ",[1032,3569,3571,3584],{"className":3570},[1444],[1032,3572,3574],{"className":3573},[1448],[1450,3575,3576],{"xmlns":1452},[1455,3577,3578,3582],{},[1458,3579,3580],{},[1475,3581,3077],{"mathvariant":3076},[1504,3583,3080],{"encoding":1506},[1032,3585,3587],{"className":3586,"ariaHidden":1482},[1511],[1032,3588,3590,3593],{"className":3589},[1515],[1032,3591],{"className":3592,"style":3090},[1519],[1032,3594,3596,3623,3626],{"className":3595},[1582],[1032,3597,3599],{"className":3598},[1582],[1032,3600,3602],{"className":3601},[1524,3100],[1032,3603,3605],{"className":3604},[3104],[1032,3606,3608,3611,3620],{"className":3607},[3108],[1032,3609],{"className":3610,"style":3090},[1519],[1032,3612,3614],{"className":3613},[3115],[1032,3615,3617],{"className":3616},[1524],[1032,3618,3122],{"className":3619},[1582],[1032,3621],{"className":3622},[3126],[1032,3624],{"className":3625},[1528,3130],[1032,3627,2882],{"className":3628},[1582]," anonymat : votre IP est visible des autres pairs.",{"title":644,"searchDepth":1049,"depth":1049,"links":3631},[3632,3633,3634,3635,3636],{"id":2601,"depth":1049,"text":2602},{"id":2614,"depth":1049,"text":2615},{"id":3449,"depth":1049,"text":3450},{"id":2673,"depth":1049,"text":2674},{"id":1105,"depth":1049,"text":1106},"Mémo de révision sur le P2P, ses usages et ses dérives.",{},"\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002Fpair-a-pair.memo",[],{"title":3393,"description":3637},"0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002F4.pair-a-pair.memo","aGT5S41asmDmFJrq5A7798vacNekTEinfsf0V-SGLVc",{"id":3645,"title":3646,"bo":3647,"body":3648,"description":4012,"eval":1168,"extension":1169,"labo":1168,"meta":4013,"navigation":1176,"path":4015,"quizzes":4016,"readingTime":1035,"seo":4038,"stem":4039,"tp":1168,"__hash__":4040},"coursMemo\u002F0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002Fchapitre.memo.md","Internet — synthèse de chapitre",[589,1184,1711,2152],{"type":591,"value":3649,"toc":4007},[3650,3654,3657,3684,3701,3719,3729,3733,3825,3828,3832,3856,3880,3906,3916,3925,3947,3980],[594,3651,3653],{"id":3652},"vue-densemble","Vue d'ensemble",[599,3655,3656],{},"Internet repose sur une articulation remarquable de quatre idées\ncomplémentaires, vues une à une dans ce chapitre.",[599,3658,3659,3660,3663,3664,3666,3667,3669,3670,3673,3674,3676,3677,3679,3680,3683],{},"Tout commence par les ",[611,3661,3662],{},"adresses",". Sur Internet, chaque machine est\nidentifiée par une ",[611,3665,613],{}," numérique, peu pratique à manipuler pour les\nhumains. Le ",[611,3668,617],{}," sert d'annuaire mondial distribué : il ",[611,3671,3672],{},"traduit"," un nom\nde domaine comme ",[603,3675,605],{}," en l'adresse IP correspondante. La résolution\npasse par ",[611,3678,2665],{},", et chaque réponse est ",[611,3681,3682],{},"mise en\ncache"," pour aller plus vite la fois d'après. Sans DNS, vous devriez retenir\ndes suites de chiffres pour visiter chaque site.",[599,3685,3686,3687,3690,3691,3693,3694,3696,3697,3700],{},"Vient ensuite la question du ",[611,3688,3689],{},"support physique",". Internet n'est ni un câble,\nni une antenne, ni un satellite : c'est un ",[611,3692,2809],{}," qui circule\nindifféremment sur des supports variés — fibre, cuivre, Wi-Fi, 4G\u002F5G,\nsatellite. Cette indépendance, voulue dès la conception, garantit la\n",[611,3695,1670],{}," du réseau et son passage à l'échelle. Le trafic mondial\n",[611,3698,3699],{},"double tous les deux à trois ans"," depuis le début des années 2000, porté\nen grande partie par la vidéo en streaming.",[599,3702,3703,3704,3706,3707,3709,3710,3712,3713,3715,3716,3718],{},"Le voyage des données est ensuite orchestré par deux ",[611,3705,1220],{},"\ncomplémentaires. ",[611,3708,1728],{}," adresse chaque machine et achemine les paquets de\nrouteur en routeur, en empruntant librement plusieurs chemins. ",[611,3711,1732],{}," découpe\nle