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cloud","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002Fcloud","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F5.cloud",{"title":119,"path":120,"stem":121,"children":122},"Localisation, cartographie et mobilité","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F0.index",[123,124,128,132,136,140],{"title":119,"path":120,"stem":121},{"title":125,"path":126,"stem":127},"GPS et Galileo — se situer grâce aux satellites","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fgps-galileo","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F1.gps-galileo",{"title":129,"path":130,"stem":131},"Décoder une trame NMEA","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Ftrame-nmea","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F2.trame-nmea",{"title":133,"path":134,"stem":135},"Cartes numériques — GeoPortail et 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embarqués","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002Fsystemes-embarques","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F1.systemes-embarques",{"title":155,"path":156,"stem":157},"Capteurs et actionneurs","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002Fcapteurs-actionneurs","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F2.capteurs-actionneurs",{"title":159,"path":160,"stem":161},"IHM et objets connectés","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002Fihm-objet-connecte","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F3.ihm-objet-connecte",{"title":163,"path":164,"stem":165,"children":166},"Photographie numérique","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F0.index",[167,168,172,176,180],{"title":163,"path":164,"stem":165},{"title":169,"path":170,"stem":171},"Photosites, pixels et résolution","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Fpixels-resolution","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F1.pixels-resolution",{"title":173,"path":174,"stem":175},"Les algorithmes de l'appareil photo","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Falgorithmes-photo","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F2.algorithmes-photo",{"title":177,"path":178,"stem":179},"Les métadonnées EXIF","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Fmetadonnees-exif","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F3.metadonnees-exif",{"title":181,"path":182,"stem":183},"Traiter une image en Python","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Ftraitement-rgb","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F4.traitement-rgb",{"title":185,"path":186,"stem":187,"children":188},"Notions transversales de programmation","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F0.index",[189,190,194,198,202],{"title":185,"path":186,"stem":187},{"title":191,"path":192,"stem":193},"Séquences d'instructions et variables","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Fsequences-affectations","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F1.sequences-affectations",{"title":195,"path":196,"stem":197},"Instructions conditionnelles","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Fconditionnelles","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F2.conditionnelles",{"title":199,"path":200,"stem":201},"Boucles bornées et non bornées","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Fboucles","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F3.boucles",{"title":203,"path":204,"stem":205},"Définitions et appels de fonctions","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Ffonctions","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F4.fonctions",{"title":207,"path":208,"stem":209,"children":210},"Démo des widgets MDC","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F0.index",[211,212,216,220],{"title":207,"path":208,"stem":209},{"title":213,"path":214,"stem":215},"Démo statique — callouts, code, BO, illustration","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002Fstatique","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F1.statique",{"title":217,"path":218,"stem":219},"Démo interactive — self-eval et python-snippet","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002Finteractif","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F2.interactif",{"title":221,"path":222,"stem":223},"Démo · 14 widgets de manipulation NSI","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002Fwidgets-manipulation","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F3.widgets-manipulation",{"title":225,"path":226,"stem":227,"children":228},"NSI — Première","\u002Fnsi-1ere","1.nsi-1ere\u002F0.index",[229,230,234,256,282,304,328,354,380,410],{"title":225,"path":226,"stem":227},{"title":231,"path":232,"stem":233},"Relecture pédagogique — 8 chapitres NSI 1ère (PA → PH)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Freview","1.nsi-1ere\u002FREVIEW",{"title":235,"path":236,"stem":237,"children":238},"Histoire de 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aujourd'hui)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Freseaux-et-web","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F4.reseaux-et-web",{"title":257,"path":258,"stem":259,"children":260},"Représentation des données — types et valeurs","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F0.index",[261,262,266,270,274,278],{"title":257,"path":258,"stem":259},{"title":263,"path":264,"stem":265},"Bases de numération et entiers positifs","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002Fbases-entiers-positifs","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F1.bases-entiers-positifs",{"title":267,"path":268,"stem":269},"Entiers relatifs et complément à deux","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002Fentiers-relatifs","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F2.entiers-relatifs",{"title":271,"path":272,"stem":273},"Nombres flottants et virgule 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filtrage","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Frecherche","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F2.recherche",{"title":319,"path":320,"stem":321},"Trier une table","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Ftri","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F3.tri",{"title":323,"path":324,"stem":325,"children":326},"Fusion et indexation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Ffusion-indexation","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F4.fusion-indexation",[327],{"title":323,"path":324,"stem":325},{"title":329,"path":330,"stem":331,"children":332},"IHM sur le Web","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F0.index",[333,334,338,342,346,350],{"title":329,"path":330,"stem":331},{"title":335,"path":336,"stem":337},"HTML et CSS — rappel de structure","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fhtml-css-bases","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F1.html-css-bases",{"title":339,"path":340,"stem":341},"Formulaires HTML","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fformulaires","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F2.formulaires",{"title":343,"path":344,"stem":345},"Événements JavaScript","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fevenements-js","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F3.evenements-js",{"title":347,"path":348,"stem":349},"Manipulation du DOM","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fdom-interaction","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F4.dom-interaction",{"title":351,"path":352,"stem":353},"Client, serveur et HTTP","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fclient-serveur-http","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F5.client-serveur-http",{"title":355,"path":356,"stem":357,"children":358},"Architectures matérielles et systèmes d'exploitation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F0.index",[359,360,364,368,372,376],{"title":355,"path":356,"stem":357},{"title":361,"path":362,"stem":363},"Le modèle de von Neumann","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Fvon-neumann","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F1.von-neumann",{"title":365,"path":366,"stem":367},"Périphériques et interface homme-machine","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Fperipheriques-ihm","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F2.peripheriques-ihm",{"title":369,"path":370,"stem":371},"Les systèmes d'exploitation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Fsystemes-exploitation","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F3.systemes-exploitation",{"title":373,"path":374,"stem":375},"Linux et le shell","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Flinux-shell","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F4.linux-shell",{"title":377,"path":378,"stem":379},"Réseaux et protocoles","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Freseaux","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F5.reseaux",{"title":381,"path":382,"stem":383,"children":384},"Langages et programmation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F0.index",[385,386,390,394,398,402,406],{"title":381,"path":382,"stem":383},{"title":387,"path":388,"stem":389},"Diversité et unité des langages de programmation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fdiversite-langages","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F1.diversite-langages",{"title":391,"path":392,"stem":393},"Constructions élémentaires","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fconstructions-elementaires","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F2.constructions-elementaires",{"title":395,"path":396,"stem":397},"Fonctions","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Ffonctions","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F3.fonctions",{"title":399,"path":400,"stem":401},"Spécification d'une fonction","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fspecification","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F4.specification",{"title":403,"path":404,"stem":405},"Mise au point des programmes","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fmise-au-point","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F5.mise-au-point",{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409},"Utilisation de bibliothèques","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fbibliotheques","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F6.bibliotheques",{"title":411,"path":412,"stem":413,"children":414},"Algorithmique","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F0.index",[415,416,420,424,428,432,436],{"title":411,"path":412,"stem":413},{"title":417,"path":418,"stem":419},"Parcours séquentiel d'un tableau","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fparcours-sequentiel","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F1.parcours-sequentiel",{"title":421,"path":422,"stem":423},"Bases de la complexité","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fcomplexite-bases","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F2.complexite-bases",{"title":425,"path":426,"stem":427},"Tris par sélection et par insertion","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Ftris","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F3.tris",{"title":429,"path":430,"stem":431},"Recherche dichotomique","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fdichotomie","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F4.dichotomie",{"title":433,"path":434,"stem":435},"Algorithmes gloutons","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fgloutons","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F5.gloutons",{"title":437,"path":438,"stem":439},"Les k plus proches voisins (k-NN)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fknn","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F6.knn",{"title":441,"path":442,"stem":443,"children":444},"NSI — Terminale","\u002Fnsi-tale","2.nsi-tale\u002F0.index",[445,446,450,476,498,536,560],{"title":441,"path":442,"stem":443},{"title":447,"path":448,"stem":449},"Review pédagogique — chapitres NSI Terminale (TA, TB, TC, TD, TE)","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Freview","2.nsi-tale\u002FREVIEW",{"title":451,"path":452,"stem":453,"children":454},"Structures de données","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F0.index",[455,456,460,464,468,472],{"title":451,"path":452,"stem":453},{"title":457,"path":458,"stem":459},"Objet, classe, interface","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Finterface-implementation","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F1.interface-implementation",{"title":461,"path":462,"stem":463},"Implémenter une structure — l'exemple de la file FIFO","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Fimplementer-une-structure","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F2.implementer-une-structure",{"title":465,"path":466,"stem":467},"Listes, piles, files, dictionnaires","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Flistes-piles-files-dict","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F3.listes-piles-files-dict",{"title":469,"path":470,"stem":471},"Arbres binaires","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Farbres-binaires","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F4.arbres-binaires",{"title":473,"path":474,"stem":475},"Graphes","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Fgraphes","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F5.graphes",{"title":477,"path":478,"stem":479,"children":480},"Bases de données","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F0.index",[481,482,486,490,494],{"title":477,"path":478,"stem":479},{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Le modèle relationnel","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fmodele-relationnel","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F1.modele-relationnel",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Bases de données relationnelles et anomalies de schéma","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fbase-relationnelle","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F2.base-relationnelle",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Le langage SQL","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fsql","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F3.sql",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Les systèmes de gestion de bases de données","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fsgbd","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F4.sgbd",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501,"children":502},"Architectures matérielles, systèmes d'exploitation et réseaux","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F0.index",[503,504,508,512,516,520,524,528,532],{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},{"title":505,"path":506,"stem":507},"Le système sur puce (SoC)","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fsysteme-sur-puce","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F1.systeme-sur-puce",{"title":509,"path":510,"stem":511},"Processus et ordonnancement par l'OS","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fprocessus-os","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F2.processus-os",{"title":513,"path":514,"stem":515},"L'interblocage (deadlock)","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Finterblocage","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F3.interblocage",{"title":517,"path":518,"stem":519},"Principes du routage","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Froutage-principes","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F4.routage-principes",{"title":521,"path":522,"stem":523},"Protocoles de routage RIP et OSPF","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fprotocoles-rip-ospf","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F5.protocoles-rip-ospf",{"title":525,"path":526,"stem":527},"Chiffrement symétrique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fchiffrement-symetrique","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F6.chiffrement-symetrique",{"title":529,"path":530,"stem":531},"Chiffrement asymétrique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fchiffrement-asymetrique","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F7.chiffrement-asymetrique",{"title":533,"path":534,"stem":535},"HTTPS — l'échange de clé symétrique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fhttps-tls","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F8.https-tls",{"title":381,"path":537,"stem":538,"children":539},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F0.index",[540,541,544,548,552,556],{"title":381,"path":537,"stem":538},{"title":403,"path":542,"stem":543},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fmise-au-point","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F1.mise-au-point",{"title":545,"path":546,"stem":547},"Modularité","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fmodularite","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F2.modularite",{"title":549,"path":550,"stem":551},"Récursivité","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Frecursivite","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F3.recursivite",{"title":553,"path":554,"stem":555},"Paradigmes de programmation","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fparadigmes","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F4.paradigmes",{"title":557,"path":558,"stem":559},"Programme comme donnée — calculabilité et indécidabilité","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fprogramme-comme-donnee","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F5.programme-comme-donnee",{"title":411,"path":561,"stem":562,"children":563},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F0.index",[564,565,569,573,577,581],{"title":411,"path":561,"stem":562},{"title":566,"path":567,"stem":568},"Algorithmes sur les arbres binaires","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Farbres-binaires-algos","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F1.arbres-binaires-algos",{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"Parcours de graphes — DFS, BFS, cycles, chemins","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Fgraphes-parcours","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F2.graphes-parcours",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"Diviser pour régner","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Fdiviser-pour-regner","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F3.diviser-pour-regner",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Programmation dynamique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Fprogrammation-dynamique","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F4.programmation-dynamique",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},"Recherche textuelle — l'algorithme de Boyer-Moore","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Frecherche-textuelle","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F5.recherche-textuelle",[586,953,1371,3144,4033,5607,7388,10523],{"id":587,"title":505,"bo":588,"body":590,"description":938,"eval":939,"extension":940,"labo":939,"meta":941,"navigation":942,"path":506,"quizzes":943,"readingTime":950,"seo":951,"stem":507,"tp":939,"__hash__":952},"cours\u002F2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F1.systeme-sur-puce.md",[589],"TC01",{"type":591,"value":592,"toc":925},"minimark",[593,598,640,644,651,777,790,817,821,826,837,841,848,857,861,872,894,898,908,912,923],[594,595,597],"h2",{"id":596},"introduction","Introduction",[599,600,601,602,606,607,610,611,614,615,618,619,623,624,627,628,631,632,635,636,639],"p",{},"Quand vous démontez un PC de bureau, vous découvrez des cartes distinctes : la\ncarte mère, le processeur enfiché sur un socket, les barrettes de mémoire vive,\nla carte graphique, la carte réseau. Quand vous démontez un téléphone, le\ncontraste est saisissant : presque tout tient sur ",[603,604,605],"strong",{},"une seule puce",", à peine\nplus grande qu'un ongle. Une image pour fixer l'idée : sur un PC, les\ncomposants vivent dans des ",[603,608,609],{},"bâtiments éloignés"," reliés par des câbles ; sur\nun téléphone, ils habitent ",[603,612,613],{},"le même appartement",", à quelques mètres carrés\nles uns des autres. Cette puce unique s'appelle un ",[603,616,617],{},"système sur puce",", en\nanglais ",[620,621,622],"em",{},"System on Chip",", abrégé ",[603,625,626],{},"SoC",". Elle réunit dans un même morceau de\nsilicium des composants que l'on trouvait autrefois éparpillés sur une carte\nmère. Cette intégration n'est pas un détail d'ingénierie : elle change la\n",[603,629,630],{},"vitesse"," des échanges, la ",[603,633,634],{},"consommation"," d'énergie et la ",[603,637,638],{},"taille"," des\nappareils possibles.",[594,641,643],{"id":642},"ce-quun-soc-intègre","Ce qu'un SoC intègre",[599,645,646,647,650],{},"Un SoC moderne — celui d'un smartphone, d'une montre connectée ou d'une carte\ntype Raspberry Pi — réunit typiquement les blocs suivants. L'item ",[648,649],"bo-ref",{"code":589},"\nles liste comme repères :",[652,653,654,667],"table",{},[655,656,657],"thead",{},[658,659,660,664],"tr",{},[661,662,663],"th",{},"Bloc",[661,665,666],{},"Rôle",[668,669,670,682,693,704,715,725,735,745,755,766],"tbody",{},[658,671,672,679],{},[673,674,675,678],"td",{},[603,676,677],{},"CPU"," (un ou plusieurs cœurs)",[673,680,681],{},"Exécute le code applicatif et l'OS.",[658,683,684,690],{},[673,685,686,689],{},[603,687,688],{},"GPU"," \u002F accélérateur graphique",[673,691,692],{},"Rendu d'images, calculs parallèles.",[658,694,695,701],{},[673,696,697,700],{},[603,698,699],{},"NPU"," \u002F accélérateur IA (récent)",[673,702,703],{},"Inférence de réseaux de neurones.",[658,705,706,712],{},[673,707,708,711],{},[603,709,710],{},"Mémoires locales"," (caches L1\u002FL2, parfois RAM empilée)",[673,713,714],{},"Stocker données et instructions au plus près du CPU.",[658,716,717,722],{},[673,718,719],{},[603,720,721],{},"Contrôleur mémoire",[673,723,724],{},"Accès à la DRAM externe.",[658,726,727,732],{},[673,728,729],{},[603,730,731],{},"Interfaces