message en paquets numérotés, vérifie la réception de chacun par un\n",[611,3714,1862],{},", et réassemble l'ensemble à l'arrivée. La fiabilité\nest garantie, mais pas le délai — ce qui justifie l'existence d'",[611,3717,2048],{}," pour\nles usages temps réel.",[599,3720,3721,3722,3725,3726,3728],{},"Enfin, le chapitre se termine par une autre ",[611,3723,3724],{},"organisation possible"," des\néchanges : le ",[611,3727,2177],{},". À l'opposé du modèle client-serveur, chaque\nmachine est à la fois cliente et serveuse, sans serveur central. Cette\ndécentralisation rend le réseau extrêmement résilient et difficile à\ncontrôler — ce qui sert aussi bien des usages légitimes (distribution Linux,\nBitcoin) que des usages illicites (partage de fichiers protégés). C'est\nl'usage qui qualifie l'action, pas la technologie.",[594,3730,3732],{"id":3731},"carte-des-notions","Carte des notions",[663,3734,3735,3748],{},[666,3736,3737],{},[669,3738,3739,3742,3745],{},[672,3740,3741],{},"Cours",[672,3743,3744],{},"Notion centrale",[672,3746,3747],{},"Question pédagogique",[679,3749,3750,3792,3803,3814],{},[669,3751,3752,3755,3789],{},[684,3753,3754],{},"1. Adresses et DNS",[684,3756,3757,3758,3788],{},"nom ",[1032,3759,3761,3776],{"className":3760},[1444],[1032,3762,3764],{"className":3763},[1448],[1450,3765,3766],{"xmlns":1452},[1455,3767,3768,3773],{},[1458,3769,3770],{},[1475,3771,3772],{},"↔",[1504,3774,3775],{"encoding":1506},"\\leftrightarrow",[1032,3777,3779],{"className":3778,"ariaHidden":1482},[1511],[1032,3780,3782,3785],{"className":3781},[1515],[1032,3783],{"className":3784,"style":2898},[1519],[1032,3786,3772],{"className":3787},[1582]," IP",[684,3790,3791],{},"Comment retrouver l'adresse d'une machine ?",[669,3793,3794,3797,3800],{},[684,3795,3796],{},"2. Réseaux physiques",[684,3798,3799],{},"support agnostique",[684,3801,3802],{},"Sur quoi circule Internet ?",[669,3804,3805,3808,3811],{},[684,3806,3807],{},"3. TCP\u002FIP et routage",[684,3809,3810],{},"paquets + acheminement",[684,3812,3813],{},"Comment une donnée traverse-t-elle le réseau ?",[669,3815,3816,3819,3822],{},[684,3817,3818],{},"4. Pair-à-pair",[684,3820,3821],{},"organisation des échanges",[684,3823,3824],{},"Faut-il toujours un serveur central ?",[599,3826,3827],{},"Les quatre notions s'enchaînent : vous identifiez une machine (DNS), vous\ncirculez sur un support (réseaux physiques), vous suivez un protocole de\ntransport (TCP\u002FIP), et vous pouvez organiser les échanges différemment (P2P).",[594,3829,3831],{"id":3830},"auto-évaluation","Auto-évaluation",[734,3833,3835,3840],{"correct":736,"slug":3834},"sa-internet-1-q1",[739,3836,3837],{"v-slot:question":644},[599,3838,3839],{},"Quel composant traduit une adresse symbolique en adresse IP ?",[739,3841,3842],{"v-slot:choices":644},[747,3843,3844,3847,3850,3853],{},[750,3845,3846],{},"Un routeur IP",[750,3848,3849],{},"Un serveur DNS",[750,3851,3852],{},"Un protocole TCP",[750,3854,3855],{},"Un pair P2P",[734,3857,3859,3864],{"correct":991,"slug":3858},"sa-internet-1-q2",[739,3860,3861],{"v-slot:question":644},[599,3862,3863],{},"Que garantit le protocole TCP qui n'est pas garanti par IP seul ?",[739,3865,3866],{"v-slot:choices":644},[747,3867,3868,3871,3874,3877],{},[750,3869,3870],{},"Le chiffrement des données",[750,3872,3873],{},"La vitesse maximale de transmission",[750,3875,3876],{},"L'arrivée complète et l'ordre des paquets",[750,3878,3879],{},"L'adressage de chaque machine",[734,3881,3884,3892],{"correct":3882,"slug":3883},"0,2","sa-internet-1-q3",[739,3885,3886],{"v-slot:question":644},[599,3887,3888,3889,3891],{},"Lesquels de ces supports sont ",[611,3890,1283],{}," ? (plusieurs réponses)",[739,3893,3894],{"v-slot:choices":644},[747,3895,3896,3898,3900,3903],{},[750,3897,1280],{},[750,3899,1267],{},[750,3901,3902],{},"4G\u002F5G",[750,3904,3905],{},"Câble