radio",[673,733,734],{},"Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 4G\u002F5G, parfois GPS.",[658,736,737,742],{},[673,738,739],{},[603,740,741],{},"Interfaces filaires",[673,743,744],{},"USB, port série, I²C, SPI.",[658,746,747,752],{},[673,748,749],{},[603,750,751],{},"Contrôleur vidéo \u002F ISP",[673,753,754],{},"Pilotage de l'écran et du capteur photo.",[658,756,757,763],{},[673,758,759,762],{},[603,760,761],{},"Gestion d'énergie"," (PMIC)",[673,764,765],{},"Distribution et régulation des alimentations.",[658,767,768,774],{},[673,769,770,773],{},[603,771,772],{},"Réseau sur puce"," (NoC)",[673,775,776],{},"Bus interne qui relie tous les blocs entre eux.",[778,779,780],"note",{},[599,781,782,785,786,789],{},[603,783,784],{},"Le SoC n'est pas un microprocesseur"," — le microprocesseur n'est qu'",[603,787,788],{},"un","\ndes blocs du SoC. Confondre les deux est l'erreur classique.",[791,792,795,802],"self-eval-qcm",{"correct":793,"slug":794},"1","systeme-sur-puce-c1",[796,797,799],"template",{"v-slot:question":798},"",[599,800,801],{},"Sur un SoC de smartphone, quel composant gère la connexion Wi-Fi ?",[796,803,804],{"v-slot:choices":798},[805,806,807,811,814],"ul",{},[808,809,810],"li",{},"Le CPU",[808,812,813],{},"L’interface radio intégrée",[808,815,816],{},"Le contrôleur vidéo",[594,818,820],{"id":819},"pourquoi-intégrer-deux-gains-majeurs","Pourquoi intégrer ? Deux gains majeurs",[822,823,825],"h3",{"id":824},"gain-de-vitesse","Gain de vitesse",[599,827,828,829,832,833,836],{},"Sur une carte mère classique, un signal qui part du CPU pour atteindre la\nmémoire traverse quelques centimètres de pistes en cuivre, puis franchit un\nconnecteur, puis encore quelques pistes. À l'échelle d'une horloge à plusieurs\nGHz, ces distances comptent — chaque centimètre coûte du temps. Sur un SoC,\nles blocs sont ",[603,830,831],{},"à quelques millimètres"," les uns des autres, reliés par un\n",[603,834,835],{},"réseau sur puce"," très court et très large. Conséquence : les latences\nchutent et la bande passante interne explose.",[822,838,840],{"id":839},"gain-de-consommation","Gain de consommation",[599,842,843,844,847],{},"Faire bouger un bit sur une piste longue et capacitive coûte de l'énergie. Le\nSoC limite drastiquement la longueur des chemins, donc l'énergie dissipée par\nopération. Mieux : la ",[603,845,846],{},"gestion d'énergie"," intégrée (PMIC) peut éteindre\nfinement chaque bloc inutilisé. Quand votre téléphone est en veille, seul un\nîlot minuscule reste actif pour écouter les notifications. Sur PC de bureau, ce\ngenre de découpe est beaucoup plus grossier.",[849,850,851],"tip",{},[599,852,853,856],{},[603,854,855],{},"Ordre de grandeur"," : un SoC de smartphone consomme typiquement quelques\nwatts en pic et quelques dizaines de milliwatts au repos. Un PC de bureau\nconsomme dix à cent fois plus, à puissance de calcul équivalente sur du code\nmobile typique.",[594,858,860],{"id":859},"le-contre-coup-moins-de-modularité","Le contre-coup : moins de modularité",[599,862,863,864,867,868,871],{},"Cette intégration a un revers. Sur un PC, vous pouvez ",[603,865,866],{},"changer"," la RAM, le\ndisque, la carte graphique. Sur un SoC, ",[603,869,870],{},"tout est soudé"," — souvent même la\nmémoire flash de stockage. Réparer un téléphone moderne demande de\ndessouder\u002Fressouder des composants minuscules, voire est carrément\nimpossible. C'est un choix industriel : intégration maximale pour la vitesse\net la conso, au prix de la modularité et de la durée de vie.",[791,873,876,881],{"correct":874,"slug":875},"2","systeme-sur-puce-c2",[796,877,878],{"v-slot:question":798},[599,879,880],{},"L'intégration sur un SoC apporte un gain principal en…",[796,882,883],{"v-slot:choices":798},[805,884,885,888,891],{},[808,886,887],{},"durée de vie matérielle",[808,889,890],{},"modularité de l’appareil",[808,892,893],{},"vitesse et consommation",[594,895,897],{"id":896},"le-cas-du-téléphone-exemple-bo","Le cas du téléphone — exemple BO",[599,899,900,901,903,904,907],{},"L'item ",[648,902],{"code":589}," suggère explicitement de prendre le circuit d'un\ntéléphone comme exemple. Un SoC type Apple A-série ou Qualcomm Snapdragon\nintègre, sur un carré de silicium d'environ 1 cm², plusieurs milliards de\ntransistors organisés en : 6 à 8 cœurs CPU (souvent deux types : performance et\nefficacité), un GPU, un NPU, des contrôleurs mémoire, un modem radio, un ISP\npour la photo, un encodeur\u002Fdécodeur vidéo, et un ",[620,905,906],{},"secure enclave"," pour les\nclés cryptographiques. Le tout dialogue via un réseau sur puce à plusieurs\ncentaines de Go\u002Fs — ordre de grandeur inimaginable sur une carte mère\nclassique.",[594,909,911],{"id":910},"pour-aller-plus-loin","Pour aller plus loin",[599,913,914,915,918,919,922],{},"L'arrivée du ",[603,916,917],{},"chiplet"," (plusieurs puces empilées ou juxtaposées dans le même\nboîtier) brouille la frontière entre SoC et carte mère miniature. C'est la\ntendance des processeurs Apple M-série ou AMD Ryzen récents. Les frontières de\nce cours sont mouvantes, mais l'idée centrale reste : ",[603,920,921],{},"rapprocher les blocs\npour gagner en vitesse et en consommation",".",[648,924],{"code":589},{"title":798,"searchDepth":926,"depth":926,"links":927},2,[928,929,930,935,936,937],{"id":596,"depth":926,"text":597},{"id":642,"depth":926,"text":643},{"id":819,"depth":926,"text":820,"children":931},[932,934],{"id":824,"depth":933,"text":825},3,{"id":839,"depth":933,"text":840},{"id":859,"depth":926,"text":860},{"id":896,"depth":926,"text":897},{"id":910,"depth":926,"text":911},"Comment un téléphone moderne intègre processeur, mémoire, radio et contrôleurs sur un seul morceau de silicium — et pourquoi cela change tout en vitesse comme en consommation.",null,"md",{},true,[944,948],{"slug":794,"kind":945,"question":801,"choices":946,"correct":793,"multi":947,"explanation":798},"qcm",[810,813,816],false,{"slug":875,"kind":945,"question":880,"choices":949,"correct":874,"multi":947,"explanation":798},[887,890,893],1,{"title":505,"description":938},"FxamGCWc4dXpCUS_cnzDayJLr5TUBztQP3Oh5v6J_bc",{"id":954,"title":509,"bo":955,"body":957,"description":1362,"eval":939,"extension":940,"labo":939,"meta":1363,"navigation":942,"path":510,"quizzes":1364,"readingTime":950,"seo":1369,"stem":511,"tp":939,"__hash__":1370},"cours\u002F2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F2.processus-os.md",[956],"TC02",{"type":591,"value":958,"toc":1353},[959,961,994,998,1010,1021,1025,1028,1061,1081,1085,1092,1139,1150,1157,1178,1182,1204,1207,1231,1247,1251,1258,1306,1309,1328,1330,1347,1349],[594,960,597],{"id":596},[599,962,963,964,967,968,971,972,975,976,979,980,983,984,987,988,991,992,922],{},"Vous lancez un navigateur, un éditeur de texte, un lecteur de musique — et vous\nles utilisez en même temps, sans que l'ordinateur ne s'arrête entre chaque\ntâche. Pourtant, un cœur de processeur ne sait exécuter qu'",[603,965,966],{},"une seule\ninstruction à la fois",". La magie tient à un programme bien particulier : le\n",[603,969,970],{},"système d'exploitation"," (OS), véritable ",[603,973,974],{},"chef d'orchestre"," des programmes,\ndont l'une des missions centrales est de faire ",[603,977,978],{},"cohabiter plusieurs programmes\nen cours d'exécution"," sur des ressources matérielles limitées. Chaque\ninstance ainsi lancée s'appelle un ",[603,981,982],{},"processus"," ; et l'art de répartir le\ntemps de CPU entre eux s'appelle l'",[603,985,986],{},"ordonnancement"," (en anglais\n",[620,989,990],{},"scheduling","). C'est le cœur de l'item ",[648,993],{"code":956},[594,995,997],{"id":996},"programme-et-processus","Programme et processus",[778,999,1000],{},[599,1001,1002,1005,1006,1009],{},[603,1003,1004],{},"Programme"," : un fichier exécutable sur le disque, statique.\n",[603,1007,1008],{},"Processus"," : une instance de ce programme en cours d'exécution, avec sa\nmémoire, ses fichiers ouverts, son état d'exécution.",[599,1011,1012,1013,1016,1017,1020],{},"Lancer deux fois Firefox crée ",[603,1014,1015],{},"deux processus distincts",", à partir du même\nprogramme. Chaque processus possède un identifiant unique, le ",[603,1018,1019],{},"PID"," (process\nidentifier), attribué par l'OS à sa création.",[594,1022,1024],{"id":1023},"la-création-dun-processus","La création d'un processus",[599,1026,1027],{},"Quand vous tapez une commande dans un terminal, l'OS suit grosso modo ces\nétapes :",[1029,1030,1031,1037,1043,1049,1055],"ol",{},[808,1032,1033,1036],{},[603,1034,1035],{},"Allouer une zone mémoire"," pour le processus (code, données, pile, tas).",[808,1038,1039,1042],{},[603,1040,1041],{},"Charger le programme"," depuis le disque vers cette zone.",[808,1044,1045,1048],{},[603,1046,1047],{},"Initialiser"," les registres, le pointeur d'instruction, les fichiers\nstandard (entrée, sortie, erreur).",[808,1050,1051,1054],{},[603,1052,1053],{},"Attribuer un PID"," et inscrire le processus dans la table des processus\ndu noyau.",[808,1056,1057,1060],{},[603,1058,1059],{},"Placer le processus dans la file des prêts"," — il attend son tour pour\nêtre exécuté.",[599,1062,1063,1064,1068,1069,1072,1073,1076,1077,1080],{},"Sur Unix\u002FLinux, la création passe historiquement par l'appel système ",[1065,1066,1067],"code",{},"fork()","\nqui ",[603,1070,1071],{},"duplique"," le processus appelant, suivi de ",[1065,1074,1075],{},"exec()"," qui ",[603,1078,1079],{},"remplace"," le\ncode par celui du nouveau programme. Vous n'avez pas à mémoriser ces détails,\nmais c'est utile pour comprendre les schémas d'héritage de processus.",[594,1082,1084],{"id":1083},"les-états-dun-processus","Les états d'un processus",[599,1086,1087,1088,1091],{},"Pendant sa vie, un processus traverse plusieurs ",[603,1089,1090],{},"états",". Les trois états\ncanoniques :",[652,1093,1094,1104],{},[655,1095,1096],{},[658,1097,1098,1101],{},[661,1099,1100],{},"État",[661,1102,1103],{},"Description",[668,1105,1106,1117,1128],{},[658,1107,1108,1114],{},[673,1109,1110,1113],{},[603,1111,1112],{},"Élu"," (running)",[673,1115,1116],{},"Il occupe actuellement un cœur du CPU et exécute ses instructions.",[658,1118,1119,1125],{},[673,1120,1121,1124],{},[603,1122,1123],{},"Prêt"," (ready)",[673,1126,1127],{},"Il est prêt à s'exécuter ; il attend que l'ordonnanceur lui donne le CPU.",[658,1129,1130,1136],{},[673,1131,1132,1135],{},[603,1133,1134],{},"Bloqué"," (blocked)",[673,1137,1138],{},"Il attend un événement externe (lecture disque, paquet réseau, saisie clavier).",[599,1140,1141,1142,1145,1146,1149],{},"Les transitions entre ces états sont pilotées par l'",[603,1143,1144],{},"ordonnanceur"," (élu →\nprêt et prêt → élu) et par les ",[603,1147,1148],{},"appels système"," (élu → bloqué, bloqué → prêt\nquand l'événement attendu arrive). Le diagramme classique :",[1151,1152],"illustration",{"alt":1153,"kind":1154,"src":1155,"svg":1156},"Diagramme des états d'un processus","mermaid","\u002Fillustrations\u002F2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fprocessus-os.svg","\u003Csvg id=\"ill-2-nsi-tale-tc-archi-os-reseaux-processus-os\" xmlns=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2000\u002Fsvg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" class=\"illustration-svg statediagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 603.015625 141\" role=\"graphics-document document\" aria-roledescription=\"stateDiagram\">\u003Cstyle>#ill-2-nsi-tale-tc-archi-os-reseaux-processus-os{font-family:Geist,Inter,system-ui,-apple-system,sans-serif;font-size:14px;fill:var(--diagram-text);}@keyframes edge-animation-frame{from{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}@keyframes dash{to{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}#ill-2-nsi-tale-tc-archi-os-reseaux-processus-os .edge-animation-slow{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 50s linear 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dy=\"2\" stdDeviation=\"0\" flood-opacity=\"0.06\" flood-color=\"#000000\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Ffilter>\u003C\u002Fdefs>\u003ClinearGradient id=\"ill-2-nsi-tale-tc-archi-os-reseaux-processus-os-gradient\" gradientUnits=\"objectBoundingBox\" x1=\"0%\" y1=\"0%\" x2=\"100%\" y2=\"0%\">\u003Cstop offset=\"0%\" stop-color=\"#4948b8\" stop-opacity=\"1\"\u002F>\u003Cstop offset=\"100%\" stop-color=\"#c4c8cd\" stop-opacity=\"1\"\u002F>\u003C\u002FlinearGradient>\u003C\u002Fsvg>",[791,1158,1160,1165],{"correct":874,"slug":1159},"processus-os-c1",[796,1161,1162],{"v-slot:question":798},[599,1163,1164],{},"Un processus qui attend la lecture d'un fichier sur disque est dans l'état…",[796,1166,1167],{"v-slot:choices":798},[805,1168,1169,1172,1175],{},[808,1170,1171],{},"élu",[808,1173,1174],{},"prêt",[808,1176,1177],{},"bloqué",[594,1179,1181],{"id":1180},"lordonnancement","L'ordonnancement",[599,1183,1184,1185,1187,1188,1191,1192,1195,1196,1199,1200,1203],{},"L'",[603,1186,1144],{}," est la partie du noyau qui décide, à chaque instant, ",[603,1189,1190],{},"quel\nprocessus prêt obtient le CPU",". On peut le voir comme un ",[603,1193,1194],{},"chef de service\nhospitalier"," : plusieurs patients (processus) attendent, certains sont plus\nurgents que d'autres, et il faut sans cesse arbitrer qui passe maintenant et\nqui patiente encore un peu. Quand un processus a tourné « assez longtemps »\n(typiquement quelques millisecondes — un ",[620,1197,1198],{},"quantum","), l'OS le ",[603,1201,1202],{},"préempte"," : il\ninterrompt son exécution, sauvegarde son contexte (registres, pointeur\nd'instruction) et donne le CPU à un autre processus prêt. Ce basculement très\nrapide donne l'illusion d'un parallélisme sur une machine mono-cœur.",[599,1205,1206],{},"Les politiques d'ordonnancement les plus connues :",[805,1208,1209,1219,1225],{},[808,1210,1211,1214,1215,1218],{},[603,1212,1213],{},"FIFO \u002F FCFS"," (",[620,1216,1217],{},"First Come, First Served",") : on traite dans l'ordre\nd'arrivée. Simple, mais un long calcul peut bloquer tout le monde.",[808,1220,1221,1224],{},[603,1222,1223],{},"Round Robin"," : chaque processus reçoit un quantum, à tour de rôle.\nÉquitable, c'est la base de la plupart des OS interactifs.",[808,1226,1227,1230],{},[603,1228,1229],{},"Priorités"," : on associe une priorité à chaque processus, et l'ordonnanceur\nsert d'abord les plus prioritaires.",[849,1232,1233],{},[599,1234,1235,1238,1239,1242,1243,1246],{},[603,1236,1237],{},"Sur Linux",", l'ordonnanceur historique CFS (",[620,1240,1241],{},"Completely Fair Scheduler",")\ncombine ces idées en visant un ",[603,1244,1245],{},"temps CPU équitable"," par processus. Aujourd'hui\nremplacé par EEVDF dans les noyaux récents, mais le principe reste le même.",[594,1248,1250],{"id":1249},"observer-les-processus","Observer les processus",[599,1252,1253,1254,1257],{},"Sur n'importe quel système Unix\u002FLinux, vous pouvez ",[603,1255,1256],{},"lister les processus","\navec quelques commandes standards :",[1259,1260,1264],"pre",{"className":1261,"code":1262,"language":1263,"meta":798,"style":798},"language-bash shiki shiki-themes github-light github-light github-dark","ps              # processus du shell courant\nps aux          # tous les processus, tous utilisateurs\ntop             # vue dynamique, mise à jour temps réel\nhtop            # version plus ergonomique de top (à installer)\n","bash",[1065,1265,1266,1278,1289,1297],{"__ignoreMap":798},[1267,1268,1270,1274],"span",{"class":1269,"line":950},"line",[1267,1271,1273],{"class":1272},"snPdu","ps",[1267,1275,1277],{"class":1276},"sCsY4","              # processus du shell courant\n",[1267,1279,1280,1282,1286],{"class":1269,"line":926},[1267,1281,1273],{"class":1272},[1267,1283,1285],{"class":1284},"sIIMD"," aux",[1267,1287,1288],{"class":1276},"          # tous les processus, tous utilisateurs\n",[1267,1290,1291,1294],{"class":1269,"line":933},[1267,1292,1293],{"class":1272},"top",[1267,1295,1296],{"class":1276},"             # vue dynamique, mise à jour temps réel\n",[1267,1298,1300,1303],{"class":1269,"line":1299},4,[1267,1301,1302],{"class":1272},"htop",[1267,1304,1305],{"class":1276},"            # version plus ergonomique de top (à installer)\n",[599,1307,1308],{},"Chaque ligne montre le PID, l'utilisateur propriétaire, le pourcentage CPU, la\nmémoire, l'état (R = running, S = sleeping, D = bloqué disque), et la commande.",[791,1310,1312,1317],{"correct":874,"slug":1311},"processus-os-c2",[796,1313,1314],{"v-slot:question":798},[599,1315,1316],{},"Quelle commande affiche en continu une vue dynamique des processus actifs ?",[796,1318,1319],{"v-slot:choices":798},[805,1320,1321,1324,1326],{},[808,1322,1323],{},"ls",[808,1325,1273],{},[808,1327,1293],{},[594,1329,911],{"id":910},[599,1331,1332,1333,1335,1336,1339,1340,1343,1344,922],{},"Sur un SoC multi-cœurs, l'ordonnanceur ne se contente plus de partager ",[603,1334,788],{},"\nCPU dans le temps : il ",[603,1337,1338],{},"répartit"," aussi les processus entre les cœurs\ndisponibles (",[620,1341,1342],{},"load balancing","). C'est un problème NP-difficile en théorie,\nrésolu en pratique par des heuristiques. Et la suite logique de ce cours — le\nrisque que plusieurs processus se bloquent mutuellement — est traitée\nau cours suivant sur l'",[603,1345,1346],{},"interblocage",[648,1348],{"code":956},[1350,1351,1352],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .snPdu, html code.shiki .snPdu{--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .sCsY4, html code.shiki .sCsY4{--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D}html pre.shiki code .sIIMD, html code.shiki .sIIMD{--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}",{"title":798,"searchDepth":926,"depth":926,"links":1354},[1355,1356,1357,1358,1359,1360,1361],{"id":596,"depth":926,"text":597},{"id":996,"depth":926,"text":997},{"id":1023,"depth":926,"text":1024},{"id":1083,"depth":926,"text":1084},{"id":1180,"depth":926,"text":1181},{"id":1249,"depth":926,"text":1250},{"id":910,"depth":926,"text":911},"Comment le système d'exploitation crée des processus, suit leurs états et partage le CPU entre eux pour donner l'illusion qu'ils s'exécutent en parallèle.",{},[1365,1367],{"slug":1159,"kind":945,"question":1164,"choices":1366,"correct":874,"multi":947,"explanation":798},[1171,1174,1177],{"slug":1311,"kind":945,"question":1316,"choices":1368,"correct":874,"multi":947,"explanation":798},[1323,1273,1293],{"title":509,"description":1362},"fpwebbIa2ZHyxl-GdFNgEYtt8872_ruCBLaCdTPw9HM",{"id":1372,"title":513,"bo":1373,"body":1374,"description":3135,"eval":939,"extension":940,"labo":939,"meta":3136,"navigation":942,"path":514,"quizzes":3137,"readingTime":950,"seo":3142,"stem":515,"tp":939,"__hash__":3143},"cours\u002F2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F3.interblocage.md",[956],{"type":591,"value":1375,"toc":3126},[1376,1378,1406,1410,1602,2228,2231,2237,2241,2252,2575,2937,2959,2963,2974,2985,2991,2995,2998,3053,3069,3072,3093,3097,3107,3109,3124],[594,1377,597],{"id":596},[599,1379,1380,1381,1384,1385,1388,1389,1392,1393,1396,1397,1399,1400,1403,1404,922],{},"L'ordonnancement réussit à donner l'illusion que des processus indépendants\ns'exécutent en parallèle. Mais certains de ces processus ne sont ",[603,1382,1383],{},"pas\nindépendants"," : ils se partagent des ",[603,1386,1387],{},"ressources"," — un fichier, une\nimprimante, une zone de mémoire, une base de données. Quand deux processus\nont chacun besoin de ressources que l'autre possède déjà, ils peuvent se\nretrouver à ",[603,1390,1391],{},"s'attendre mutuellement pour toujours",". Image quotidienne :\n",[603,1394,1395],{},"deux voitures qui se présentent face à face sur un pont à une seule voie","\net qui se klaxonnent mutuellement, chacune refusant de reculer. Aucune ne\npasse, le pont reste bloqué. Cet état pathologique s'appelle un\n",[603,1398,1346],{}," (en anglais ",[620,1401,1402],{},"deadlock","). C'est l'un des risques explicitement\nmentionnés par l'item ",[648,1405],{"code":956},[594,1407,1409],{"id":1408},"un-exemple-minimal-deux-fichiers-verrouillés","Un exemple minimal — deux fichiers verrouillés",[599,1411,1412,1413,1519,1520,1590,1591,1519,1594,1597,1598,1601],{},"Imaginez deux processus ",[1267,1414,1417,1446],{"className":1415},[1416],"katex",[1267,1418,1421],{"className":1419},[1420],"katex-mathml",[1422,1423,1425],"math",{"xmlns":1424},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML",[1426,1427,1428,1441],"semantics",{},[1429,1430,1431],"mrow",{},[1432,1433,1434,1438],"msub",{},[1435,1436,1437],"mi",{},"P",[1439,1440,793],"mn",{},[1442,1443,1445],"annotation",{"encoding":1444},"application\u002Fx-tex","P_1",[1267,1447,1451],{"className":1448,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],"katex-html","true",[1267,1452,1455,1460],{"className":1453},[1454],"base",[1267,1456],{"className":1457,"style":1459},[1458],"strut","height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[1267,1461,1464,1469],{"className":1462},[1463],"mord",[1267,1465,1437],{"className":1466,"style":1468},[1463,1467],"mathnormal","margin-right:0.1389em;",[1267,1470,1473],{"className":1471},[1472],"msupsub",[1267,1474,1478,1510],{"className":1475},[1476,1477],"vlist-t","vlist-t2",[1267,1479,1482,1505],{"className":1480},[1481],"vlist-r",[1267,1483,1487],{"className":1484,"style":1486},[1485],"vlist","height:0.3011em;",[1267,1488,1490,1495],{"style":1489},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.1389em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1267,1491],{"className":1492,"style":1494},[1493],"pstrut","height:2.7em;",[1267,1496,1502],{"className":1497},[1498,1499,1500,1501],"sizing","reset-size6","size3","mtight",[1267,1503,793],{"className":1504},[1463,1501],[1267,1506,1509],{"className":1507},[1508],"vlist-s","​",[1267,1511,1513],{"className":1512},[1481],[1267,1514,1517],{"className":1515,"style":1516},[1485],"height:0.15em;",[1267,1518],{}," et ",[1267,1521,1523,1541],{"className":1522},[1416],[1267,1524,1526],{"className":1525},[1420],[1422,1527,1528],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,1529,1530,1538],{},[1429,1531,1532],{},[1432,1533,1534,1536],{},[1435,1535,1437],{},[1439,1537,874],{},[1442,1539,1540],{"encoding":1444},"P_2",[1267,1542,1544],{"className":1543,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,1545,1547,1550],{"className":1546},[1454],[1267,1548],{"className":1549,"style":1459},[1458],[1267,1551,1553,1556],{"className":1552},[1463],[1267,1554,1437],{"className":1555,"style":1468},[1463,1467],[1267,1557,1559],{"className":1558},[1472],[1267,1560,1562,1582],{"className":1561},[1476,1477],[1267,1563,1565,1579],{"className":1564},[1481],[1267,1566,1568],{"className":1567,"style":1486},[1485],[1267,1569,1570,1573],{"style":1489},[1267,1571],{"className":1572,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,1574,1576],{"className":1575},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,1577,874],{"className":1578},[1463,1501],[1267,1580,1509],{"className":1581},[1508],[1267,1583,1585],{"className":1584},[1481],[1267,1586,1588],{"className":1587,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,1589],{}," qui doivent chacun modifier deux\nfichiers ",[1065,1592,1593],{},"A",[1065,1595,1596],{},"B",". Pour éviter qu'ils ne se marchent dessus, chacun\n",[603,1599,1600],{},"verrouille"," le fichier avant de l'écrire.",[652,1603,1604,1753],{},[655,1605,1606],{},[658,1607,1608,1611,1682],{},[661,1609,1610],{},"Temps",[661,1612,1613],{},[1267,1614,1616,1633],{"className":1615},[1416],[1267,1617,1619],{"className":1618},[1420],[1422,1620,1621],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,1622,1623,1631],{},[1429,1624,1625],{},[1432,1626,1627,1629],{},[1435,1628,1437],{},[1439,1630,793],{},[1442,1632,1445],{"encoding":1444},[1267,1634,1636],{"className":1635,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,1637,1639,1642],{"className":1638},[1454],[1267,1640],{"className":1641,"style":1459},[1458],[1267,1643,1645,1648],{"className":1644},[1463],[1267,1646,1437],{"className":1647,"style":1468},[1463,1467],[1267,1649,1651],{"className":1650},[1472],[1267,1652,1654,1674],{"className":1653},[1476,1477],[1267,1655,1657,1671],{"className":1656},[1481],[1267,1658,1660],{"className":1659,"style":1486},[1485],[1267,1661,1662,1665],{"style":1489},[1267,1663],{"className":1664,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,1666,1668],{"className":1667},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,1669,793],{"className":1670},[1463,1501],[1267,1672,1509],{"className":1673},[1508],[1267,1675,1677],{"className":1676},[1481],[1267,1678,1680],{"className":1679,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,1681],{},[661,1683,1684],{},[1267,1685,1687,1704],{"className":1686},[1416],[1267,1688,1690],{"className":1689},[1420],[1422,1691,1692],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,1693,1694,1702],{},[1429,1695,1696],{},[1432,1697,1698,1700],{},[1435,1699,1437],{},[1439,1701,874],{},[1442,1703,1540],{"encoding":1444},[1267,1705,1707],{"className":1706,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,1708,1710,1713],{"className":1709},[1454],[1267,1711],{"className":1712,"style":1459},[1458],[1267,1714,1716,1719],{"className":1715},[1463],[1267,1717,1437],{"className":1718,"style":1468},[1463,1467],[1267,1720,1722],{"className":1721},[1472],[1267,1723,1725,1745],{"className":1724},[1476,1477],[1267,1726,1728,1742],{"className":1727},[1481],[1267,1729,1731],{"className":1730,"style":1486},[1485],[1267,1732,1733,1736],{"style":1489},[1267,1734],{"className":1735,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,1737,1739],{"className":1738},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,1740,874],{"className":1741},[1463,1501],[1267,1743,1509],{"className":1744},[1508],[1267,1746,1748],{"className":1747},[1481],[1267,1749,1751],{"className":1750,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,1752],{},[668,1754,1755,1841,1925,2148],{},[658,1756,1757,1832,1837],{},[673,1758,1759],{},[1267,1760,1762,1781],{"className":1761},[1416],[1267,1763,1765],{"className":1764},[1420],[1422,1766,1767],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,1768,1769,1778],{},[1429,1770,1771],{},[1432,1772,1773,1776],{},[1435,1774,1775],{},"t",[1439,1777,793],{},[1442,1779,1780],{"encoding":1444},"t_1",[1267,1782,1784],{"className":1783,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,1785,1787,1791],{"className":1786},[1454],[1267,1788],{"className":1789,"style":1790},[1458],"height:0.7651em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[1267,1792,1794,1797],{"className":1793},[1463],[1267,1795,1775],{"className":1796},[1463,1467],[1267,1798,1800],{"className":1799},[1472],[1267,1801,1803,1824],{"className":1802},[1476,1477],[1267,1804,1806,1821],{"className":1805},[1481],[1267,1807,1809],{"className":1808,"style":1486},[1485],[1267,1810,1812,1815],{"style":1811},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1267,1813],{"className":1814,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,1816,1818],{"className":1817},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,1819,793],{"className":1820},[1463,1501],[1267,1822,1509],{"className":1823},[1508],[1267,1825,1827],{"className":1826},[1481],[1267,1828,1830],{"className":1829,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,1831],{},[673,1833,1834,1835],{},"verrouille ",[1065,1836,1593],{},[673,1838,1834,1839],{},[1065,1840,1596],{},[658,1842,1843,1915,1921],{},[673,1844,1845],{},[1267,1846,1848,1866],{"className":1847},[1416],[1267,1849,1851],{"className":1850},[1420],[1422,1852,1853],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,1854,1855,1863],{},[1429,1856,1857],{},[1432,1858,1859,1861],{},[1435,1860,1775],{},[1439,1862,874],{},[1442,1864,1865],{"encoding":1444},"t_2",[1267,1867,1869],{"className":1868,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,1870,1872,1875],{"className":1871},[1454],[1267,1873],{"className":1874,"style":1790},[1458],[1267,1876,1878,1881],{"className":1877},[1463],[1267,1879,1775],{"className":1880},[1463,1467],[1267,1882,1884],{"className":1883},[1472],[1267,1885,1887,1907],{"className":1886},[1476,1477],[1267,1888,1890,1904],{"className":1889},[1481],[1267,1891,1893],{"className":1892,"style":1486},[1485],[1267,1894,1895,1898],{"style":1811},[1267,1896],{"className":1897,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,1899,1901],{"className":1900},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,1902,874],{"className":1903},[1463,1501],[1267,1905,1509],{"className":1906},[1508],[1267,1908,1910],{"className":1909},[1481],[1267,1911,1913],{"className":1912,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,1914],{},[673,1916,1917,1918,1920],{},"demande ",[1065,1919,1596],{}," (attend)",[673,1922,1917,1923,1920],{},[1065,1924,1593],{},[658,1926,1927,2000,2075],{},[673,1928,1929],{},[1267,1930,1932,1951],{"className":1931},[1416],[1267,1933,1935],{"className":1934},[1420],[1422,1936,1937],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,1938,1939,1948],{},[1429,1940,1941],{},[1432,1942,1943,1945],{},[1435,1944,1775],{},[1439,1946,1947],{},"3",[1442,1949,1950],{"encoding":1444},"t_3",[1267,1952,1954],{"className":1953,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,1955,1957,1960],{"className":1956},[1454],[1267,1958],{"className":1959,"style":1790},[1458],[1267,1961,1963,1966],{"className":1962},[1463],[1267,1964,1775],{"className":1965},[1463,1467],[1267,1967,1969],{"className":1968},[1472],[1267,1970,1972,1992],{"className":1971},[1476,1477],[1267,1973,1975,1989],{"className":1974},[1481],[1267,1976,1978],{"className":1977,"style":1486},[1485],[1267,1979,1980,1983],{"style":1811},[1267,1981],{"className":1982,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,1984,1986],{"className":1985},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,1987,1947],{"className":1988},[1463,1501],[1267,1990,1509],{"className":1991},[1508],[1267,1993,1995],{"className":1994},[1481],[1267,1996,1998],{"className":1997,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,1999],{},[673,2001,2002,2003,2072,2073],{},"bloqué — ",[1267,2004,2006,2023],{"className":2005},[1416],[1267,2007,2009],{"className":2008},[1420],[1422,2010,2011],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,2012,2013,2021],{},[1429,2014,2015],{},[1432,2016,2017,2019],{},[1435,2018,1437],{},[1439,2020,874],{},[1442,2022,1540],{"encoding":1444},[1267,2024,2026],{"className":2025,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,2027,2029,2032],{"className":2028},[1454],[1267,2030],{"className":2031,"style":1459},[1458],[1267,2033,2035,2038],{"className":2034},[1463],[1267,2036,1437],{"className":2037,"style":1468},[1463,1467],[1267,2039,2041],{"className":2040},[1472],[1267,2042,2044,2064],{"className":2043},[1476,1477],[1267,2045,2047,2061],{"className":2046},[1481],[1267,2048,2050],{"className":2049,"style":1486},[1485],[1267,2051,2052,2055],{"style":1489},[1267,2053],{"className":2054,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,2056,2058],{"className":2057},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,2059,874],{"className":2060},[1463,1501],[1267,2062,1509],{"className":2063},[1508],[1267,2065,2067],{"className":2066},[1481],[1267,2068,2070],{"className":2069,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,2071],{}," tient ",[1065,2074,1596],{},[673,2076,2002,2077,2072,2146],{},[1267,2078,2080,2097],{"className":2079},[1416],[1267,2081,2083],{"className":2082},[1420],[1422,2084,2085],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,2086,2087,2095],{},[1429,2088,2089],{},[1432,2090,2091,2093],{},[1435,2092,1437],{},[1439,2094,793],{},[1442,2096,1445],{"encoding":1444},[1267,2098,2100],{"className":2099,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,2101,2103,2106],{"className":2102},[1454],[1267,2104],{"className":2105,"style":1459},[1458],[1267,2107,2109,2112],{"className":2108},[1463],[1267,2110,1437],{"className":2111,"style":1468},[1463,1467],[1267,2113,2115],{"className":2114},[1472],[1267,2116,2118,2138],{"className":2117},[1476,1477],[1267,2119,2121,2135],{"className":2120},[1481],[1267,2122,2124],{"className":2123,"style":1486},[1485],[1267,2125,2126,2129],{"style":1489},[1267,2127],{"className":2128,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,2130,2132],{"className":2131},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,2133,793],{"className":2134},[1463,1501],[1267,2136,1509],{"className":2137},[1508],[1267,2139,2141],{"className":2140},[1481],[1267,2142,2144],{"className":2143,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,2145],{},[1065,2147,1593],{},[658,2149,2150,2223,2226],{},[673,2151,2152],{},[1267,2153,2155,2174],{"className":2154},[1416],[1267,2156,2158],{"className":2157},[1420],[1422,2159,2160],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,2161,2162,2171],{},[1429,2163,2164],{},[1432,2165,2166,2168],{},[1435,2167,1775],{},[1439,2169,2170],{},"4",[1442,2172,2173],{"encoding":1444},"t_4",[1267,2175,2177],{"className":2176,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,2178,2180,2183],{"className":2179},[1454],[1267,2181],{"className":2182,"style":1790},[1458],[1267,2184,2186,2189],{"className":2185},[1463],[1267,2187,1775],{"className":2188},[1463,1467],[1267,2190,2192],{"className":2191},[1472],[1267,2193,2195,2215],{"className":2194},[1476,1477],[1267,2196,2198,2212],{"className":2197},[1481],[1267,2199,2201],{"className":2200,"style":1486},[1485],[1267,2202,2203,2206],{"style":1811},[1267,2204],{"className":2205,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,2207,2209],{"className":2208},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,2210,2170],{"className":2211},[1463,1501],[1267,2213,1509],{"className":2214},[1508],[1267,2216,2218],{"className":2217},[1481],[1267,2219,2221],{"className":2220,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,2222],{},[673,2224,2225],{},"toujours bloqué",[673,2227,2225],{},[599,2229,2230],{},"Chaque processus possède une ressource et attend l'autre — qui ne se libérera\njamais. Aucun ne progresse. Le système ne plante pas, mais ces deux processus\nsont gelés.",[2232,2233,2234],"warning",{},[599,2235,2236],{},"Un interblocage n'est pas un bug aléatoire : il survient quand l'ordre\nd'acquisition des ressources est mal pensé. Le code peut être correct dans\n99 % des exécutions et bloquer dans 1 %.",[594,2238,2240],{"id":2239},"les-quatre-conditions-de-coffman","Les quatre conditions de Coffman",[599,2242,2243,2244,2247,2248,2251],{},"En 1971, Edward Coffman a énoncé ",[603,2245,2246],{},"quatre conditions nécessaires"," pour qu'un\ninterblocage soit possible. Toutes les quatre doivent être réunies — il\nsuffit d'",[603,2249,2250],{},"en briser une"," pour que l'interblocage devienne impossible.",[2253,2254,2257],"card",{"icon":2255,"title":2256},"i-lucide-list","Les 4 conditions de Coffman",[1029,2258,2259,2265,2271,2277],{},[808,2260,2261,2264],{},[603,2262,2263],{},"Exclusion mutuelle"," — chaque ressource ne peut être détenue que par\nun seul processus à la fois.",[808,2266,2267,2270],{},[603,2268,2269],{},"Possession et attente"," — un processus garde ses ressources tout en\nen demandant de nouvelles.",[808,2272,2273,2276],{},[603,2274,2275],{},"Non-préemption"," — une ressource ne peut pas être retirée de force à\nun processus ; il doit la libérer volontairement.",[808,2278,2279,2282,2283,2574],{},[603,2280,2281],{},"Attente circulaire"," — il existe un cycle de processus\n",[1267,2284,2286,2336],{"className":2285},[1416],[1267,2287,2289],{"className":2288},[1420],[1422,2290,2291],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,2292,2293,2333],{},[1429,2294,2295,2301,2305,2311,2313,2316,2318,2325,2327],{},[1432,2296,2297,2299],{},[1435,2298,1437],{},[1439,2300,793],{},[2302,2303,2304],"mo",{},"→",[1432,2306,2307,2309],{},[1435,2308,1437],{},[1439,2310,874],{},[2302,2312,2304],{},[2302,2314,2315],{},"⋯",[2302,2317,2304],{},[1432,2319,2320,2322],{},[1435,2321,1437],{},[1435,2323,2324],{},"n",[2302,2326,2304],{},[1432,2328,2329,2331],{},[1435,2330,1437],{},[1439,2332,793],{},[1442,2334,2335],{"encoding":1444},"P_1 \\to P_2 \\to \\dots \\to P_n \\to P_1",[1267,2337,2339,2397,2452,2472,2528],{"className":2338,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,2340,2342,2345,2385,2390,2394],{"className":2341},[1454],[1267,2343],{"className":2344,"style":1459},[1458],[1267,2346,2348,2351],{"className":2347},[1463],[1267,2349,1437],{"className":2350,"style":1468},[1463,1467],[1267,2352,2354],{"className":2353},[1472],[1267,2355,2357,2377],{"className":2356},[1476,1477],[1267,2358,2360,2374],{"className":2359},[1481],[1267,2361,2363],{"className":2362,"style":1486},[1485],[1267,2364,2365,2368],{"style":1489},[1267,2366],{"className":2367,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,2369,2371],{"className":2370},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,2372,793],{"className":2373},[1463,1501],[1267,2375,1509],{"className":2376},[1508],[1267,2378,2380],{"className":2379},[1481],[1267,2381,2383],{"className":2382,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,2384],{},[1267,2386],{"className":2387,"style":2389},[2388],"mspace","margin-right:0.2778em;",[1267,2391,2304],{"className":2392},[2393],"mrel",[1267,2395],{"className":2396,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,2398,2400,2403,2443,2446,2449],{"className":2399},[1454],[1267,2401],{"className":2402,"style":1459},[1458],[1267,2404,2406,2409],{"className":2405},[1463],[1267,2407,1437],{"className":2408,"style":1468},[1463,1467],[1267,2410,2412],{"className":2411},[1472],[1267,2413,2415,2435],{"className":2414},[1476,1477],[1267,2416,2418,2432],{"className":2417},[1481],[1267,2419,2421],{"className":2420,"style":1486},[1485],[1267,2422,2423,2426],{"style":1489},[1267,2424],{"className":2425,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,2427,2429],{"className":2428},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,2430,874],{"className":2431},[1463,1501],[1267,2433,1509],{"className":2434},[1508],[1267,2436,2438],{"className":2437},[1481],[1267,2439,2441],{"className":2440,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,2442],{},[1267,2444],{"className":2445,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,2447,2304],{"className":2448},[2393],[1267,2450],{"className":2451,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,2453,2455,2459,2463,2466,2469],{"className":2454},[1454],[1267,2456],{"className":2457,"style":2458},[1458],"height:0.3669em;",[1267,2460,2315],{"className":2461},[2462],"minner",[1267,2464],{"className":2465,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,2467,2304],{"className":2468},[2393],[1267,2470],{"className":2471,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,2473,2475,2478,2519,2522,2525],{"className":2474},[1454],[1267,2476],{"className":2477,"style":1459},[1458],[1267,2479,2481,2484],{"className":2480},[1463],[1267,2482,1437],{"className":2483,"style":1468},[1463,1467],[1267,2485,2487],{"className":2486},[1472],[1267,2488,2490,2511],{"className":2489},[1476,1477],[1267,2491,2493,2508],{"className":2492},[1481],[1267,2494,2497],{"className":2495,"style":2496},[1485],"height:0.1514em;",[1267,2498,2499,2502],{"style":1489},[1267,2500],{"className":2501,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,2503,2505],{"className":2504},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,2506,2324],{"className":2507},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,2509,1509],{"className":2510},[1508],[1267,2512,2514],{"className":2513},[1481],[1267,2515,2517],{"className":2516,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,2518],{},[1267,2520],{"className":2521,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,2523,2304],{"className":2524},[2393],[1267,2526],{"className":2527,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,2529,2531,2534],{"className":2530},[1454],[1267,2532],{"className":2533,"style":1459},[1458],[1267,2535,2537,2540],{"className":2536},[1463],[1267,2538,1437],{"className":2539,"style":1468},[1463,1467],[1267,2541,2543],{"className":2542},[1472],[1267,2544,2546,2566],{"className":2545},[1476,1477],[1267,2547,2549,2563],{"className":2548},[1481],[1267,2550,2552],{"className":2551,"style":1486},[1485],[1267,2553,2554,2557],{"style":1489},[1267,2555],{"className":2556,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,2558,2560],{"className":2559},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,2561,793],{"className":2562},[1463,1501],[1267,2564,1509],{"className":2565},[1508],[1267,2567,2569],{"className":2568},[1481],[1267,2570,2572],{"className":2571,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,2573],{},", chacun attendant une\nressource détenue par le suivant.",[599,2576,2577,2578,2647,2648,2650,2651,2653,2654,2656,2657,2726,2727,2796,2797,2866,2867,2936],{},"Sur notre exemple à deux fichiers, les quatre conditions sont vérifiées : le\nverrou est exclusif, ",[1267,2579,2581,2598],{"className":2580},[1416],[1267,2582,2584],{"className":2583},[1420],[1422,2585,2586],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,2587,2588,2596],{},[1429,2589,2590],{},[1432,2591,2592,2594],{},[1435,2593,1437],{},[1439,2595,793],{},[1442,2597,1445],{"encoding":1444},[1267,2599,2601],{"className":2600,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,2602,2604,2607],{"className":2603},[1454],[1267,2605],{"className":2606,"style":1459},[1458],[1267,2608,2610,2613],{"className":2609},[1463],[1267,2611,1437],{"className":2612,"style":1468},[1463,1467],[1267,2614,2616],{"className":2615},[1472],[1267,2617,2619,2639],{"className":2618},[1476,1477],[1267,2620,2622,2636],{"className":2621},[1481],[1267,2623,2625],{"className":2624,"style":1486},[1485],[1267,2626,2627,2630],{"style":1489},[1267,2628],{"className":2629,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,2631,2633],{"className":2632},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,2634,793],{"className":2635},[1463,1501],[1267,2637,1509],{"className":2638},[1508],[1267,2640,2642],{"className":2641},[1481],[1267,2643,2645],{"className":2644,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,2646],{}," garde ",[1065,2649,1593],{}," en attendant ",[1065,2652,1596],{},", on ne lui retire pas\n",[1065,2655,1593],{}," de force, et l'attente est circulaire (",[1267,2658,2660,2677],{"className":2659},[1416],[1267,2661,2663],{"className":2662},[1420],[1422,2664,2665],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,2666,2667,2675],{},[1429,2668,2669],{},[1432,2670,2671,2673],{},[1435,2672,1437],{},[1439,2674,793],{},[1442,2676,1445],{"encoding":1444},[1267,2678,2680],{"className":2679,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,2681,2683,2686],{"className":2682},[1454],[1267,2684],{"className":2685,"style":1459},[1458],[1267,2687,2689,2692],{"className":2688},[1463],[1267,2690,1437],{"className":2691,"style":1468},[1463,1467],[1267,2693,2695],{"className":2694},[1472],[1267,2696,2698,2718],{"className":2697},[1476,1477],[1267,2699,2701,2715],{"className":2700},[1481],[1267,2702,2704],{"className":2703,"style":1486},[1485],[1267,2705,2706,2709],{"style":1489},[1267,2707],{"className":2708,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,2710,2712],{"className":2711},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,2713,793],{"className":2714},[1463,1501],[1267,2716,1509],{"className":2717},[1508],[1267,2719,2721],{"className":2720},[1481],[1267,2722,2724],{"className":2723,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,2725],{}," attend ",[1267,2728,2730,2747],{"className":2729},[1416],[1267,2731,2733],{"className":2732},[1420],[1422,2734,2735],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,2736,2737,2745],{},[1429,2738,2739],{},[1432,2740,2741,2743],{},[1435,2742,1437],{},[1439,2744,874],{},[1442,2746,1540],{"encoding":1444},[1267,2748,2750],{"className":2749,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,2751,2753,2756],{"className":2752},[1454],[1267,2754],{"className":2755,"style":1459},[1458],[1267,2757,2759,2762],{"className":2758},[1463],[1267,2760,1437],{"className":2761,"style":1468},[1463,1467],[1267,2763,2765],{"className":2764},[1472],[1267,2766,2768,2788],{"className":2767},[1476,1477],[1267,2769,2771,2785],{"className":2770},[1481],[1267,2772,2774],{"className":2773,"style":1486},[1485],[1267,2775,2776,2779],{"style":1489},[1267,2777],{"className":2778,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,2780,2782],{"className":2781},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,2783,874],{"className":2784},[1463,1501],[1267,2786,1509],{"className":2787},[1508],[1267,2789,2791],{"className":2790},[1481],[1267,2792,2794],{"className":2793,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,2795],{},", ",[1267,2798,2800,2817],{"className":2799},[1416],[1267,2801,2803],{"className":2802},[1420],[1422,2804,2805],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,2806,2807,2815],{},[1429,2808,2809],{},[1432,2810,2811,2813],{},[1435,2812,1437],{},[1439,2814,874],{},[1442,2816,1540],{"encoding":1444},[1267,2818,2820],{"className":2819,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,2821,2823,2826],{"className":2822},[1454],[1267,2824],{"className":2825,"style":1459},[1458],[1267,2827,2829,2832],{"className":2828},[1463],[1267,2830,1437],{"className":2831,"style":1468},[1463,1467],[1267,2833,2835],{"className":2834},[1472],[1267,2836,2838,2858],{"className":2837},[1476,1477],[1267,2839,2841,2855],{"className":2840},[1481],[1267,2842,2844],{"className":2843,"style":1486},[1485],[1267,2845,2846,2849],{"style":1489},[1267,2847],{"className":2848,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,2850,2852],{"className":2851},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,2853,874],{"className":2854},[1463,1501],[1267,2856,1509],{"className":2857},[1508],[1267,2859,2861],{"className":2860},[1481],[1267,2862,2864],{"className":2863,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,2865],{}," attend\n",[1267,2868,2870,2887],{"className":2869},[1416],[1267,2871,2873],{"className":2872},[1420],[1422,2874,2875],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,2876,2877,2885],{},[1429,2878,2879],{},[1432,2880,2881,2883],{},[1435,2882,1437],{},[1439,2884,793],{},[1442,2886,1445],{"encoding":1444},[1267,2888,2890],{"className":2889,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,2891,2893,2896],{"className":2892},[1454],[1267,2894],{"className":2895,"style":1459},[1458],[1267,2897,2899,2902],{"className":2898},[1463],[1267,2900,1437],{"className":2901,"style":1468},[1463,1467],[1267,2903,2905],{"className":2904},[1472],[1267,2906,2908,2928],{"className":2907},[1476,1477],[1267,2909,2911,2925],{"className":2910},[1481],[1267,2912,2914],{"className":2913,"style":1486},[1485],[1267,2915,2916,2919],{"style":1489},[1267,2917],{"className":2918,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,2920,2922],{"className":2921},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,2923,793],{"className":2924},[1463,1501],[1267,2926,1509],{"className":2927},[1508],[1267,2929,2931],{"className":2930},[1481],[1267,2932,2934],{"className":2933,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,2935],{},").",[791,2938,2941,2946],{"correct":2939,"slug":2940},"0","interblocage-c1",[796,2942,2943],{"v-slot:question":798},[599,2944,2945],{},"Pour qu'un interblocage soit possible, il faut que ces quatre conditions soient…",[796,2947,2948],{"v-slot:choices":798},[805,2949,2950,2953,2956],{},[808,2951,2952],{},"toutes réunies simultanément",[808,2954,2955],{},"l’une au moins satisfaite",[808,2957,2958],{},"absentes du système",[594,2960,2962],{"id":2961},"lexemple-canonique-le-dîner-des-philosophes","L'exemple canonique — le dîner des philosophes",[599,2964,2965,2966,2969,2970,2973],{},"Cinq philosophes sont attablés autour d'une table ronde. Devant chacun se\ntrouve une assiette de spaghettis, et entre deux assiettes voisines, ",[603,2967,2968],{},"une\nseule fourchette"," — soit cinq fourchettes pour cinq philosophes. Pour manger,\nun philosophe a besoin de ",[603,2971,2972],{},"deux fourchettes"," (celle de gauche et celle de\ndroite). Quand il a fini, il les repose.",[599,2975,2976,2977,2980,2981,2984],{},"Si tous les philosophes prennent simultanément la fourchette à leur gauche, ils\nattendent ensuite ",[603,2978,2979],{},"la fourchette à leur droite"," — qui est déjà dans la main\ndu voisin. Personne ne peut manger. ",[603,2982,2983],{},"C'est un interblocage"," : l'attente\ncirculaire est manifeste.",[1151,2986],{"alt":2987,"kind":2988,"src":2989,"svg":2990},"Le dîner des philosophes","schema","\u002Fillustrations\u002F2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fphilosophes.svg","\u003Csvg class=\"illustration-svg\" xmlns=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2000\u002Fsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 420 420\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Le dîner des philosophes : cinq philosophes disposés en cercle autour d'une table ronde, chacun devant une assiette, avec cinq fourchettes intercalées entre les assiettes. Chaque philosophe tient la fourchette à sa gauche et attend celle à sa droite, déjà prise par son voisin — l'attente circulaire est matérialisée par des flèches.\">\n  \u003Ctitle>Le dîner des philosophes — attente circulaire\u003C\u002Ftitle>\n  \u003Cstyle>\n    .ph-svg { font-family: Geist, Inter, system-ui, sans-serif; }\n    .ph-table   { fill: var(--diagram-surface-alt); stroke: var(--diagram-border); stroke-width: 1.5; }\n    .ph-plate   { fill: var(--diagram-surface); stroke: var(--diagram-line); stroke-width: 1.5; }\n    .ph-phil    { fill: var(--diagram-node-bg); stroke: var(--diagram-node-border); stroke-width: 1.5; }\n    .ph-label   { fill: var(--diagram-text); font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; text-anchor: middle; }\n    .ph-fork    { stroke: var(--diagram-line); stroke-width: 2.5; stroke-linecap: round; fill: none; }\n    .ph-fork-held { stroke: var(--diagram-node-border); stroke-width: 3; stroke-linecap: round; fill: none; }\n    .ph-wait    { stroke: var(--diagram-line); stroke-width: 1.5; fill: none; stroke-dasharray: 5 4; }\n    .ph-wait-head { fill: var(--diagram-line); }\n    .ph-caption { fill: var(--diagram-line); font-size: 11px; text-anchor: middle; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; letter-spacing: 1px; }\n  \u003C\u002Fstyle>\n\n  \u003Cg class=\"ph-svg\">\n    \u003C!-- Table ronde au centre -->\n    \u003Ccircle cx=\"210\" cy=\"210\" r=\"92\" class=\"ph-table\"\u002F>\n\n    \u003C!-- ════════ Géométrie radiale ════════\n         5 philosophes aux angles -90°, -18°, 54°, 126°, 198° (P1 en haut).\n         Assiettes sur le bord de la table à la même angulaire.\n         Fourchettes intercalées aux angles -54°, 18°, 90°, 162°, 234°.\n         Chaque philosophe Pi tient la fourchette à SA GAUCHE et lorgne celle\n         de DROITE (sens horaire = attente circulaire). -->\n\n    \u003C!-- ── Flèches d'attente circulaire (sous les nœuds) ── -->\n    \u003C!-- arc horaire de chaque philosophe vers la fourchette convoitée (à droite) -->\n    \u003Cpath class=\"ph-wait\" d=\"M 256 110 A 130 130 0 0 1 320 195\"\u002F>\n    \u003Cpath class=\"ph-wait-head\" d=\"M 320 195 l -10 -2 l 4 -9 z\"\u002F>\n    \u003Cpath class=\"ph-wait\" d=\"M 332 268 A 130 130 0 0 1 268 340\"\u002F>\n    \u003Cpath class=\"ph-wait-head\" d=\"M 268 340 l 9 -5 l 1 10 z\"\u002F>\n    \u003Cpath class=\"ph-wait\" d=\"M 192 350 A 130 130 0 0 1 102 308\"\u002F>\n    \u003Cpath class=\"ph-wait-head\" d=\"M 102 308 l 9 5 l -7 7 z\"\u002F>\n    \u003Cpath class=\"ph-wait\" d=\"M 78 240 A 130 130 0 0 1 90 142\"\u002F>\n    \u003Cpath class=\"ph-wait-head\" d=\"M 90 142 l -1 10 l -9 -5 z\"\u002F>\n    \u003Cpath class=\"ph-wait\" d=\"M 132 92 A 130 130 0 0 1 222 70\"\u002F>\n    \u003Cpath class=\"ph-wait-head\" d=\"M 222 70 l -9 -4 l 7 -7 z\"\u002F>\n\n    \u003C!-- ── Assiettes (sur le pourtour intérieur de la table, devant chaque philosophe) ── -->\n    \u003C!-- P1 haut -->\u003Cellipse cx=\"210\" cy=\"138\" rx=\"22\" ry=\"13\" class=\"ph-plate\"\u002F>\n    \u003C!-- P2 -->\u003Cellipse cx=\"278\" cy=\"188\" rx=\"22\" ry=\"13\" class=\"ph-plate\"\u002F>\n    \u003C!-- P3 -->\u003Cellipse cx=\"252\" cy=\"268\" rx=\"22\" ry=\"13\" class=\"ph-plate\"\u002F>\n    \u003C!-- P4 -->\u003Cellipse cx=\"168\" cy=\"268\" rx=\"22\" ry=\"13\" class=\"ph-plate\"\u002F>\n    \u003C!-- P5 -->\u003Cellipse cx=\"142\" cy=\"188\" rx=\"22\" ry=\"13\" class=\"ph-plate\"\u002F>\n\n    \u003C!-- ── Fourchettes intercalées (entre deux assiettes voisines) ── -->\n    \u003C!-- F tenue = celle à gauche du philosophe situé sens-horaire après elle.\n         On dessine 2 dents + manche, orienté radialement. -->\n    \u003C!-- F1 entre P1 et P2 (haut-droite) : tenue par P2 -->\n    \u003Cg class=\"ph-fork-held\" transform=\"translate(264 142) rotate(54)\">\n      \u003Cline x1=\"0\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"0\" y2=\"10\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"-4\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"-4\" y2=\"-4\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"4\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"4\" y2=\"-4\"\u002F>\n    \u003C\u002Fg>\n    \u003C!-- F2 entre P2 et P3 (droite) : tenue par P3 -->\n    \u003Cg class=\"ph-fork-held\" transform=\"translate(290 245) rotate(126)\">\n      \u003Cline x1=\"0\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"0\" y2=\"10\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"-4\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"-4\" y2=\"-4\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"4\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"4\" y2=\"-4\"\u002F>\n    \u003C\u002Fg>\n    \u003C!-- F3 entre P3 et P4 (bas) : tenue par P4 -->\n    \u003Cg class=\"ph-fork-held\" transform=\"translate(210 296) rotate(180)\">\n      \u003Cline x1=\"0\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"0\" y2=\"10\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"-4\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"-4\" y2=\"-4\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"4\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"4\" y2=\"-4\"\u002F>\n    \u003C\u002Fg>\n    \u003C!-- F4 entre P4 et P5 (gauche) : tenue par P5 -->\n    \u003Cg class=\"ph-fork-held\" transform=\"translate(130 245) rotate(234)\">\n      \u003Cline x1=\"0\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"0\" y2=\"10\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"-4\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"-4\" y2=\"-4\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"4\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"4\" y2=\"-4\"\u002F>\n    \u003C\u002Fg>\n    \u003C!-- F5 entre P5 et P1 (haut-gauche) : tenue par P1 -->\n    \u003Cg class=\"ph-fork-held\" transform=\"translate(156 142) rotate(306)\">\n      \u003Cline x1=\"0\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"0\" y2=\"10\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"-4\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"-4\" y2=\"-4\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"4\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"4\" y2=\"-4\"\u002F>\n    \u003C\u002Fg>\n\n    \u003C!-- ── Philosophes (cercles, sur l'anneau extérieur) ── -->\n    \u003Ccircle cx=\"210\" cy=\"60\"  r=\"26\" class=\"ph-phil\"\u002F>\u003Ctext x=\"210\" y=\"65\"  class=\"ph-label\">P1\u003C\u002Ftext>\n    \u003Ccircle cx=\"353\" cy=\"164\" r=\"26\" class=\"ph-phil\"\u002F>\u003Ctext x=\"353\" y=\"169\" class=\"ph-label\">P2\u003C\u002Ftext>\n    \u003Ccircle cx=\"298\" cy=\"332\" r=\"26\" class=\"ph-phil\"\u002F>\u003Ctext x=\"298\" y=\"337\" class=\"ph-label\">P3\u003C\u002Ftext>\n    \u003Ccircle cx=\"122\" cy=\"332\" r=\"26\" class=\"ph-phil\"\u002F>\u003Ctext x=\"122\" y=\"337\" class=\"ph-label\">P4\u003C\u002Ftext>\n    \u003Ccircle cx=\"67\"  cy=\"164\" r=\"26\" class=\"ph-phil\"\u002F>\u003Ctext x=\"67\"  y=\"169\" class=\"ph-label\">P5\u003C\u002Ftext>\n\n    \u003C!-- Légende au centre de la table -->\n    \u003Ctext x=\"210\" y=\"206\" class=\"ph-caption\">attente\u003C\u002Ftext>\n    \u003Ctext x=\"210\" y=\"222\" class=\"ph-caption\">circulaire\u003C\u002Ftext>\n  \u003C\u002Fg>\n\u003C\u002Fsvg>\n",[594,2992,2994],{"id":2993},"comment-éviter-linterblocage","Comment éviter l'interblocage ?",[599,2996,2997],{},"Pour chaque condition de Coffman, une stratégie existe :",[652,2999,3000,3010],{},[655,3001,3002],{},[658,3003,3004,3007],{},[661,3005,3006],{},"Condition à briser",[661,3008,3009],{},"Stratégie possible",[668,3011,3012,3019,3030,3037],{},[658,3013,3014,3016],{},[673,3015,2263],{},[673,3017,3018],{},"Utiliser des ressources partageables (lecture seule).",[658,3020,3021,3023],{},[673,3022,2269],{},[673,3024,3025,3026,3029],{},"Exiger qu'un processus demande ",[603,3027,3028],{},"toutes"," ses ressources d'un coup, ou aucune.",[658,3031,3032,3034],{},[673,3033,2275],{},[673,3035,3036],{},"Permettre de retirer une ressource (rollback de transaction en BDD).",[658,3038,3039,3041],{},[673,3040,2281],{},[673,3042,3043,3044,3047,3048,3050,3051,2936],{},"Imposer un ",[603,3045,3046],{},"ordre total"," d'acquisition (toujours verrouiller ",[1065,3049,1593],{}," avant ",[1065,3052,1596],{},[849,3054,3055],{},[599,3056,3057,3060,3061,3068],{},[603,3058,3059],{},"La méthode la plus utilisée en pratique"," : imposer un ordre d'acquisition.\nSur l'exemple des deux fichiers, si on convient que ",[603,3062,3063,3064,3050,3066],{},"tout le monde verrouille\n",[1065,3065,1593],{},[1065,3067,1596],{},", l'attente circulaire devient impossible.",[599,3070,3071],{},"Sur le dîner des philosophes, une solution élégante : imposer aux philosophes\nde numéro impair de prendre d'abord la fourchette de gauche, et aux philosophes\nde numéro pair de prendre d'abord celle de droite. L'ordre d'acquisition est\nainsi globalement cohérent, et la circularité disparaît.",[791,3073,3075,3080],{"correct":793,"slug":3074},"interblocage-c2",[796,3076,3077],{"v-slot:question":798},[599,3078,3079],{},"Pour briser l'attente circulaire entre verrous, la méthode la plus simple est…",[796,3081,3082],{"v-slot:choices":798},[805,3083,3084,3087,3090],{},[808,3085,3086],{},"supprimer tous les verrous",[808,3088,3089],{},"imposer un ordre total d’acquisition",[808,3091,3092],{},"augmenter la mémoire",[594,3094,3096],{"id":3095},"activité-débranchée","Activité débranchée",[849,3098,3099],{},[599,3100,3101,3103,3104,3106],{},[603,3102,3096],{}," suggérée par le BO ",[648,3105],{"code":956},". Distribuez à\n4 élèves deux jetons « ressource A » et deux jetons « ressource B » (un de\nchaque), avec pour consigne d'écrire une « tâche » qui nécessite l'usage\nsimultané d'un A et d'un B. Faites jouer la scène : chacun prend un jeton,\npuis on observe qui attend qui. L'interblocage apparaît visuellement, et la\ndiscussion sur les solutions devient concrète.",[594,3108,911],{"id":910},[599,3110,3111,3112,3115,3116,3119,3120,3123],{},"Au-delà de la ",[603,3113,3114],{},"prévention"," (briser une condition), il existe aussi la\n",[603,3117,3118],{},"détection"," (laisser l'interblocage se produire, le détecter, et résoudre\npar rollback) et l'",[603,3121,3122],{},"évitement"," (refuser une demande qui mènerait à un état\ndangereux — algorithme du banquier). Ces techniques sont au cœur des systèmes\nde bases de données et des systèmes d'exploitation modernes.",[648,3125],{"code":956},{"title":798,"searchDepth":926,"depth":926,"links":3127},[3128,3129,3130,3131,3132,3133,3134],{"id":596,"depth":926,"text":597},{"id":1408,"depth":926,"text":1409},{"id":2239,"depth":926,"text":2240},{"id":2961,"depth":926,"text":2962},{"id":2993,"depth":926,"text":2994},{"id":3095,"depth":926,"text":3096},{"id":910,"depth":926,"text":911},"Quand plusieurs processus s'attendent mutuellement et qu'aucun ne peut plus avancer — les quatre conditions de Coffman, l'exemple des philosophes, et comment l'éviter.",{},[3138,3140],{"slug":2940,"kind":945,"question":2945,"choices":3139,"correct":2939,"multi":947,"explanation":798},[2952,2955,2958],{"slug":3074,"kind":945,"question":3079,"choices":3141,"correct":793,"multi":947,"explanation":798},[3086,3089,3092],{"title":513,"description":3135},"6YiB8wxijh4BxfVlWvpxJzUsycK7DrAv4Zzu3bBCHUU",{"id":3145,"title":517,"bo":3146,"body":3148,"description":4024,"eval":939,"extension":940,"labo":939,"meta":4025,"navigation":942,"path":518,"quizzes":4026,"readingTime":950,"seo":4031,"stem":519,"tp":939,"__hash__":4032},"cours\u002F2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F4.routage-principes.md",[3147],"TC03",{"type":591,"value":3149,"toc":4015},[3150,3152,3182,3186,3197,3233,3248,3256,3260,3340,3453,3464,3469,3490,3494,3908,3913,3923,3927,3938,3967,3988,3990,3997,3999,4013],[594,3151,597],{"id":596},[599,3153,3154,3155,3158,3159,3162,3163,3166,3167,3170,3171,3174,3175,3178,3179,3181],{},"Quand votre navigateur demande une page hébergée à l'autre bout du monde, le\npaquet qui sort de votre machine ne contient ",[603,3156,3157],{},"pas"," le chemin complet à\nsuivre. Il contient seulement l'",[603,3160,3161],{},"adresse de destination",", comme une lettre\npostale ne contient que l'adresse du destinataire — pas l'itinéraire du\nfacteur. Le voyage du paquet est décidé ",[603,3164,3165],{},"localement, à chaque étape",", par\ndes machines spécialisées : les ",[603,3168,3169],{},"routeurs",". Chacun lit l'adresse de\ndestination, consulte sa ",[603,3172,3173],{},"table de routage",", et transmet au ",[603,3176,3177],{},"prochain\nsaut",". C'est tout. Cette mécanique, qui semble trop simple pour fonctionner à\nl'échelle d'Internet, est pourtant ce qui fait tenir le réseau. L'item\n",[648,3180],{"code":3147}," demande de la maîtriser.",[594,3183,3185],{"id":3184},"saut-par-saut","Saut par saut",[599,3187,3188,3189,3192,3193,3196],{},"Un ",[603,3190,3191],{},"routeur"," est une machine qui possède plusieurs ",[603,3194,3195],{},"interfaces réseau"," —\nchacune reliée à un sous-réseau différent. Quand un paquet entre par une\ninterface, le routeur fait quatre choses :",[1029,3198,3199,3205,3214,3227],{},[808,3200,3201,3204],{},[603,3202,3203],{},"Lire"," l'adresse IP de destination dans l'en-tête du paquet.",[808,3206,3207,3210,3211,922],{},[603,3208,3209],{},"Chercher"," cette adresse (ou plutôt son réseau) dans sa ",[603,3212,3213],{},"table de\nroutage",[808,3215,3216,3219,3220,1214,3223,3226],{},[603,3217,3218],{},"Identifier"," l'interface de sortie et le ",[603,3221,3222],{},"prochain saut",[620,3224,3225],{},"next hop",") à\nutiliser.",[808,3228,3229,3232],{},[603,3230,3231],{},"Émettre"," le paquet sur l'interface de sortie, vers le routeur suivant.",[599,3234,3235,3236,3239,3240,3243,3244,3247],{},"Le routeur ",[603,3237,3238],{},"ne connaît pas le trajet complet",". Il sait seulement « pour aller\nvers le réseau X, passe par mon voisin Y ». La somme de ces décisions locales,\nprises de routeur en routeur, finit par mener le paquet à destination. C'est la\nmême logique qu'un ",[603,3241,3242],{},"GPS qui recalcule"," à chaque carrefour : il ne planifie\npas l'itinéraire entier une fois pour toutes, il choisit la ",[603,3245,3246],{},"prochaine\ndirection"," en fonction du contexte courant.",[849,3249,3250],{},[599,3251,3252,3255],{},[603,3253,3254],{},"L'analogie postale tient bien"," : chaque centre de tri lit le code postal,\ndécide « ce courrier part vers Lyon » et le passe au camion suivant. Aucun\ncentre ne connaît l'itinéraire complet — chacun fait un pas.",[594,3257,3259],{"id":3258},"la-table-de-routage","La table de routage",[599,3261,3262,3263,3265,3266,3339],{},"Une table de routage est une ",[603,3264,652],{}," au sens informatique : des lignes,\nchacune décrivant un réseau de destination et la route à suivre. Voici un\nexemple simplifié pour un routeur fictif ",[1267,3267,3269,3288],{"className":3268},[1416],[1267,3270,3272],{"className":3271},[1420],[1422,3273,3274],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,3275,3276,3285],{},[1429,3277,3278],{},[1432,3279,3280,3283],{},[1435,3281,3282],{},"R",[1439,3284,793],{},[1442,3286,3287],{"encoding":1444},"R_1",[1267,3289,3291],{"className":3290,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,3292,3294,3297],{"className":3293},[1454],[1267,3295],{"className":3296,"style":1459},[1458],[1267,3298,3300,3304],{"className":3299},[1463],[1267,3301,3282],{"className":3302,"style":3303},[1463,1467],"margin-right:0.0077em;",[1267,3305,3307],{"className":3306},[1472],[1267,3308,3310,3331],{"className":3309},[1476,1477],[1267,3311,3313,3328],{"className":3312},[1481],[1267,3314,3316],{"className":3315,"style":1486},[1485],[1267,3317,3319,3322],{"style":3318},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0077em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1267,3320],{"className":3321,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,3323,3325],{"className":3324},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,3326,793],{"className":3327},[1463,1501],[1267,3329,1509],{"className":3330},[1508],[1267,3332,3334],{"className":3333},[1481],[1267,3335,3337],{"className":3336,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,3338],{}," :",[652,3341,3342,3361],{},[655,3343,3344],{},[658,3345,3346,3349,3352,3355,3358],{},[661,3347,3348],{},"Destination (réseau)",[661,3350,3351],{},"Masque",[661,3353,3354],{},"Prochain saut",[661,3356,3357],{},"Interface de sortie",[661,3359,3360],{},"Coût",[668,3362,3363,3385,3407,3429],{},[658,3364,3365,3370,3375,3378,3383],{},[673,3366,3367],{},[1065,3368,3369],{},"10.0.0.0",[673,3371,3372],{},[1065,3373,3374],{},"\u002F24",[673,3376,3377],{},"direct",[673,3379,3380],{},[1065,3381,3382],{},"eth0",[673,3384,2939],{},[658,3386,3387,3392,3396,3401,3405],{},[673,3388,3389],{},[1065,3390,3391],{},"10.0.1.0",[673,3393,3394],{},[1065,3395,3374],{},[673,3397,3398],{},[1065,3399,3400],{},"10.0.0.2",[673,3402,3403],{},[1065,3404,3382],{},[673,3406,793],{},[658,3408,3409,3414,3418,3423,3427],{},[673,3410,3411],{},[1065,3412,3413],{},"192.168.5.0",[673,3415,3416],{},[1065,3417,3374],{},[673,3419,3420],{},[1065,3421,3422],{},"10.0.0.3",[673,3424,3425],{},[1065,3426,3382],{},[673,3428,874],{},[658,3430,3431,3436,3441,3446,3450],{},[673,3432,3433],{},[1065,3434,3435],{},"0.0.0.0",[673,3437,3438],{},[1065,3439,3440],{},"\u002F0",[673,3442,3443],{},[1065,3444,3445],{},"10.0.0.1",[673,3447,3448],{},[1065,3449,3382],{},[673,3451,3452],{},"—",[599,3454,3455,3456,3459,3460,3463],{},"La dernière ligne ",[1065,3457,3458],{},"0.0.0.0\u002F0"," est la ",[603,3461,3462],{},"route par défaut"," : tout paquet dont la\ndestination ne correspond à aucune entrée précédente passe par là. C'est ainsi\nqu'un routeur peut « sortir » du réseau local sans connaître l'Internet\nentier.",[778,3465,3466],{},[599,3467,3468],{},"Une table de routage peut contenir des milliers d'entrées sur un gros routeur\nd'opérateur. Sur la box d'un particulier, quelques