Ethernet",[3907,3908,3911],"self-eval-free-text",{"answer":617,"case-sensitive":3909,"slug":3910},"false","sa-internet-1-q4",[739,3912,3913],{"v-slot:question":644},[599,3914,3915],{},"Donnez le sigle anglais (3 lettres) du système qui traduit les noms de domaine en adresses IP.",[3907,3917,3920],{"answer":3918,"case-sensitive":3909,"slug":3919},"paquets","sa-internet-1-q5",[739,3921,3922],{"v-slot:question":644},[599,3923,3924],{},"TCP découpe le message en plusieurs morceaux numérotés. Comment appelle-t-on chacun de ces morceaux emballés par IP ?",[734,3926,3928,3933],{"correct":991,"slug":3927},"sa-internet-1-q6",[739,3929,3930],{"v-slot:question":644},[599,3931,3932],{},"Comment appelle-t-on le modèle où chaque machine est à la fois cliente et serveuse, sans serveur central ?",[739,3934,3935],{"v-slot:choices":644},[747,3936,3937,3939,3942,3944],{},[750,3938,2198],{},[750,3940,3941],{},"centralisé",[750,3943,3404],{},[750,3945,3946],{},"maître-esclave",[3948,3949,3951,3959],"self-eval-ordering",{"slug":3950},"sa-internet-1-q7",[739,3952,3953],{"v-slot:question":644},[599,3954,3955,3956,3958],{},"Ordonnez les étapes pour afficher la page ",[603,3957,605],{}," dans votre navigateur :",[739,3960,3961],{"v-slot:items":644},[747,3962,3963,3968,3971,3974,3977],{},[750,3964,601,3965,3967],{},[603,3966,605],{}," dans la barre d'adresse",[750,3969,3970],{},"L'ordinateur interroge un serveur DNS pour obtenir l'adresse IP",[750,3972,3973],{},"Le serveur DNS répond avec l'adresse IP correspondante",[750,3975,3976],{},"Le navigateur contacte cette adresse IP",[750,3978,3979],{},"La page web s'affiche",[3948,3981,3983,3988],{"slug":3982},"sa-internet-1-q8",[739,3984,3985],{"v-slot:question":644},[599,3986,3987],{},"Ordonnez les étapes du voyage d'un fichier de l'ordinateur A à l'ordinateur B :",[739,3989,3990],{"v-slot:items":644},[747,3991,3992,3995,3998,4001,4004],{},[750,3993,3994],{},"TCP découpe le fichier en paquets numérotés",[750,3996,3997],{},"IP ajoute les adresses IP source et destination",[750,3999,4000],{},"Les paquets circulent de routeur en routeur",[750,4002,4003],{},"IP livre les paquets à l'ordinateur B",[750,4005,4006],{},"TCP vérifie et réassemble le fichier",{"title":644,"searchDepth":1049,"depth":1049,"links":4008},[4009,4010,4011],{"id":3652,"depth":1049,"text":3653},{"id":3731,"depth":1049,"text":3732},{"id":3830,"depth":1049,"text":3831},"Vue d'ensemble du chapitre Internet, points-clés à mémoriser, auto-évaluation finale.",{"self_eval_slug":4014},"snt-2nde-sa-internet","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002Fchapitre.memo",[4017,4019,4021,4024,4028,4029,4031,4036],{"slug":3834,"kind":1174,"question":3839,"choices":4018,"correct":736,"multi":1176,"explanation":644},[3846,3849,3852,3855],{"slug":3858,"kind":1174,"question":3863,"choices":4020,"correct":991,"multi":1176,"explanation":644},[3870,3873,3876,3879],{"slug":3883,"kind":1174,"question":4022,"choices":4023,"correct":3882,"multi":1171,"explanation":644},"Lesquels de ces supports sont sans fil ? (plusieurs réponses)",[1280,1267,3902,3905],{"slug":3910,"kind":4025,"question":3915,"answer":617,"caseSensitive":1176,"tolerance":4026,"inputType":4027,"explanation":644},"free_text",0,"string",{"slug":3919,"kind":4025,"question":3924,"answer":3918,"caseSensitive":1176,"tolerance":4026,"inputType":4027,"explanation":644},{"slug":3927,"kind":1174,"question":3932,"choices":4030,"correct":991,"multi":1176,"explanation":644},[2198,3941,3404,3946],{"slug":3950,"kind":4032,"question":4033,"items":4034,"explanation":644},"ordering","Ordonnez les étapes pour afficher la page nsi.rocks dans votre navigateur :",[4035,3970,3973,3976,3979],"Vous tapez nsi.rocks dans la barre d'adresse",{"slug":3982,"kind":4032,"question":3987,"items":4037,"explanation":644},[3994,3997,4000,4003,4006],{"title":3646,"description":4012},"0.snt-2nde\u002Fsa-internet\u002Fchapitre.memo","8557lrPoTJ6FKsl5JUk_pYnoRngCK-Tn_2kHgpee6jE",1788035572800]