lignes suffisent — l'essentiel\ny est résumé par la route par défaut vers le fournisseur d'accès.",[791,3470,3472,3477],{"correct":793,"slug":3471},"routage-principes-c1",[796,3473,3474],{"v-slot:question":798},[599,3475,3476],{},"Un paquet dont la destination ne correspond à aucune entrée précise est…",[796,3478,3479],{"v-slot:choices":798},[805,3480,3481,3484,3487],{},[808,3482,3483],{},"rejeté",[808,3485,3486],{},"transmis selon la route par défaut",[808,3488,3489],{},"renvoyé à l’expéditeur",[594,3491,3493],{"id":3492},"suivre-un-paquet-de-bout-en-bout","Suivre un paquet de bout en bout",[599,3495,3496,3497,2796,3566,2796,3636,3706,3707,3738,3739,3808,3809,3878,3879,3907],{},"Considérons trois routeurs 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et un hôte cible ",[1267,3708,3710,3724],{"className":3709},[1416],[1267,3711,3713],{"className":3712},[1420],[1422,3714,3715],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,3716,3717,3722],{},[1429,3718,3719],{},[1435,3720,3721],{},"H",[1442,3723,3721],{"encoding":1444},[1267,3725,3727],{"className":3726,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,3728,3730,3734],{"className":3729},[1454],[1267,3731],{"className":3732,"style":3733},[1458],"height:0.6833em;",[1267,3735,3721],{"className":3736,"style":3737},[1463,1467],"margin-right:0.0813em;"," sur le\nréseau de 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Un paquet émis par un hôte du réseau de 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vers ",[1267,3880,3882,3895],{"className":3881},[1416],[1267,3883,3885],{"className":3884},[1420],[1422,3886,3887],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,3888,3889,3893],{},[1429,3890,3891],{},[1435,3892,3721],{},[1442,3894,3721],{"encoding":1444},[1267,3896,3898],{"className":3897,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,3899,3901,3904],{"className":3900},[1454],[1267,3902],{"className":3903,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,3905,3721],{"className":3906,"style":3737},[1463,1467],"\nparcourt :",[1151,3909],{"alt":3910,"kind":1154,"src":3911,"svg":3912},"Chemin d'un paquet à travers trois routeurs","\u002Fillustrations\u002F2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Froutage-saut.svg","\u003Csvg id=\"ill-2-nsi-tale-tc-archi-os-reseaux-routage-saut\" xmlns=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2000\u002Fsvg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" class=\"illustration-svg flowchart\" viewBox=\"0 0 800.2901611328125 69\" role=\"graphics-document document\" 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-17.229515202597938 -18.490385109156904, -16.929687500000007 -18.5 M-16.929687500000007 -18.5 C-16.929687500000004 -18.5, -16.929687500000004 -18.5, -16.9296875 -18.5 M-16.929687500000007 -18.5 C-16.929687500000004 -18.5, -16.929687500000004 -18.5, -16.9296875 -18.5\" stroke=\"#4948b8\" stroke-width=\"1.3\" fill=\"none\" stroke-dasharray=\"0 0\" style=\"\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>\u003Cg class=\"label\" style=\"\" transform=\"translate(-22.8046875, -10.5)\">\u003Crect\u002F>\u003CforeignObject width=\"45.609375\" height=\"21\">\u003Cdiv xmlns=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxhtml\" style=\"display: table-cell; white-space: nowrap; line-height: 1.5; max-width: 200px; text-align: center;\">\u003Cspan class=\"nodeLabel\">\u003Cp>H cible\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003C\u002FforeignObject>\u003C\u002Fg>\u003C\u002Fg>\u003C\u002Fg>\u003C\u002Fg>\u003C\u002Fg>\u003Cdefs>\u003Cfilter id=\"ill-2-nsi-tale-tc-archi-os-reseaux-routage-saut-drop-shadow\" height=\"130%\" width=\"130%\">\u003CfeDropShadow dx=\"4\" dy=\"4\" stdDeviation=\"0\" flood-opacity=\"0.06\" flood-color=\"#000000\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Ffilter>\u003C\u002Fdefs>\u003Cdefs>\u003Cfilter id=\"ill-2-nsi-tale-tc-archi-os-reseaux-routage-saut-drop-shadow-small\" height=\"150%\" width=\"150%\">\u003CfeDropShadow dx=\"2\" dy=\"2\" stdDeviation=\"0\" flood-opacity=\"0.06\" flood-color=\"#000000\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Ffilter>\u003C\u002Fdefs>\u003ClinearGradient id=\"ill-2-nsi-tale-tc-archi-os-reseaux-routage-saut-gradient\" gradientUnits=\"objectBoundingBox\" x1=\"0%\" y1=\"0%\" x2=\"100%\" y2=\"0%\">\u003Cstop offset=\"0%\" stop-color=\"#4948b8\" stop-opacity=\"1\"\u002F>\u003Cstop offset=\"100%\" stop-color=\"#c4c8cd\" stop-opacity=\"1\"\u002F>\u003C\u002FlinearGradient>\u003C\u002Fsvg>",[599,3914,3915,3916,1519,3919,3922],{},"À chaque étape, le routeur courant lit l'IP de destination, regarde sa table\net choisit le prochain saut. Ces décisions sont ",[603,3917,3918],{},"locales",[603,3920,3921],{},"indépendantes\nles unes des autres",". Pourtant, si toutes les tables sont cohérentes, le\npaquet finit toujours par arriver.",[594,3924,3926],{"id":3925},"doù-viennent-les-entrées-de-la-table","D'où viennent les entrées de la table ?",[599,3928,3929,3930,3933,3934,3937],{},"Les premières lignes d'une table — les réseaux ",[603,3931,3932],{},"directement connectés"," —\nsont remplies automatiquement par le routeur : il sait à quoi il est branché.\nMais les autres entrées (réseaux à plusieurs sauts) doivent être ",[603,3935,3936],{},"apprises",".\nDeux méthodes coexistent :",[805,3939,3940,3946],{},[808,3941,3942,3945],{},[603,3943,3944],{},"Routage statique"," : l'administrateur écrit les routes à la main. Simple\npour un petit réseau, infaisable à l'échelle d'Internet.",[808,3947,3948,3951,3952,3955,3956,3959,3960,1519,3963,3966],{},[603,3949,3950],{},"Routage dynamique"," : les routeurs ",[603,3953,3954],{},"se parlent entre eux"," via un\n",[603,3957,3958],{},"protocole de routage"," et construisent leurs tables automatiquement. Les\ndeux protocoles emblématiques sont ",[603,3961,3962],{},"RIP",[603,3964,3965],{},"OSPF",", étudiés au cours\nsuivant.",[791,3968,3970,3975],{"correct":793,"slug":3969},"routage-principes-c2",[796,3971,3972],{"v-slot:question":798},[599,3973,3974],{},"La route par défaut dans une table de routage sert à…",[796,3976,3977],{"v-slot:choices":798},[805,3978,3979,3982,3985],{},[808,3980,3981],{},"effacer les routes inutiles",[808,3983,3984],{},"transmettre les paquets sans destination connue précisément",[808,3986,3987],{},"sécuriser les communications",[594,3989,3096],{"id":3095},[849,3991,3992],{},[599,3993,3994,3996],{},[603,3995,3096],{}," suggérée par le BO. Distribuez à chaque élève une\ncarte « routeur » avec sa table de routage écrite. Faites circuler une\nenveloppe « paquet » entre les élèves : à chaque arrêt, l'élève-routeur lit la\ndestination, consulte sa table, et passe l'enveloppe au voisin indiqué. C'est\nexactement ce que fait Internet, à 100 millions d'étapes par seconde près.",[594,3998,911],{"id":910},[599,4000,4001,4002,1519,4005,4008,4009,4012],{},"Quand plusieurs entrées de la table correspondent à la même destination (par\nexemple ",[1065,4003,4004],{},"10.0.0.0\u002F24",[1065,4006,4007],{},"10.0.0.0\u002F16","), le routeur applique la règle du\n",[603,4010,4011],{},"préfixe le plus long"," : la route la plus précise gagne. C'est ce qui permet\nde définir des exceptions au sein d'un sous-réseau plus large. Le cours\nsuivant entre dans le détail des protocoles qui construisent ces tables.",[648,4014],{"code":3147},{"title":798,"searchDepth":926,"depth":926,"links":4016},[4017,4018,4019,4020,4021,4022,4023],{"id":596,"depth":926,"text":597},{"id":3184,"depth":926,"text":3185},{"id":3258,"depth":926,"text":3259},{"id":3492,"depth":926,"text":3493},{"id":3925,"depth":926,"text":3926},{"id":3095,"depth":926,"text":3096},{"id":910,"depth":926,"text":911},"Comment un paquet IP traverse Internet de routeur en routeur, en suivant à chaque saut une décision locale prise à partir d'une table de routage.",{},[4027,4029],{"slug":3471,"kind":945,"question":3476,"choices":4028,"correct":793,"multi":947,"explanation":798},[3483,3486,3489],{"slug":3969,"kind":945,"question":3974,"choices":4030,"correct":793,"multi":947,"explanation":798},[3981,3984,3987],{"title":517,"description":4024},"nGCn9ar11jRkkzKovFRk7IOitBeEadgdw8WNoebr508",{"id":4034,"title":521,"bo":4035,"body":4036,"description":5598,"eval":939,"extension":940,"labo":939,"meta":5599,"navigation":942,"path":522,"quizzes":5600,"readingTime":950,"seo":5605,"stem":523,"tp":939,"__hash__":5606},"cours\u002F2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F5.protocoles-rip-ospf.md",[3147],{"type":591,"value":4037,"toc":5589},[4038,4040,4072,4076,4082,4182,4189,4193,4238,4403,4417,4429,4450,4454,4464,4487,4497,4703,4707,4785,4790,4822,5251,5467,5487,5491,5571,5573,5587],[594,4039,597],{"id":596},[599,4041,4042,4043,4045,4046,4049,4050,3955,4053,4055,4056,4058,4059,1519,4061,4063,4064,4067,4068,4071],{},"Vous avez vu au cours précédent qu'un routeur consulte sa ",[603,4044,3173],{},"\npour décider du prochain saut. Reste une question : ",[603,4047,4048],{},"d'où viennent les\nlignes de cette table"," ? Sur un petit réseau, l'administrateur peut les\nécrire à la main. Sur Internet, qui regroupe des centaines de milliers de\nrouteurs, c'est impossible. Les routeurs ",[603,4051,4052],{},"dialoguent entre eux",[603,4054,3958],{}," qui leur permet de découvrir le réseau et de\ncalculer les meilleures routes. Le programme officiel\n(",[648,4057],{"code":3147},") en retient deux représentants : ",[603,4060,3962],{},[603,4062,3965],{},".\nIls incarnent deux philosophies très différentes, et le lien avec les\n",[603,4065,4066],{},"algorithmes sur graphes"," que vous étudiez en parallèle (chapitre\n",[648,4069],{"code":4070},"TE",") y devient explicite.",[594,4073,4075],{"id":4074},"le-réseau-vu-comme-un-graphe","Le réseau vu comme un graphe",[599,4077,4078,4079,3339],{},"Avant de comparer les protocoles, posez le bon modèle. Un réseau de routeurs\nse décrit comme un ",[603,4080,4081],{},"graphe",[805,4083,4084,4091,4097],{},[808,4085,4086,4087,4090],{},"les ",[603,4088,4089],{},"sommets"," sont les routeurs ;",[808,4092,4086,4093,4096],{},[603,4094,4095],{},"arêtes"," sont les liens directs entre routeurs ;",[808,4098,4099,4100,4103,4104,4106,4107,4110,4111,4181],{},"chaque arête porte une ",[603,4101,4102],{},"valeur"," — soit ",[1065,4105,793],{}," si l'on compte les sauts,\nsoit un ",[603,4108,4109],{},"coût"," ",[1267,4112,4114,4145],{"className":4113},[1416],[1267,4115,4117],{"className":4116},[1420],[1422,4118,4119],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,4120,4121,4142],{},[1429,4122,4123,4126,4130,4133,4136,4139],{},[1435,4124,4125],{},"c",[2302,4127,4129],{"stretchy":4128},"false","(",[1435,4131,4132],{},"u",[2302,4134,4135],{"separator":1450},",",[1435,4137,4138],{},"v",[2302,4140,4141],{"stretchy":4128},")",[1442,4143,4144],{"encoding":1444},"c(u, v)",[1267,4146,4148],{"className":4147,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,4149,4151,4155,4158,4162,4165,4169,4173,4177],{"className":4150},[1454],[1267,4152],{"className":4153,"style":4154},[1458],"height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1267,4156,4125],{"className":4157},[1463,1467],[1267,4159,4129],{"className":4160},[4161],"mopen",[1267,4163,4132],{"className":4164},[1463,1467],[1267,4166,4135],{"className":4167},[4168],"mpunct",[1267,4170],{"className":4171,"style":4172},[2388],"margin-right:0.1667em;",[1267,4174,4138],{"className":4175,"style":4176},[1463,1467],"margin-right:0.0359em;",[1267,4178,4141],{"className":4179},[4180],"mclose"," qui modélise un délai ou une bande passante\ninverse.",[599,4183,4184,4185,4188],{},"Trouver la meilleure route entre deux routeurs revient à trouver un ",[603,4186,4187],{},"plus\ncourt chemin"," dans ce graphe. C'est exactement le problème que résolvent\nles algorithmes vus en algorithmique terminale.",[594,4190,4192],{"id":4191},"rip-routing-information-protocol","RIP — Routing Information Protocol",[599,4194,4195,4196,4199,4200,4203,4204,4233,4234,4237],{},"RIP est le protocole ",[603,4197,4198],{},"historique",", simple à concevoir, limité à l'échelle.\nSa métrique est le ",[603,4201,4202],{},"nombre de sauts"," : chaque arête coûte ",[1267,4205,4207,4220],{"className":4206},[1416],[1267,4208,4210],{"className":4209},[1420],[1422,4211,4212],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,4213,4214,4218],{},[1429,4215,4216],{},[1439,4217,793],{},[1442,4219,793],{"encoding":1444},[1267,4221,4223],{"className":4222,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,4224,4226,4230],{"className":4225},[1454],[1267,4227],{"className":4228,"style":4229},[1458],"height:0.6444em;",[1267,4231,793],{"className":4232},[1463],". C'est la\nlogique du ",[603,4235,4236],{},"voyage en avion qu'on évalue au nombre d'escales"," : on prend la\nroute avec le moins d'escales, sans considération de durée ou de tarif. Vite\ncalculé, mais grossier — un vol direct de 12 heures « bat » un trajet à\ndeux escales de 4 heures.",[805,4239,4240,4309,4396],{},[808,4241,4242,4243,4246,4247,4277,4278,4308],{},"Chaque routeur diffuse régulièrement à ses ",[603,4244,4245],{},"voisins directs"," un résumé de\nsa propre table : « pour le réseau ",[1267,4248,4250,4264],{"className":4249},[1416],[1267,4251,4253],{"className":4252},[1420],[1422,4254,4255],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,4256,4257,4262],{},[1429,4258,4259],{},[1435,4260,4261],{},"X",[1442,4263,4261],{"encoding":1444},[1267,4265,4267],{"className":4266,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,4268,4270,4273],{"className":4269},[1454],[1267,4271],{"className":4272,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,4274,4261],{"className":4275,"style":4276},[1463,1467],"margin-right:0.0785em;",", je suis à ",[1267,4279,4281,4295],{"className":4280},[1416],[1267,4282,4284],{"className":4283},[1420],[1422,4285,4286],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,4287,4288,4293],{},[1429,4289,4290],{},[1435,4291,4292],{},"h",[1442,4294,4292],{"encoding":1444},[1267,4296,4298],{"className":4297,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,4299,4301,4305],{"className":4300},[1454],[1267,4302],{"className":4303,"style":4304},[1458],"height:0.6944em;",[1267,4306,4292],{"className":4307},[1463,1467]," sauts ».",[808,4310,4311,4312,4340,4341,4308],{},"À la réception, chaque voisin met à jour sa table : « pour aller à ",[1267,4313,4315,4328],{"className":4314},[1416],[1267,4316,4318],{"className":4317},[1420],[1422,4319,4320],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,4321,4322,4326],{},[1429,4323,4324],{},[1435,4325,4261],{},[1442,4327,4261],{"encoding":1444},[1267,4329,4331],{"className":4330,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,4332,4334,4337],{"className":4333},[1454],[1267,4335],{"className":4336,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,4338,4261],{"className":4339,"style":4276},[1463,1467]," par\nce voisin, il faut ",[1267,4342,4344,4363],{"className":4343},[1416],[1267,4345,4347],{"className":4346},[1420],[1422,4348,4349],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,4350,4351,4360],{},[1429,4352,4353,4355,4358],{},[1435,4354,4292],{},[2302,4356,4357],{},"+",[1439,4359,793],{},[1442,4361,4362],{"encoding":1444},"h + 1",[1267,4364,4366,4387],{"className":4365,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,4367,4369,4373,4376,4380,4384],{"className":4368},[1454],[1267,4370],{"className":4371,"style":4372},[1458],"height:0.7778em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[1267,4374,4292],{"className":4375},[1463,1467],[1267,4377],{"className":4378,"style":4379},[2388],"margin-right:0.2222em;",[1267,4381,4357],{"className":4382},[4383],"mbin",[1267,4385],{"className":4386,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,4388,4390,4393],{"className":4389},[1454],[1267,4391],{"className":4392,"style":4229},[1458],[1267,4394,793],{"className":4395},[1463],[808,4397,4398,4399,4402],{},"La métrique est ",[603,4400,4401],{},"plafonnée à 15"," — au-delà, le réseau est considéré comme\ninaccessible. RIP n'est donc utilisable que sur des réseaux modestes.",[599,4404,4405,4406,4409,4410,4413,4414,922],{},"L'algorithme sous-jacent — chaque routeur ne connaît que ses voisins et\néchange des ",[603,4407,4408],{},"distances"," au fil du temps — est une variante distribuée\nd'un classique des algorithmes sur graphes, ",[603,4411,4412],{},"Bellman-Ford"," (mis à jour\nitérative des distances par relaxation locale). Vous n'avez pas à le\nconnaître en détail au niveau Terminale, juste à retenir l'idée :\n",[620,4415,4416],{},"chacun met à jour ses estimations à partir de celles de ses voisins",[778,4418,4419],{},[599,4420,4421,4424,4425,4428],{},[603,4422,4423],{},"Avantages"," : simplicité, faible empreinte mémoire.\n",[603,4426,4427],{},"Inconvénients"," : convergence lente, métrique grossière (un lien fibre et\nun lien satellite comptent pareil), limite des 15 sauts.",[791,4430,4432,4437],{"correct":793,"slug":4431},"protocoles-rip-ospf-c1",[796,4433,4434],{"v-slot:question":798},[599,4435,4436],{},"Avec RIP, un lien fibre de 10 Gb\u002Fs et un lien Wi-Fi lent comptent…",[796,4438,4439],{"v-slot:choices":798},[805,4440,4441,4444,4447],{},[808,4442,4443],{},"différemment selon le débit",[808,4445,4446],{},"pareil — un saut chacun",[808,4448,4449],{},"selon une moyenne pondérée",[594,4451,4453],{"id":4452},"ospf-open-shortest-path-first","OSPF — Open Shortest Path First",[599,4455,4456,4457,4459,4460,4463],{},"OSPF est plus moderne, conçu pour des réseaux de grande taille. Sa métrique\nest un ",[603,4458,4109],{}," numérique : chaque lien porte une valeur qui reflète sa\nqualité (typiquement inversement proportionnelle à la bande passante). Si\nRIP comptait les escales, OSPF compare le ",[603,4461,4462],{},"prix total des billets"," :\nchaque tronçon a un coût, et l'on cherche le trajet le moins cher dans son\nensemble — quitte à passer par plus d'escales.",[805,4465,4466,4473,4480],{},[808,4467,4468,4469,4472],{},"Chaque routeur ",[603,4470,4471],{},"inonde"," le réseau (au sens : diffuse de proche en proche\nà tous ses voisins, qui répercutent à leurs voisins) d'un message décrivant\nses propres liens et leurs coûts.",[808,4474,4475,4476,4479],{},"Chaque routeur reconstruit ainsi une ",[603,4477,4478],{},"carte complète"," du réseau — le\ngraphe pondéré entier.",[808,4481,4482,4483,4486],{},"Il applique alors localement l'",[603,4484,4485],{},"algorithme de Dijkstra"," pour calculer le\nplus court chemin vers chaque destination.",[599,4488,4489,4490,4493,4494,4496],{},"C'est le lien direct avec votre chapitre d'algorithmique : OSPF ",[603,4491,4492],{},"est"," une\napplication industrielle de Dijkstra. Lisez le code et la preuve d'invariant\nde Dijkstra en ",[648,4495],{"code":4070},", vous tenez l'essentiel d'OSPF.",[849,4498,4499],{},[599,4500,4501,4504,4505,4644,4645,4673,4674,4702],{},[603,4502,4503],{},"Exemple de coûts OSPF"," : sur un routeur Cisco, le coût par défaut d'une\ninterface est ",[1267,4506,4508,4551],{"className":4507},[1416],[1267,4509,4511],{"className":4510},[1420],[1422,4512,4513],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,4514,4515,4548],{},[1429,4516,4517,4526,4530],{},[4518,4519,4520,4523],"msup",{},[1439,4521,4522],{},"10",[1439,4524,4525],{},"8",[1435,4527,4529],{"mathvariant":4528},"normal","\u002F",[1429,4531,4532,4536,4545],{},[4533,4534,4535],"mtext",{},"d",[4537,4538,4539,4542],"mover",{"accent":1450},[4533,4540,4541],{},"e",[2302,4543,4544],{},"ˊ",[4533,4546,4547],{},"bit",[1442,4549,4550],{"encoding":1444},"10^8 \u002F \\text{débit}",[1267,4552,4554],{"className":4553,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,4555,4557,4561,4564,4595,4598],{"className":4556},[1454],[1267,4558],{"className":4559,"style":4560},[1458],"height:1.0641em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1267,4562,793],{"className":4563},[1463],[1267,4565,4567,4570],{"className":4566},[1463],[1267,4568,2939],{"className":4569},[1463],[1267,4571,4573],{"className":4572},[1472],[1267,4574,4576],{"className":4575},[1476],[1267,4577,4579],{"className":4578},[1481],[1267,4580,4583],{"className":4581,"style":4582},[1485],"height:0.8141em;",[1267,4584,4586,4589],{"style":4585},"top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1267,4587],{"className":4588,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,4590,4592],{"className":4591},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,4593,4525],{"className":4594},[1463,1501],[1267,4596,4529],{"className":4597},[1463],[1267,4599,4602,4605,4641],{"className":4600},[1463,4601],"text",[1267,4603,4535],{"className":4604},[1463],[1267,4606,4609],{"className":4607},[1463,4608],"accent",[1267,4610,4612],{"className":4611},[1476],[1267,4613,4615],{"className":4614},[1481],[1267,4616,4618,4628],{"className":4617,"style":4304},[1485],[1267,4619,4621,4625],{"style":4620},"top:-3em;",[1267,4622],{"className":4623,"style":4624},[1493],"height:3em;",[1267,4626,4541],{"className":4627},[1463],[1267,4629,4630,4633],{"style":4620},[1267,4631],{"className":4632,"style":4624},[1493],[1267,4634,4638],{"className":4635,"style":4637},[4636],"accent-body","left:-0.25em;",[1267,4639,4544],{"className":4640},[1463],[1267,4642,4547],{"className":4643},[1463],". Une interface 100 Mb\u002Fs a un coût de ",[1267,4646,4648,4661],{"className":4647},[1416],[1267,4649,4651],{"className":4650},[1420],[1422,4652,4653],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,4654,4655,4659],{},[1429,4656,4657],{},[1439,4658,793],{},[1442,4660,793],{"encoding":1444},[1267,4662,4664],{"className":4663,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,4665,4667,4670],{"className":4666},[1454],[1267,4668],{"className":4669,"style":4229},[1458],[1267,4671,793],{"className":4672},[1463],",\nune interface 10 Mb\u002Fs a un coût de ",[1267,4675,4677,4690],{"className":4676},[1416],[1267,4678,4680],{"className":4679},[1420],[1422,4681,4682],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,4683,4684,4688],{},[1429,4685,4686],{},[1439,4687,4522],{},[1442,4689,4522],{"encoding":1444},[1267,4691,4693],{"className":4692,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,4694,4696,4699],{"className":4695},[1454],[1267,4697],{"className":4698,"style":4229},[1458],[1267,4700,4522],{"className":4701},[1463],". Plus le lien est rapide, plus son\ncoût est faible — donc plus il est préféré.",[594,4704,4706],{"id":4705},"un-exemple-de-calcul-ospf","Un exemple de calcul OSPF",[599,4708,4709,4710,4784],{},"Considérez quatre routeurs ",[1267,4711,4713,4741],{"className":4712},[1416],[1267,4714,4716],{"className":4715},[1420],[1422,4717,4718],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,4719,4720,4738],{},[1429,4721,4722,4724,4726,4728,4730,4733,4735],{},[1435,4723,1593],{},[2302,4725,4135],{"separator":1450},[1435,4727,1596],{},[2302,4729,4135],{"separator":1450},[1435,4731,4732],{},"C",[2302,4734,4135],{"separator":1450},[1435,4736,4737],{},"D",[1442,4739,4740],{"encoding":1444},"A, B, C, D",[1267,4742,4744],{"className":4743,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,4745,4747,4751,4754,4757,4760,4764,4767,4770,4774,4777,4780],{"className":4746},[1454],[1267,4748],{"className":4749,"style":4750},[1458],"height:0.8778em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1267,4752,1593],{"className":4753},[1463,1467],[1267,4755,4135],{"className":4756},[4168],[1267,4758],{"className":4759,"style":4172},[2388],[1267,4761,1596],{"className":4762,"style":4763},[1463,1467],"margin-right:0.0502em;",[1267,4765,4135],{"className":4766},[4168],[1267,4768],{"className":4769,"style":4172},[2388],[1267,4771,4732],{"className":4772,"style":4773},[1463,1467],"margin-right:0.0715em;",[1267,4775,4135],{"className":4776},[4168],[1267,4778],{"className":4779,"style":4172},[2388],[1267,4781,4737],{"className":4782,"style":4783},[1463,1467],"margin-right:0.0278em;"," et les coûts donnés :",[1151,4786],{"alt":4787,"kind":1154,"src":4788,"svg":4789},"Réseau OSPF 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total",[661,4835,4836],{},"Route",[668,4838,4839,4954,5091],{},[658,4840,4841,4871,4901],{},[673,4842,4843],{},[1267,4844,4846,4859],{"className":4845},[1416],[1267,4847,4849],{"className":4848},[1420],[1422,4850,4851],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,4852,4853,4857],{},[1429,4854,4855],{},[1435,4856,1596],{},[1442,4858,1596],{"encoding":1444},[1267,4860,4862],{"className":4861,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,4863,4865,4868],{"className":4864},[1454],[1267,4866],{"className":4867,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,4869,1596],{"className":4870,"style":4763},[1463,1467],[673,4872,4873],{},[1267,4874,4876,4889],{"className":4875},[1416],[1267,4877,4879],{"className":4878},[1420],[1422,4880,4881],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,4882,4883,4887],{},[1429,4884,4885],{},[1439,4886,874],{},[1442,4888,874],{"encoding":1444},[1267,4890,4892],{"className":4891,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,4893,4895,4898],{"className":4894},[1454],[1267,4896],{"className":4897,"style":4229},[1458],[1267,4899,874],{"className":4900},[1463],[673,4902,4903],{},[1267,4904,4906,4924],{"className":4905},[1416],[1267,4907,4909],{"className":4908},[1420],[1422,4910,4911],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,4912,4913,4921],{},[1429,4914,4915,4917,4919],{},[1435,4916,1593],{},[2302,4918,2304],{},[1435,4920,1596],{},[1442,4922,4923],{"encoding":1444},"A \\to B",[1267,4925,4927,4945],{"className":4926,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,4928,4930,4933,4936,4939,4942],{"className":4929},[1454],[1267,4931],{"className":4932,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,4934,1593],{"className":4935},[1463,1467],[1267,4937],{"className":4938,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,4940,2304],{"className":4941},[2393],[1267,4943],{"className":4944,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,4946,4948,4951],{"className":4947},[1454],[1267,4949],{"className":4950,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,4952,1596],{"className":4953,"style":4763},[1463,1467],[658,4955,4956,4986,5016],{},[673,4957,4958],{},[1267,4959,4961,4974],{"className":4960},[1416],[1267,4962,4964],{"className":4963},[1420],[1422,4965,4966],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,4967,4968,4972],{},[1429,4969,4970],{},[1435,4971,4732],{},[1442,4973,4732],{"encoding":1444},[1267,4975,4977],{"className":4976,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,4978,4980,4983],{"className":4979},[1454],[1267,4981],{"className":4982,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,4984,4732],{"className":4985,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[673,4987,4988],{},[1267,4989,4991,5004],{"className":4990},[1416],[1267,4992,4994],{"className":4993},[1420],[1422,4995,4996],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,4997,4998,5002],{},[1429,4999,5000],{},[1439,5001,1947],{},[1442,5003,1947],{"encoding":1444},[1267,5005,5007],{"className":5006,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,5008,5010,5013],{"className":5009},[1454],[1267,5011],{"className":5012,"style":4229},[1458],[1267,5014,1947],{"className":5015},[1463],[673,5017,5018],{},[1267,5019,5021,5043],{"className":5020},[1416],[1267,5022,5024],{"className":5023},[1420],[1422,5025,5026],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,5027,5028,5040],{},[1429,5029,5030,5032,5034,5036,5038],{},[1435,5031,1593],{},[2302,5033,2304],{},[1435,5035,1596],{},[2302,5037,2304],{},[1435,5039,4732],{},[1442,5041,5042],{"encoding":1444},"A \\to B \\to C",[1267,5044,5046,5064,5082],{"className":5045,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,5047,5049,5052,5055,5058,5061],{"className":5048},[1454],[1267,5050],{"className":5051,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,5053,1593],{"className":5054},[1463,1467],[1267,5056],{"className":5057,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,5059,2304],{"className":5060},[2393],[1267,5062],{"className":5063,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,5065,5067,5070,5073,5076,5079],{"className":5066},[1454],[1267,5068],{"className":5069,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,5071,1596],{"className":5072,"style":4763},[1463,1467],[1267,5074],{"className":5075,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,5077,2304],{"className":5078},[2393],[1267,5080],{"className":5081,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,5083,5085,5088],{"className":5084},[1454],[1267,5086],{"className":5087,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,5089,4732],{"className":5090,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[658,5092,5093,5123,5154],{},[673,5094,5095],{},[1267,5096,5098,5111],{"className":5097},[1416],[1267,5099,5101],{"className":5100},[1420],[1422,5102,5103],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,5104,5105,5109],{},[1429,5106,5107],{},[1435,5108,4737],{},[1442,5110,4737],{"encoding":1444},[1267,5112,5114],{"className":5113,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,5115,5117,5120],{"className":5116},[1454],[1267,5118],{"className":5119,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,5121,4737],{"className":5122,"style":4783},[1463,1467],[673,5124,5125],{},[1267,5126,5128,5142],{"className":5127},[1416],[1267,5129,5131],{"className":5130},[1420],[1422,5132,5133],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,5134,5135,5140],{},[1429,5136,5137],{},[1439,5138,5139],{},"6",[1442,5141,5139],{"encoding":1444},[1267,5143,5145],{"className":5144,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,5146,5148,5151],{"className":5147},[1454],[1267,5149],{"className":5150,"style":4229},[1458],[1267,5152,5139],{"className":5153},[1463],[673,5155,5156],{},[1267,5157,5159,5185],{"className":5158},[1416],[1267,5160,5162],{"className":5161},[1420],[1422,5163,5164],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,5165,5166,5182],{},[1429,5167,5168,5170,5172,5174,5176,5178,5180],{},[1435,5169,1593],{},[2302,5171,2304],{},[1435,5173,1596],{},[2302,5175,2304],{},[1435,5177,4732],{},[2302,5179,2304],{},[1435,5181,4737],{},[1442,5183,5184],{"encoding":1444},"A \\to B \\to C \\to D",[1267,5186,5188,5206,5224,5242],{"className":5187,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,5189,5191,5194,5197,5200,5203],{"className":5190},[1454],[1267,5192],{"className":5193,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,5195,1593],{"className":5196},[1463,1467],[1267,5198],{"className":5199,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,5201,2304],{"className":5202},[2393],[1267,5204],{"className":5205,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,5207,5209,5212,5215,5218,5221],{"className":5208},[1454],[1267,5210],{"className":5211,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,5213,1596],{"className":5214,"style":4763},[1463,1467],[1267,5216],{"className":5217,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,5219,2304],{"className":5220},[2393],[1267,5222],{"className":5223,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,5225,5227,5230,5233,5236,5239],{"className":5226},[1454],[1267,5228],{"className":5229,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,5231,4732],{"className":5232,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,5234],{"className":5235,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,5237,2304],{"className":5238},[2393],[1267,5240],{"className":5241,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,5243,5245,5248],{"className":5244},[1454],[1267,5246],{"className":5247,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,5249,4737],{"className":5250,"style":4783},[1463,1467],[599,5252,5253,5254,5282,5283,5334,5335,5364,5365,5437,5438,5466],{},"La table de routage de ",[1267,5255,5257,5270],{"className":5256},[1416],[1267,5258,5260],{"className":5259},[1420],[1422,5261,5262],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,5263,5264,5268],{},[1429,5265,5266],{},[1435,5267,1593],{},[1442,5269,1593],{"encoding":1444},[1267,5271,5273],{"className":5272,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,5274,5276,5279],{"className":5275},[1454],[1267,5277],{"className":5278,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,5280,1593],{"className":5281},[1463,1467]," retient ces chemins. À noter : la route directe\n",[1267,5284,5286,5304],{"className":5285},[1416],[1267,5287,5289],{"className":5288},[1420],[1422,5290,5291],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,5292,5293,5301],{},[1429,5294,5295,5297,5299],{},[1435,5296,1593],{},[2302,5298,2304],{},[1435,5300,4732],{},[1442,5302,5303],{"encoding":1444},"A \\to C",[1267,5305,5307,5325],{"className":5306,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,5308,5310,5313,5316,5319,5322],{"className":5309},[1454],[1267,5311],{"className":5312,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,5314,1593],{"className":5315},[1463,1467],[1267,5317],{"className":5318,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,5320,2304],{"className":5321},[2393],[1267,5323],{"className":5324,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,5326,5328,5331],{"className":5327},[1454],[1267,5329],{"className":5330,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,5332,4732],{"className":5333,"style":4773},[1463,1467]," (coût ",[1267,5336,5338,5352],{"className":5337},[1416],[1267,5339,5341],{"className":5340},[1420],[1422,5342,5343],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,5344,5345,5350],{},[1429,5346,5347],{},[1439,5348,5349],{},"5",[1442,5351,5349],{"encoding":1444},[1267,5353,5355],{"className":5354,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,5356,5358,5361],{"className":5357},[1454],[1267,5359],{"className":5360,"style":4229},[1458],[1267,5362,5349],{"className":5363},[1463],") est écartée au profit du détour ",[1267,5366,5368,5389],{"className":5367},[1416],[1267,5369,5371],{"className":5370},[1420],[1422,5372,5373],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,5374,5375,5387],{},[1429,5376,5377,5379,5381,5383,5385],{},[1435,5378,1593],{},[2302,5380,2304],{},[1435,5382,1596],{},[2302,5384,2304],{},[1435,5386,4732],{},[1442,5388,5042],{"encoding":1444},[1267,5390,5392,5410,5428],{"className":5391,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,5393,5395,5398,5401,5404,5407],{"className":5394},[1454],[1267,5396],{"className":5397,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,5399,1593],{"className":5400},[1463,1467],[1267,5402],{"className":5403,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,5405,2304],{"className":5406},[2393],[1267,5408],{"className":5409,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,5411,5413,5416,5419,5422,5425],{"className":5412},[1454],[1267,5414],{"className":5415,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,5417,1596],{"className":5418,"style":4763},[1463,1467],[1267,5420],{"className":5421,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,5423,2304],{"className":5424},[2393],[1267,5426],{"className":5427,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,5429,5431,5434],{"className":5430},[1454],[1267,5432],{"className":5433,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,5435,4732],{"className":5436,"style":4773},[1463,1467]," (coût\n",[1267,5439,5441,5454],{"className":5440},[1416],[1267,5442,5444],{"className":5443},[1420],[1422,5445,5446],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,5447,5448,5452],{},[1429,5449,5450],{},[1439,5451,1947],{},[1442,5453,1947],{"encoding":1444},[1267,5455,5457],{"className":5456,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,5458,5460,5463],{"className":5459},[1454],[1267,5461],{"className":5462,"style":4229},[1458],[1267,5464,1947],{"className":5465},[1463],"). Une route plus longue en nombre de sauts peut être préférée si son\ncoût total est moindre — c'est précisément ce que RIP ne sait pas faire.",[791,5468,5470,5475],{"correct":793,"slug":5469},"protocoles-rip-ospf-c2",[796,5471,5472],{"v-slot:question":798},[599,5473,5474],{},"OSPF utilise quel algorithme pour calculer les plus courts chemins ?",[796,5476,5477],{"v-slot:choices":798},[805,5478,5479,5482,5485],{},[808,5480,5481],{},"Bellman-Ford distribué",[808,5483,5484],{},"Dijkstra",[808,5486,429],{},[594,5488,5490],{"id":5489},"rip-vs-ospf-en-un-tableau","RIP vs OSPF en un tableau",[652,5492,5493,5504],{},[655,5494,5495],{},[658,5496,5497,5500,5502],{},[661,5498,5499],{},"Critère",[661,5501,3962],{},[661,5503,3965],{},[668,5505,5506,5517,5528,5538,5549,5560],{},[658,5507,5508,5511,5514],{},[673,5509,5510],{},"Métrique",[673,5512,5513],{},"Nombre de sauts",[673,5515,5516],{},"Coût pondéré",[658,5518,5519,5522,5525],{},[673,5520,5521],{},"Vision du réseau",[673,5523,5524],{},"Voisins seulement",[673,5526,5527],{},"Graphe complet",[658,5529,5530,5533,5535],{},[673,5531,5532],{},"Algorithme",[673,5534,5481],{},[673,5536,5537],{},"Dijkstra local",[658,5539,5540,5543,5546],{},[673,5541,5542],{},"Plafond",[673,5544,5545],{},"15 sauts",[673,5547,5548],{},"Pas de plafond pratique",[658,5550,5551,5554,5557],{},[673,5552,5553],{},"Convergence",[673,5555,5556],{},"Lente",[673,5558,5559],{},"Rapide",[658,5561,5562,5565,5568],{},[673,5563,5564],{},"Échelle",[673,5566,5567],{},"Petits réseaux",[673,5569,5570],{},"Grands réseaux",[594,5572,911],{"id":910},[599,5574,5575,5576,1214,5579,5582,5583,5586],{},"Les deux protocoles décrits sont des ",[603,5577,5578],{},"IGP",[620,5580,5581],{},"Interior Gateway Protocols",") :\nils opèrent à l'intérieur d'un même domaine administratif (un campus, une\nentreprise, un FAI). Entre opérateurs, c'est ",[603,5584,5585],{},"BGP"," qui prend le relais, sur\nune logique encore différente — hors programme NSI, mais bonne curiosité.",[648,5588],{"code":3147},{"title":798,"searchDepth":926,"depth":926,"links":5590},[5591,5592,5593,5594,5595,5596,5597],{"id":596,"depth":926,"text":597},{"id":4074,"depth":926,"text":4075},{"id":4191,"depth":926,"text":4192},{"id":4452,"depth":926,"text":4453},{"id":4705,"depth":926,"text":4706},{"id":5489,"depth":926,"text":5490},{"id":910,"depth":926,"text":911},"Comment les routeurs construisent leurs tables automatiquement — par nombre de sauts avec RIP, par coût avec OSPF, en lien direct avec les algorithmes de plus court chemin sur un graphe.",{},[5601,5603],{"slug":4431,"kind":945,"question":4436,"choices":5602,"correct":793,"multi":947,"explanation":798},[4443,4446,4449],{"slug":5469,"kind":945,"question":5474,"choices":5604,"correct":793,"multi":947,"explanation":798},[5481,5484,429],{"title":521,"description":5598},"2dkPelWvsakpdab9H26C-SMcl0ArwDwWhY-fO3BLh0M",{"id":5608,"title":525,"bo":5609,"body":5611,"description":7379,"eval":939,"extension":940,"labo":939,"meta":7380,"navigation":942,"path":526,"quizzes":7381,"readingTime":950,"seo":7386,"stem":527,"tp":939,"__hash__":7387},"cours\u002F2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F6.chiffrement-symetrique.md",[5610],"TC04",{"type":591,"value":5612,"toc":7371},[5613,5615,5645,5649,5754,5962,6255,6590,6659,6663,6669,6730,6808,6942,7018,7021,7184,7202,7223,7227,7242,7253,7256,7260,7303,7311,7322,7336,7357,7359,7366,7368],[594,5614,597],{"id":596},[599,5616,5617,5618,5621,5622,5625,5626,5629,5630,5633,5634,5637,5638,5641,5642,5644],{},"Vous souhaitez envoyer un message confidentiel à quelqu'un. Le message\nvoyage sur un réseau public — Internet — où n'importe qui peut intercepter\nles paquets en transit. Comment garantir que ",[603,5619,5620],{},"seul le destinataire","\ncomprend ce que vous écrivez ? C'est la question que résout la\n",[603,5623,5624],{},"cryptographie",", une discipline ancienne — la machine ",[603,5627,5628],{},"Enigma"," de\nchiffrement utilisée par l'Allemagne durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale,\ncassée par les équipes alliées dont Alan Turing, en est un jalon célèbre.\nLa méthode la plus\nclassique, et toujours la plus utilisée pour le gros du trafic, est le\n",[603,5631,5632],{},"chiffrement symétrique"," : expéditeur et destinataire partagent une ",[603,5635,5636],{},"même\nclé secrète"," qu'ils utilisent pour chiffrer et déchiffrer. Imagez-la comme\nun ",[603,5639,5640],{},"cadenas à clé identique"," dont Alice et Bob possèdent chacun un\nexemplaire — n'importe lequel des deux peut fermer ou ouvrir la boîte. Le\nprogramme officiel (",[648,5643],{"code":5610},") demande d'en décrire le principe.",[594,5646,5648],{"id":5647},"le-principe-en-deux-fonctions","Le principe en deux fonctions",[599,5650,5651,5652,5682,5683,5686,5687,5682,5715,5718,5719,5749,5750,5753],{},"Notons ",[1267,5653,5655,5669],{"className":5654},[1416],[1267,5656,5658],{"className":5657},[1420],[1422,5659,5660],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,5661,5662,5667],{},[1429,5663,5664],{},[1435,5665,5666],{},"M",[1442,5668,5666],{"encoding":1444},[1267,5670,5672],{"className":5671,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,5673,5675,5678],{"className":5674},[1454],[1267,5676],{"className":5677,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,5679,5666],{"className":5680,"style":5681},[1463,1467],"margin-right:0.109em;"," le ",[603,5684,5685],{},"message clair"," (en clair, lisible) et ",[1267,5688,5690,5703],{"className":5689},[1416],[1267,5691,5693],{"className":5692},[1420],[1422,5694,5695],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,5696,5697,5701],{},[1429,5698,5699],{},[1435,5700,4732],{},[1442,5702,4732],{"encoding":1444},[1267,5704,5706],{"className":5705,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,5707,5709,5712],{"className":5708},[1454],[1267,5710],{"className":5711,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,5713,4732],{"className":5714,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[603,5716,5717],{},"message\nchiffré"," (chiffré, illisible). Soit ",[1267,5720,5722,5736],{"className":5721},[1416],[1267,5723,5725],{"className":5724},[1420],[1422,5726,5727],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,5728,5729,5734],{},[1429,5730,5731],{},[1435,5732,5733],{},"k",[1442,5735,5733],{"encoding":1444},[1267,5737,5739],{"className":5738,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,5740,5742,5745],{"className":5741},[1454],[1267,5743],{"className":5744,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,5746,5733],{"className":5747,"style":5748},[1463,1467],"margin-right:0.0315em;"," la ",[603,5751,5752],{},"clé"," partagée. Le\nchiffrement symétrique repose sur deux fonctions :",[1267,5755,5758],{"className":5756},[5757],"katex-display",[1267,5759,5761,5811],{"className":5760},[1416],[1267,5762,5764],{"className":5763},[1420],[1422,5765,5767],{"xmlns":1424,"display":5766},"block",[1426,5768,5769,5808],{},[1429,5770,5771,5773,5776,5783,5785,5787,5789,5792,5794,5796,5802,5804,5806],{},[1435,5772,4732],{},[2302,5774,5775],{},"=",[1432,5777,5778,5781],{},[1435,5779,5780],{},"E",[1435,5782,5733],{},[2302,5784,4129],{"stretchy":4128},[1435,5786,5666],{},[2302,5788,4141],{"stretchy":4128},[2388,5790],{"width":5791},"2em",[1435,5793,5666],{},[2302,5795,5775],{},[1432,5797,5798,5800],{},[1435,5799,4737],{},[1435,5801,5733],{},[2302,5803,4129],{"stretchy":4128},[1435,5805,4732],{},[2302,5807,4141],{"stretchy":4128},[1442,5809,5810],{"encoding":1444},"C = E_k(M) \\qquad M = D_k(C)",[1267,5812,5814,5832,5906],{"className":5813,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,5815,5817,5820,5823,5826,5829],{"className":5816},[1454],[1267,5818],{"className":5819,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,5821,4732],{"className":5822,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,5824],{"className":5825,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,5827,5775],{"className":5828},[2393],[1267,5830],{"className":5831,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,5833,5835,5838,5881,5884,5887,5890,5894,5897,5900,5903],{"className":5834},[1454],[1267,5836],{"className":5837,"style":4154},[1458],[1267,5839,5841,5845],{"className":5840},[1463],[1267,5842,5780],{"className":5843,"style":5844},[1463,1467],"margin-right:0.0576em;",[1267,5846,5848],{"className":5847},[1472],[1267,5849,5851,5873],{"className":5850},[1476,1477],[1267,5852,5854,5870],{"className":5853},[1481],[1267,5855,5858],{"className":5856,"style":5857},[1485],"height:0.3361em;",[1267,5859,5861,5864],{"style":5860},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0576em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1267,5862],{"className":5863,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,5865,5867],{"className":5866},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,5868,5733],{"className":5869,"style":5748},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,5871,1509],{"className":5872},[1508],[1267,5874,5876],{"className":5875},[1481],[1267,5877,5879],{"className":5878,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,5880],{},[1267,5882,4129],{"className":5883},[4161],[1267,5885,5666],{"className":5886,"style":5681},[1463,1467],[1267,5888,4141],{"className":5889},[4180],[1267,5891],{"className":5892,"style":5893},[2388],"margin-right:2em;",[1267,5895,5666],{"className":5896,"style":5681},[1463,1467],[1267,5898],{"className":5899,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,5901,5775],{"className":5902},[2393],[1267,5904],{"className":5905,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,5907,5909,5912,5953,5956,5959],{"className":5908},[1454],[1267,5910],{"className":5911,"style":4154},[1458],[1267,5913,5915,5918],{"className":5914},[1463],[1267,5916,4737],{"className":5917,"style":4783},[1463,1467],[1267,5919,5921],{"className":5920},[1472],[1267,5922,5924,5945],{"className":5923},[1476,1477],[1267,5925,5927,5942],{"className":5926},[1481],[1267,5928,5930],{"className":5929,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,5931,5933,5936],{"style":5932},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0278em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1267,5934],{"className":5935,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,5937,5939],{"className":5938},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,5940,5733],{"className":5941,"style":5748},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,5943,1509],{"className":5944},[1508],[1267,5946,5948],{"className":5947},[1481],[1267,5949,5951],{"className":5950,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,5952],{},[1267,5954,4129],{"className":5955},[4161],[1267,5957,4732],{"className":5958,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,5960,4141],{"className":5961},[4180],[805,5963,5964,6069,6218],{},[808,5965,5966,6036,6037,6040,6041,922],{},[1267,5967,5969,5987],{"className":5968},[1416],[1267,5970,5972],{"className":5971},[1420],[1422,5973,5974],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,5975,5976,5984],{},[1429,5977,5978],{},[1432,5979,5980,5982],{},[1435,5981,5780],{},[1435,5983,5733],{},[1442,5985,5986],{"encoding":1444},"E_k",[1267,5988,5990],{"className":5989,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,5991,5993,5996],{"className":5992},[1454],[1267,5994],{"className":5995,"style":1459},[1458],[1267,5997,5999,6002],{"className":5998},[1463],[1267,6000,5780],{"className":6001,"style":5844},[1463,1467],[1267,6003,6005],{"className":6004},[1472],[1267,6006,6008,6028],{"className":6007},[1476,1477],[1267,6009,6011,6025],{"className":6010},[1481],[1267,6012,6014],{"className":6013,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,6015,6016,6019],{"style":5860},[1267,6017],{"className":6018,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,6020,6022],{"className":6021},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,6023,5733],{"className":6024,"style":5748},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,6026,1509],{"className":6027},[1508],[1267,6029,6031],{"className":6030},[1481],[1267,6032,6034],{"className":6033,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,6035],{}," est la fonction de ",[603,6038,6039],{},"chiffrement"," paramétrée par la clé ",[1267,6042,6044,6057],{"className":6043},[1416],[1267,6045,6047],{"className":6046},[1420],[1422,6048,6049],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,6050,6051,6055],{},[1429,6052,6053],{},[1435,6054,5733],{},[1442,6056,5733],{"encoding":1444},[1267,6058,6060],{"className":6059,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,6061,6063,6066],{"className":6062},[1454],[1267,6064],{"className":6065,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,6067,5733],{"className":6068,"style":5748},[1463,1467],[808,6070,6071,6036,6141,6144,6145,6148,6149,922],{},[1267,6072,6074,6092],{"className":6073},[1416],[1267,6075,6077],{"className":6076},[1420],[1422,6078,6079],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,6080,6081,6089],{},[1429,6082,6083],{},[1432,6084,6085,6087],{},[1435,6086,4737],{},[1435,6088,5733],{},[1442,6090,6091],{"encoding":1444},"D_k",[1267,6093,6095],{"className":6094,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,6096,6098,6101],{"className":6097},[1454],[1267,6099],{"className":6100,"style":1459},[1458],[1267,6102,6104,6107],{"className":6103},[1463],[1267,6105,4737],{"className":6106,"style":4783},[1463,1467],[1267,6108,6110],{"className":6109},[1472],[1267,6111,6113,6133],{"className":6112},[1476,1477],[1267,6114,6116,6130],{"className":6115},[1481],[1267,6117,6119],{"className":6118,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,6120,6121,6124],{"style":5932},[1267,6122],{"className":6123,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,6125,6127],{"className":6126},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,6128,5733],{"className":6129,"style":5748},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,6131,1509],{"className":6132},[1508],[1267,6134,6136],{"className":6135},[1481],[1267,6137,6139],{"className":6138,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,6140],{},[603,6142,6143],{},"déchiffrement",", l'",[603,6146,6147],{},"inverse"," de ",[1267,6150,6152,6169],{"className":6151},[1416],[1267,6153,6155],{"className":6154},[1420],[1422,6156,6157],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,6158,6159,6167],{},[1429,6160,6161],{},[1432,6162,6163,6165],{},[1435,6164,5780],{},[1435,6166,5733],{},[1442,6168,5986],{"encoding":1444},[1267,6170,6172],{"className":6171,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,6173,6175,6178],{"className":6174},[1454],[1267,6176],{"className":6177,"style":1459},[1458],[1267,6179,6181,6184],{"className":6180},[1463],[1267,6182,5780],{"className":6183,"style":5844},[1463,1467],[1267,6185,6187],{"className":6186},[1472],[1267,6188,6190,6210],{"className":6189},[1476,1477],[1267,6191,6193,6207],{"className":6192},[1481],[1267,6194,6196],{"className":6195,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,6197,6198,6201],{"style":5860},[1267,6199],{"className":6200,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,6202,6204],{"className":6203},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,6205,5733],{"className":6206,"style":5748},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,6208,1509],{"className":6209},[1508],[1267,6211,6213],{"className":6212},[1481],[1267,6214,6216],{"className":6215,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,6217],{},[808,6219,6220,4110,6223,6251,6252,922],{},[603,6221,6222],{},"La même clé",[1267,6224,6226,6239],{"className":6225},[1416],[1267,6227,6229],{"className":6228},[1420],[1422,6230,6231],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,6232,6233,6237],{},[1429,6234,6235],{},[1435,6236,5733],{},[1442,6238,5733],{"encoding":1444},[1267,6240,6242],{"className":6241,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,6243,6245,6248],{"className":6244},[1454],[1267,6246],{"className":6247,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,6249,5733],{"className":6250,"style":5748},[1463,1467]," est utilisée des deux côtés — d'où le qualificatif\n",[620,6253,6254],{},"symétrique",[599,6256,6257,6258,6365,6366,6394,6395,6423,6424,6531,6532,6560,6561,6589],{},"L'expéditeur calcule ",[1267,6259,6261,6289],{"className":6260},[1416],[1267,6262,6264],{"className":6263},[1420],[1422,6265,6266],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,6267,6268,6286],{},[1429,6269,6270,6272,6274,6280,6282,6284],{},[1435,6271,4732],{},[2302,6273,5775],{},[1432,6275,6276,6278],{},[1435,6277,5780],{},[1435,6279,5733],{},[2302,6281,4129],{"stretchy":4128},[1435,6283,5666],{},[2302,6285,4141],{"stretchy":4128},[1442,6287,6288],{"encoding":1444},"C = E_k(M)",[1267,6290,6292,6310],{"className":6291,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,6293,6295,6298,6301,6304,6307],{"className":6294},[1454],[1267,6296],{"className":6297,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,6299,4732],{"className":6300,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,6302],{"className":6303,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,6305,5775],{"className":6306},[2393],[1267,6308],{"className":6309,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,6311,6313,6316,6356,6359,6362],{"className":6312},[1454],[1267,6314],{"className":6315,"style":4154},[1458],[1267,6317,6319,6322],{"className":6318},[1463],[1267,6320,5780],{"className":6321,"style":5844},[1463,1467],[1267,6323,6325],{"className":6324},[1472],[1267,6326,6328,6348],{"className":6327},[1476,1477],[1267,6329,6331,6345],{"className":6330},[1481],[1267,6332,6334],{"className":6333,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,6335,6336,6339],{"style":5860},[1267,6337],{"className":6338,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,6340,6342],{"className":6341},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,6343,5733],{"className":6344,"style":5748},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,6346,1509],{"className":6347},[1508],[1267,6349,6351],{"className":6350},[1481],[1267,6352,6354],{"className":6353,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,6355],{},[1267,6357,4129],{"className":6358},[4161],[1267,6360,5666],{"className":6361,"style":5681},[1463,1467],[1267,6363,4141],{"className":6364},[4180]," et envoie ",[1267,6367,6369,6382],{"className":6368},[1416],[1267,6370,6372],{"className":6371},[1420],[1422,6373,6374],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,6375,6376,6380],{},[1429,6377,6378],{},[1435,6379,4732],{},[1442,6381,4732],{"encoding":1444},[1267,6383,6385],{"className":6384,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,6386,6388,6391],{"className":6387},[1454],[1267,6389],{"className":6390,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,6392,4732],{"className":6393,"style":4773},[1463,1467],". Le destinataire reçoit\n",[1267,6396,6398,6411],{"className":6397},[1416],[1267,6399,6401],{"className":6400},[1420],[1422,6402,6403],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,6404,6405,6409],{},[1429,6406,6407],{},[1435,6408,4732],{},[1442,6410,4732],{"encoding":1444},[1267,6412,6414],{"className":6413,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,6415,6417,6420],{"className":6416},[1454],[1267,6418],{"className":6419,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,6421,4732],{"className":6422,"style":4773},[1463,1467]," et calcule ",[1267,6425,6427,6455],{"className":6426},[1416],[1267,6428,6430],{"className":6429},[1420],[1422,6431,6432],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,6433,6434,6452],{},[1429,6435,6436,6438,6440,6446,6448,6450],{},[1435,6437,5666],{},[2302,6439,5775],{},[1432,6441,6442,6444],{},[1435,6443,4737],{},[1435,6445,5733],{},[2302,6447,4129],{"stretchy":4128},[1435,6449,4732],{},[2302,6451,4141],{"stretchy":4128},[1442,6453,6454],{"encoding":1444},"M = D_k(C)",[1267,6456,6458,6476],{"className":6457,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,6459,6461,6464,6467,6470,6473],{"className":6460},[1454],[1267,6462],{"className":6463,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,6465,5666],{"className":6466,"style":5681},[1463,1467],[1267,6468],{"className":6469,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,6471,5775],{"className":6472},[2393],[1267,6474],{"className":6475,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,6477,6479,6482,6522,6525,6528],{"className":6478},[1454],[1267,6480],{"className":6481,"style":4154},[1458],[1267,6483,6485,6488],{"className":6484},[1463],[1267,6486,4737],{"className":6487,"style":4783},[1463,1467],[1267,6489,6491],{"className":6490},[1472],[1267,6492,6494,6514],{"className":6493},[1476,1477],[1267,6495,6497,6511],{"className":6496},[1481],[1267,6498,6500],{"className":6499,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,6501,6502,6505],{"style":5932},[1267,6503],{"className":6504,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,6506,6508],{"className":6507},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,6509,5733],{"className":6510,"style":5748},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,6512,1509],{"className":6513},[1508],[1267,6515,6517],{"className":6516},[1481],[1267,6518,6520],{"className":6519,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,6521],{},[1267,6523,4129],{"className":6524},[4161],[1267,6526,4732],{"className":6527,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,6529,4141],{"className":6530},[4180],". Tout intercepteur qui ne connaît pas ",[1267,6533,6535,6548],{"className":6534},[1416],[1267,6536,6538],{"className":6537},[1420],[1422,6539,6540],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,6541,6542,6546],{},[1429,6543,6544],{},[1435,6545,5733],{},[1442,6547,5733],{"encoding":1444},[1267,6549,6551],{"className":6550,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,6552,6554,6557],{"className":6553},[1454],[1267,6555],{"className":6556,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,6558,5733],{"className":6559,"style":5748},[1463,1467]," ne\nvoit que ",[1267,6562,6564,6577],{"className":6563},[1416],[1267,6565,6567],{"className":6566},[1420],[1422,6568,6569],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,6570,6571,6575],{},[1429,6572,6573],{},[1435,6574,4732],{},[1442,6576,4732],{"encoding":1444},[1267,6578,6580],{"className":6579,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,6581,6583,6586],{"className":6582},[1454],[1267,6584],{"className":6585,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,6587,4732],{"className":6588,"style":4773},[1463,1467],", illisible.",[778,6591,6592],{},[599,6593,6594,6625,6626,6654,6655,6658],{},[603,6595,6596,6597,922],{},"Le secret repose entièrement sur ",[1267,6598,6600,6613],{"className":6599},[1416],[1267,6601,6603],{"className":6602},[1420],[1422,6604,6605],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,6606,6607,6611],{},[1429,6608,6609],{},[1435,6610,5733],{},[1442,6612,5733],{"encoding":1444},[1267,6614,6616],{"className":6615,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,6617,6619,6622],{"className":6618},[1454],[1267,6620],{"className":6621,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,6623,5733],{"className":6624,"style":5748},[1463,1467]," L'algorithme ",[1267,6627,6629,6642],{"className":6628},[1416],[1267,6630,6632],{"className":6631},[1420],[1422,6633,6634],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,6635,6636,6640],{},[1429,6637,6638],{},[1435,6639,5780],{},[1442,6641,5780],{"encoding":1444},[1267,6643,6645],{"className":6644,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,6646,6648,6651],{"className":6647},[1454],[1267,6649],{"className":6650,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,6652,5780],{"className":6653,"style":5844},[1463,1467]," est public —\ntout le monde sait comment il fonctionne. Ce qui doit rester secret,\nc'est la clé. C'est le ",[603,6656,6657],{},"principe de Kerckhoffs",", posé en 1883.",[594,6660,6662],{"id":6661},"un-exemple-illustratif-le-xor-bit-à-bit","Un exemple illustratif : le XOR bit à bit",[599,6664,6665,6666,922],{},"Pour saisir le principe sans entrer dans les détails d'un vrai chiffrement\nmoderne, voici un mécanisme jouet utilisable en classe : le ",[603,6667,6668],{},"XOR bit à bit",[599,6670,6671,6672,6700,6701,6729],{},"Soit le message clair ",[1267,6673,6675,6688],{"className":6674},[1416],[1267,6676,6678],{"className":6677},[1420],[1422,6679,6680],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,6681,6682,6686],{},[1429,6683,6684],{},[1435,6685,5666],{},[1442,6687,5666],{"encoding":1444},[1267,6689,6691],{"className":6690,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,6692,6694,6697],{"className":6693},[1454],[1267,6695],{"className":6696,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,6698,5666],{"className":6699,"style":5681},[1463,1467]," codé en binaire et une clé ",[1267,6702,6704,6717],{"className":6703},[1416],[1267,6705,6707],{"className":6706},[1420],[1422,6708,6709],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,6710,6711,6715],{},[1429,6712,6713],{},[1435,6714,5733],{},[1442,6716,5733],{"encoding":1444},[1267,6718,6720],{"className":6719,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,6721,6723,6726],{"className":6722},[1454],[1267,6724],{"className":6725,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,6727,5733],{"className":6728,"style":5748},[1463,1467]," de même longueur\n(également binaire). Le chiffrement est :",[1267,6731,6733],{"className":6732},[5757],[1267,6734,6736,6759],{"className":6735},[1416],[1267,6737,6739],{"className":6738},[1420],[1422,6740,6741],{"xmlns":1424,"display":5766},[1426,6742,6743,6756],{},[1429,6744,6745,6747,6749,6751,6754],{},[1435,6746,4732],{},[2302,6748,5775],{},[1435,6750,5666],{},[2302,6752,6753],{},"⊕",[1435,6755,5733],{},[1442,6757,6758],{"encoding":1444},"C = M \\oplus k",[1267,6760,6762,6780,6799],{"className":6761,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,6763,6765,6768,6771,6774,6777],{"className":6764},[1454],[1267,6766],{"className":6767,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,6769,4732],{"className":6770,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,6772],{"className":6773,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,6775,5775],{"className":6776},[2393],[1267,6778],{"className":6779,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,6781,6783,6787,6790,6793,6796],{"className":6782},[1454],[1267,6784],{"className":6785,"style":6786},[1458],"height:0.7667em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[1267,6788,5666],{"className":6789,"style":5681},[1463,1467],[1267,6791],{"className":6792,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,6794,6753],{"className":6795},[4383],[1267,6797],{"className":6798,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,6800,6802,6805],{"className":6801},[1454],[1267,6803],{"className":6804,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,6806,5733],{"className":6807,"style":5748},[1463,1467],[599,6809,6810,6811,6841,6842,6845,6846,6941],{},"où ",[1267,6812,6814,6828],{"className":6813},[1416],[1267,6815,6817],{"className":6816},[1420],[1422,6818,6819],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,6820,6821,6825],{},[1429,6822,6823],{},[2302,6824,6753],{},[1442,6826,6827],{"encoding":1444},"\\oplus",[1267,6829,6831],{"className":6830,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,6832,6834,6838],{"className":6833},[1454],[1267,6835],{"className":6836,"style":6837},[1458],"height:0.6667em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[1267,6839,6753],{"className":6840},[1463]," est l'opérateur ",[603,6843,6844],{},"OU exclusif"," (XOR). La propriété magique du\nXOR est que ",[1267,6847,6849,6875],{"className":6848},[1416],[1267,6850,6852],{"className":6851},[1420],[1422,6853,6854],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,6855,6856,6872],{},[1429,6857,6858,6860,6862,6864,6866,6868,6870],{},[1435,6859,4261],{},[2302,6861,6753],{},[1435,6863,5733],{},[2302,6865,6753],{},[1435,6867,5733],{},[2302,6869,5775],{},[1435,6871,4261],{},[1442,6873,6874],{"encoding":1444},"X \\oplus k \\oplus k = X",[1267,6876,6878,6896,6914,6932],{"className":6877,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,6879,6881,6884,6887,6890,6893],{"className":6880},[1454],[1267,6882],{"className":6883,"style":6786},[1458],[1267,6885,4261],{"className":6886,"style":4276},[1463,1467],[1267,6888],{"className":6889,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,6891,6753],{"className":6892},[4383],[1267,6894],{"className":6895,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,6897,6899,6902,6905,6908,6911],{"className":6898},[1454],[1267,6900],{"className":6901,"style":4372},[1458],[1267,6903,5733],{"className":6904,"style":5748},[1463,1467],[1267,6906],{"className":6907,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,6909,6753],{"className":6910},[4383],[1267,6912],{"className":6913,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,6915,6917,6920,6923,6926,6929],{"className":6916},[1454],[1267,6918],{"className":6919,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,6921,5733],{"className":6922,"style":5748},[1463,1467],[1267,6924],{"className":6925,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,6927,5775],{"className":6928},[2393],[1267,6930],{"className":6931,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,6933,6935,6938],{"className":6934},[1454],[1267,6936],{"className":6937,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,6939,4261],{"className":6940,"style":4276},[1463,1467]," — appliquer la même clé deux fois\nannule l'opération. Donc :",[1267,6943,6945],{"className":6944},[5757],[1267,6946,6948,6970],{"className":6947},[1416],[1267,6949,6951],{"className":6950},[1420],[1422,6952,6953],{"xmlns":1424,"display":5766},[1426,6954,6955,6967],{},[1429,6956,6957,6959,6961,6963,6965],{},[1435,6958,5666],{},[2302,6960,5775],{},[1435,6962,4732],{},[2302,6964,6753],{},[1435,6966,5733],{},[1442,6968,6969],{"encoding":1444},"M = C \\oplus k",[1267,6971,6973,6991,7009],{"className":6972,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,6974,6976,6979,6982,6985,6988],{"className":6975},[1454],[1267,6977],{"className":6978,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,6980,5666],{"className":6981,"style":5681},[1463,1467],[1267,6983],{"className":6984,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,6986,5775],{"className":6987},[2393],[1267,6989],{"className":6990,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,6992,6994,6997,7000,7003,7006],{"className":6993},[1454],[1267,6995],{"className":6996,"style":6786},[1458],[1267,6998,4732],{"className":6999,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,7001],{"className":7002,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,7004,6753],{"className":7005},[4383],[1267,7007],{"className":7008,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,7010,7012,7015],{"className":7011},[1454],[1267,7013],{"className":7014,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,7016,5733],{"className":7017,"style":5748},[1463,1467],[599,7019,7020],{},"Le déchiffrement utilise exactement la même opération que le chiffrement.",[1259,7022,7026],{"className":7023,"code":7024,"language":7025,"meta":798,"style":798},"language-python shiki shiki-themes github-light github-light github-dark","def chiffrer_xor(message: bytes, cle: bytes) -> bytes:\n    return bytes(m ^ k for m, k in zip(message, cle))\n\ncle = b\"\\x5a\\x5a\\x5a\\x5a\"\nclair = b\"\\x48\\x49\\x21\\x21\"      # 'HI!!'\nchiffre = chiffrer_xor(clair, cle)\nprint(chiffre)                    # b'\\x12\\x13\\x7b\\x7b'\n\ndechiffre = chiffrer_xor(chiffre, cle)\nprint(dechiffre)                  # b'HI!!'\n","python",[1065,7027,7028,7058,7090,7095,7114,7134,7145,7157,7162,7173],{"__ignoreMap":798},[1267,7029,7030,7034,7037,7041,7045,7048,7050,7053,7055],{"class":1269,"line":950},[1267,7031,7033],{"class":7032},"s8jYJ","def",[1267,7035,7036],{"class":1272}," chiffrer_xor",[1267,7038,7040],{"class":7039},"sxrX7","(message: ",[1267,7042,7044],{"class":7043},"sBjJW","bytes",[1267,7046,7047],{"class":7039},", cle: ",[1267,7049,7044],{"class":7043},[1267,7051,7052],{"class":7039},") -> ",[1267,7054,7044],{"class":7043},[1267,7056,7057],{"class":7039},":\n",[1267,7059,7060,7063,7066,7069,7072,7075,7078,7081,7084,7087],{"class":1269,"line":926},[1267,7061,7062],{"class":7032},"    return",[1267,7064,7065],{"class":7043}," bytes",[1267,7067,7068],{"class":7039},"(m ",[1267,7070,7071],{"class":7032},"^",[1267,7073,7074],{"class":7039}," k ",[1267,7076,7077],{"class":7032},"for",[1267,7079,7080],{"class":7039}," m, k ",[1267,7082,7083],{"class":7032},"in",[1267,7085,7086],{"class":7043}," zip",[1267,7088,7089],{"class":7039},"(message, cle))\n",[1267,7091,7092],{"class":1269,"line":933},[1267,7093,7094],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":942},"\n",[1267,7096,7097,7100,7102,7105,7108,7111],{"class":1269,"line":1299},[1267,7098,7099],{"class":7039},"cle ",[1267,7101,5775],{"class":7032},[1267,7103,7104],{"class":7032}," b",[1267,7106,7107],{"class":1284},"\"",[1267,7109,7110],{"class":7043},"\\x5a\\x5a\\x5a\\x5a",[1267,7112,7113],{"class":1284},"\"\n",[1267,7115,7117,7120,7122,7124,7126,7129,7131],{"class":1269,"line":7116},5,[1267,7118,7119],{"class":7039},"clair ",[1267,7121,5775],{"class":7032},[1267,7123,7104],{"class":7032},[1267,7125,7107],{"class":1284},[1267,7127,7128],{"class":7043},"\\x48\\x49\\x21\\x21",[1267,7130,7107],{"class":1284},[1267,7132,7133],{"class":1276},"      # 'HI!!'\n",[1267,7135,7137,7140,7142],{"class":1269,"line":7136},6,[1267,7138,7139],{"class":7039},"chiffre ",[1267,7141,5775],{"class":7032},[1267,7143,7144],{"class":7039}," chiffrer_xor(clair, cle)\n",[1267,7146,7148,7151,7154],{"class":1269,"line":7147},7,[1267,7149,7150],{"class":7043},"print",[1267,7152,7153],{"class":7039},"(chiffre)                    ",[1267,7155,7156],{"class":1276},"# b'\\x12\\x13\\x7b\\x7b'\n",[1267,7158,7160],{"class":1269,"line":7159},8,[1267,7161,7094],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":942},[1267,7163,7165,7168,7170],{"class":1269,"line":7164},9,[1267,7166,7167],{"class":7039},"dechiffre ",[1267,7169,5775],{"class":7032},[1267,7171,7172],{"class":7039}," chiffrer_xor(chiffre, cle)\n",[1267,7174,7176,7178,7181],{"class":1269,"line":7175},10,[1267,7177,7150],{"class":7043},[1267,7179,7180],{"class":7039},"(dechiffre)                  ",[1267,7182,7183],{"class":1276},"# b'HI!!'\n",[2232,7185,7186],{},[599,7187,7188,7191,7192,1519,7195,1214,7198,7201],{},[603,7189,7190],{},"Ne prenez pas le XOR comme un chiffrement réel."," Avec une clé courte\nréutilisée, il se casse trivialement par analyse statistique. Il n'est\nrobuste que si la clé est ",[603,7193,7194],{},"aussi longue que le message",[603,7196,7197],{},"utilisée\nune seule fois",[620,7199,7200],{},"one-time pad",") — schéma théoriquement parfait mais\nimpraticable à grande échelle.",[791,7203,7205,7210],{"correct":793,"slug":7204},"chiffrement-symetrique-c1",[796,7206,7207],{"v-slot:question":798},[599,7208,7209],{},"En chiffrement symétrique, l'expéditeur et le destinataire utilisent…",[796,7211,7212],{"v-slot:choices":798},[805,7213,7214,7217,7220],{},[808,7215,7216],{},"deux clés différentes",[808,7218,7219],{},"la même clé secrète",[808,7221,7222],{},"aucune clé",[594,7224,7226],{"id":7225},"les-chiffrements-réels-aes-en-mention","Les chiffrements réels — AES en mention",[599,7228,7229,7230,7233,7234,7237,7238,7241],{},"Les chiffrements symétriques utilisés aujourd'hui ne reposent pas sur un\nsimple XOR. Ils combinent des ",[603,7231,7232],{},"substitutions"," (remplacement d'octets\nselon une table) et des ",[603,7235,7236],{},"permutations"," (mélange de positions), répétées\nsur plusieurs ",[603,7239,7240],{},"tours",". Le représentant emblématique est :",[805,7243,7244],{},[808,7245,7246,1214,7249,7252],{},[603,7247,7248],{},"AES",[620,7250,7251],{},"Advanced Encryption Standard","), adopté en 2001 par le NIST,\nutilise des clés de 128, 192 ou 256 bits, et opère sur des blocs de 128\nbits. C'est aujourd'hui le standard de fait — utilisé dans HTTPS, Wi-Fi\nWPA2\u002F3, le chiffrement de disque, les messageries sécurisées.",[599,7254,7255],{},"Vous n'avez pas à mémoriser l'algorithme interne d'AES — savoir qu'il\nexiste, qu'il chiffre par blocs avec une clé symétrique de 128\u002F256 bits,\net qu'il est considéré comme sûr (avec les bons modes d'opération) suffit\nau niveau Terminale.",[594,7257,7259],{"id":7258},"le-problème-partager-la-clé","Le problème : partager la clé",[599,7261,7262,7263,2796,7266,7269,7270,7302],{},"Le chiffrement symétrique est ",[603,7264,7265],{},"rapide",[603,7267,7268],{},"efficace",", et utilisé pour\nchiffrer le gros des communications. Mais il pose un problème pratique\ndécisif : ",[603,7271,7272,7273,7301],{},"comment Alice et Bob se mettent-ils d'accord sur la clé ",[1267,7274,7276,7289],{"className":7275},[1416],[1267,7277,7279],{"className":7278},[1420],[1422,7280,7281],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,7282,7283,7287],{},[1429,7284,7285],{},[1435,7286,5733],{},[1442,7288,5733],{"encoding":1444},[1267,7290,7292],{"className":7291,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,7293,7295,7298],{"className":7294},[1454],[1267,7296],{"className":7297,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,7299,5733],{"className":7300,"style":5748},[1463,1467],"\nsans qu'un espion l'intercepte"," ?",[805,7304,7305,7308],{},[808,7306,7307],{},"S'ils se rencontrent physiquement, pas de souci — ils se passent la clé\nen main propre.",[808,7309,7310],{},"Sur Internet, entre deux machines qui ne se sont jamais vues, c'est le\ncœur du problème.",[599,7312,7313,7314,7317,7318,7321],{},"Cette question — l'",[603,7315,7316],{},"échange de clé"," — est résolue par le ",[603,7319,7320],{},"chiffrement\nasymétrique",", vu au cours suivant. HTTPS combine en réalité les deux :\nasymétrique pour échanger une clé, symétrique pour la suite de la\ncommunication.",[849,7323,7324],{},[599,7325,7326,7328,7329,7332,7333,922],{},[603,7327,3096],{}," : distribuez à deux élèves Alice et Bob une carte\nclé identique (par exemple ",[1065,7330,7331],{},"01010101","). Donnez à Alice un mot binaire à\nchiffrer par XOR avec la clé. Transmettez le chiffré en main. Bob applique\nla même clé pour retrouver le mot. Un troisième élève « espion » voit\npasser le chiffré mais ne peut rien en faire sans la clé. L'activité\nillustre à la fois la robustesse du XOR avec clé suffisante et la\n",[603,7334,7335],{},"difficulté d'échanger la clé sans contact préalable",[791,7337,7339,7344],{"correct":793,"slug":7338},"chiffrement-symetrique-c2",[796,7340,7341],{"v-slot:question":798},[599,7342,7343],{},"Le principe de Kerckhoffs dit que…",[796,7345,7346],{"v-slot:choices":798},[805,7347,7348,7351,7354],{},[808,7349,7350],{},"l’algorithme doit être secret",[808,7352,7353],{},"la clé doit être secrète, l’algorithme peut être public",[808,7355,7356],{},"la clé et l’algorithme doivent être secrets",[594,7358,911],{"id":910},[599,7360,7361,7362,7365],{},"Au-delà d'AES, les modes d'opération (CBC, GCM, CTR) déterminent comment\nle chiffrement par blocs s'applique à un message long. Le mode GCM, en\nparticulier, fournit en plus de la confidentialité une ",[603,7363,7364],{},"authentification","\ndu message — il garantit que le contenu n'a pas été modifié. C'est ce que\nHTTPS utilise en pratique aujourd'hui.",[648,7367],{"code":5610},[1350,7369,7370],{},"html pre.shiki code .s8jYJ, html code.shiki .s8jYJ{--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .snPdu, html code.shiki .snPdu{--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .sxrX7, html code.shiki .sxrX7{--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sBjJW, html code.shiki .sBjJW{--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sIIMD, html code.shiki .sIIMD{--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sCsY4, html code.shiki .sCsY4{--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}",{"title":798,"searchDepth":926,"depth":926,"links":7372},[7373,7374,7375,7376,7377,7378],{"id":596,"depth":926,"text":597},{"id":5647,"depth":926,"text":5648},{"id":6661,"depth":926,"text":6662},{"id":7225,"depth":926,"text":7226},{"id":7258,"depth":926,"text":7259},{"id":910,"depth":926,"text":911},"Une clé secrète partagée entre les deux parties, la même pour chiffrer et déchiffrer — du XOR illustratif à AES en mention, le socle du chiffrement classique.",{},[7382,7384],{"slug":7204,"kind":945,"question":7209,"choices":7383,"correct":793,"multi":947,"explanation":798},[7216,7219,7222],{"slug":7338,"kind":945,"question":7343,"choices":7385,"correct":793,"multi":947,"explanation":798},[7350,7353,7356],{"title":525,"description":7379},"hAP1pJLYhIlN8QEvxAv_H0f7med0-6fkZMhWhRd4FO8",{"id":7389,"title":529,"bo":7390,"body":7391,"description":10514,"eval":939,"extension":940,"labo":939,"meta":10515,"navigation":942,"path":530,"quizzes":10516,"readingTime":950,"seo":10521,"stem":531,"tp":939,"__hash__":10522},"cours\u002F2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F7.chiffrement-asymetrique.md",[5610],{"type":591,"value":7392,"toc":10506},[7393,7395,7425,7429,7435,7640,7643,7978,8166,8352,8364,8368,8389,8392,9098,9360,9365,9494,9687,9708,9712,9715,10111,10433,10448,10469,10471,10486,10488,10502,10504],[594,7394,597],{"id":596},[599,7396,7397,7398,7400,7401,7404,7405,7408,7409,7411,7412,7415,7416,7419,7420,7422,7423,922],{},"Au cours précédent, vous avez vu le chiffrement ",[603,7399,6254],{}," et son\ntalon d'Achille : pour qu'Alice et Bob échangent des messages chiffrés,\nils doivent d'abord se mettre d'accord sur une ",[603,7402,7403],{},"clé secrète commune",".\nS'ils ne se sont jamais rencontrés, comment faire ? La cryptographie a\ntrouvé la réponse en 1976 avec une ",[603,7406,7407],{},"idée révolutionnaire"," : utiliser\n",[603,7410,7216],{}," par personne, l'une ",[603,7413,7414],{},"publiable"," et l'autre\n",[603,7417,7418],{},"gardée secrète",", mathématiquement liées de telle façon que l'une\nchiffre et l'autre seule sait déchiffrer. C'est le ",[603,7421,7320],{},", et c'est ce que demande ",[648,7424],{"code":5610},[594,7426,7428],{"id":7427},"le-principe-deux-clés-par-personne","Le principe — deux clés par personne",[599,7430,7431,7432,3339],{},"Chaque utilisateur dispose d'une ",[603,7433,7434],{},"paire de clés",[805,7436,7437,7538],{},[808,7438,7439,7440,4110,7443,7533,7534,7537],{},"une ",[603,7441,7442],{},"clé publique",[1267,7444,7446,7472],{"className":7445},[1416],[1267,7447,7449],{"className":7448},[1420],[1422,7450,7451],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,7452,7453,7469],{},[1429,7454,7455],{},[1432,7456,7457,7460],{},[1435,7458,7459],{},"K",[1429,7461,7462,7464,7466],{},[1435,7463,599],{},[1435,7465,4132],{},[1435,7467,7468],{},"b",[1442,7470,7471],{"encoding":1444},"K_{pub}",[1267,7473,7475],{"className":7474,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,7476,7478,7482],{"className":7477},[1454],[1267,7479],{"className":7480,"style":7481},[1458],"height:0.9694em;vertical-align:-0.2861em;",[1267,7483,7485,7488],{"className":7484},[1463],[1267,7486,7459],{"className":7487,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,7489,7491],{"className":7490},[1472],[1267,7492,7494,7524],{"className":7493},[1476,1477],[1267,7495,7497,7521],{"className":7496},[1481],[1267,7498,7500],{"className":7499,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,7501,7503,7506],{"style":7502},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0715em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1267,7504],{"className":7505,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,7507,7509],{"className":7508},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,7510,7512,7515,7518],{"className":7511},[1463,1501],[1267,7513,599],{"className":7514},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,7516,4132],{"className":7517},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,7519,7468],{"className":7520},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,7522,1509],{"className":7523},[1508],[1267,7525,7527],{"className":7526},[1481],[1267,7528,7531],{"className":7529,"style":7530},[1485],"height:0.2861em;",[1267,7532],{}," qu'il ",[603,7535,7536],{},"publie librement"," (sur sa page\nweb, dans un annuaire, à la fin d'un mail) ;",[808,7539,7439,7540,4110,7543,7533,7636,7639],{},[603,7541,7542],{},"clé privée",[1267,7544,7546,7574],{"className":7545},[1416],[1267,7547,7549],{"className":7548},[1420],[1422,7550,7551],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,7552,7553,7571],{},[1429,7554,7555],{},[1432,7556,7557,7559],{},[1435,7558,7459],{},[1429,7560,7561,7563,7566,7569],{},[1435,7562,599],{},[1435,7564,7565],{},"r",[1435,7567,7568],{},"i",[1435,7570,4138],{},[1442,7572,7573],{"encoding":1444},"K_{priv}",[1267,7575,7577],{"className":7576,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,7578,7580,7583],{"className":7579},[1454],[1267,7581],{"className":7582,"style":7481},[1458],[1267,7584,7586,7589],{"className":7585},[1463],[1267,7587,7459],{"className":7588,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,7590,7592],{"className":7591},[1472],[1267,7593,7595,7628],{"className":7594},[1476,1477],[1267,7596,7598,7625],{"className":7597},[1481],[1267,7599,7602],{"className":7600,"style":7601},[1485],"height:0.3117em;",[1267,7603,7604,7607],{"style":7502},[1267,7605],{"className":7606,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,7608,7610],{"className":7609},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,7611,7613,7616,7619,7622],{"className":7612},[1463,1501],[1267,7614,599],{"className":7615},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,7617,7565],{"className":7618,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,7620,7568],{"className":7621},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,7623,4138],{"className":7624,"style":4176},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,7626,1509],{"className":7627},[1508],[1267,7629,7631],{"className":7630},[1481],[1267,7632,7634],{"className":7633,"style":7530},[1485],[1267,7635],{},[603,7637,7638],{},"garde sur sa machine",", jamais\ntransmise à personne.",[599,7641,7642],{},"Les deux fonctions sont :",[1267,7644,7646],{"className":7645},[5757],[1267,7647,7649,7717],{"className":7648},[1416],[1267,7650,7652],{"className":7651},[1420],[1422,7653,7654],{"xmlns":1424,"display":5766},[1426,7655,7656,7714],{},[1429,7657,7658,7660,7662,7678,7680,7682,7684,7686,7688,7690,7708,7710,7712],{},[1435,7659,4732],{},[2302,7661,5775],{},[1432,7663,7664,7666],{},[1435,7665,5780],{},[1432,7667,7668,7670],{},[1435,7669,7459],{},[1429,7671,7672,7674,7676],{},[1435,7673,599],{},[1435,7675,4132],{},[1435,7677,7468],{},[2302,7679,4129],{"stretchy":4128},[1435,7681,5666],{},[2302,7683,4141],{"stretchy":4128},[2388,7685],{"width":5791},[1435,7687,5666],{},[2302,7689,5775],{},[1432,7691,7692,7694],{},[1435,7693,4737],{},[1432,7695,7696,7698],{},[1435,7697,7459],{},[1429,7699,7700,7702,7704,7706],{},[1435,7701,599],{},[1435,7703,7565],{},[1435,7705,7568],{},[1435,7707,4138],{},[2302,7709,4129],{"stretchy":4128},[1435,7711,4732],{},[2302,7713,4141],{"stretchy":4128},[1442,7715,7716],{"encoding":1444},"C = E_{K_{pub}}(M) \\qquad M = D_{K_{priv}}(C)",[1267,7718,7720,7738,7866],{"className":7719,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,7721,7723,7726,7729,7732,7735],{"className":7722},[1454],[1267,7724],{"className":7725,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,7727,4732],{"className":7728,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,7730],{"className":7731,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,7733,5775],{"className":7734},[2393],[1267,7736],{"className":7737,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,7739,7741,7745,7842,7845,7848,7851,7854,7857,7860,7863],{"className":7740},[1454],[1267,7742],{"className":7743,"style":7744},[1458],"height:1.1031em;vertical-align:-0.3531em;",[1267,7746,7748,7751],{"className":7747},[1463],[1267,7749,5780],{"className":7750,"style":5844},[1463,1467],[1267,7752,7754],{"className":7753},[1472],[1267,7755,7757,7833],{"className":7756},[1476,1477],[1267,7758,7760,7830],{"className":7759},[1481],[1267,7761,7764],{"className":7762,"style":7763},[1485],"height:0.3283em;",[1267,7765,7766,7769],{"style":5860},[1267,7767],{"className":7768,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,7770,7772],{"className":7771},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,7773,7775],{"className":7774},[1463,1501],[1267,7776,7778,7781],{"className":7777},[1463,1501],[1267,7779,7459],{"className":7780,"style":4773},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,7782,7784],{"className":7783},[1472],[1267,7785,7787,7821],{"className":7786},[1476,1477],[1267,7788,7790,7818],{"className":7789},[1481],[1267,7791,7794],{"className":7792,"style":7793},[1485],"height:0.3448em;",[1267,7795,7797,7801],{"style":7796},"top:-2.3488em;margin-left:-0.0715em;margin-right:0.0714em;",[1267,7798],{"className":7799,"style":7800},[1493],"height:2.5em;",[1267,7802,7806],{"className":7803},[1498,7804,7805,1501],"reset-size3","size1",[1267,7807,7809,7812,7815],{"className":7808},[1463,1501],[1267,7810,599],{"className":7811},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,7813,4132],{"className":7814},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,7816,7468],{"className":7817},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,7819,1509],{"className":7820},[1508],[1267,7822,7824],{"className":7823},[1481],[1267,7825,7828],{"className":7826,"style":7827},[1485],"height:0.2901em;",[1267,7829],{},[1267,7831,1509],{"className":7832},[1508],[1267,7834,7836],{"className":7835},[1481],[1267,7837,7840],{"className":7838,"style":7839},[1485],"height:0.3531em;",[1267,7841],{},[1267,7843,4129],{"className":7844},[4161],[1267,7846,5666],{"className":7847,"style":5681},[1463,1467],[1267,7849,4141],{"className":7850},[4180],[1267,7852],{"className":7853,"style":5893},[2388],[1267,7855,5666],{"className":7856,"style":5681},[1463,1467],[1267,7858],{"className":7859,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,7861,5775],{"className":7862},[2393],[1267,7864],{"className":7865,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,7867,7869,7873,7969,7972,7975],{"className":7868},[1454],[1267,7870],{"className":7871,"style":7872},[1458],"height:1.0973em;vertical-align:-0.3473em;",[1267,7874,7876,7879],{"className":7875},[1463],[1267,7877,4737],{"className":7878,"style":4783},[1463,1467],[1267,7880,7882],{"className":7881},[1472],[1267,7883,7885,7960],{"className":7884},[1476,1477],[1267,7886,7888,7957],{"className":7887},[1481],[1267,7889,7891],{"className":7890,"style":7763},[1485],[1267,7892,7893,7896],{"style":5932},[1267,7894],{"className":7895,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,7897,7899],{"className":7898},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,7900,7902],{"className":7901},[1463,1501],[1267,7903,7905,7908],{"className":7904},[1463,1501],[1267,7906,7459],{"className":7907,"style":4773},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,7909,7911],{"className":7910},[1472],[1267,7912,7914,7948],{"className":7913},[1476,1477],[1267,7915,7917,7945],{"className":7916},[1481],[1267,7918,7921],{"className":7919,"style":7920},[1485],"height:0.3281em;",[1267,7922,7924,7927],{"style":7923},"top:-2.357em;margin-left:-0.0715em;margin-right:0.0714em;",[1267,7925],{"className":7926,"style":7800},[1493],[1267,7928,7930],{"className":7929},[1498,7804,7805,1501],[1267,7931,7933,7936,7939,7942],{"className":7932},[1463,1501],[1267,7934,599],{"className":7935},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,7937,7565],{"className":7938,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,7940,7568],{"className":7941},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,7943,4138],{"className":7944,"style":4176},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,7946,1509],{"className":7947},[1508],[1267,7949,7951],{"className":7950},[1481],[1267,7952,7955],{"className":7953,"style":7954},[1485],"height:0.2819em;",[1267,7956],{},[1267,7958,1509],{"className":7959},[1508],[1267,7961,7963],{"className":7962},[1481],[1267,7964,7967],{"className":7965,"style":7966},[1485],"height:0.3473em;",[1267,7968],{},[1267,7970,4129],{"className":7971},[4161],[1267,7973,4732],{"className":7974,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,7976,4141],{"className":7977},[4180],[805,7979,7980,8071],{},[808,7981,7982,7985,7986,8070],{},[603,7983,7984],{},"N'importe qui"," peut chiffrer un message avec ",[1267,7987,7989,8012],{"className":7988},[1416],[1267,7990,7992],{"className":7991},[1420],[1422,7993,7994],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,7995,7996,8010],{},[1429,7997,7998],{},[1432,7999,8000,8002],{},[1435,8001,7459],{},[1429,8003,8004,8006,8008],{},[1435,8005,599],{},[1435,8007,4132],{},[1435,8009,7468],{},[1442,8011,7471],{"encoding":1444},[1267,8013,8015],{"className":8014,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,8016,8018,8021],{"className":8017},[1454],[1267,8019],{"className":8020,"style":7481},[1458],[1267,8022,8024,8027],{"className":8023},[1463],[1267,8025,7459],{"className":8026,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,8028,8030],{"className":8029},[1472],[1267,8031,8033,8062],{"className":8032},[1476,1477],[1267,8034,8036,8059],{"className":8035},[1481],[1267,8037,8039],{"className":8038,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,8040,8041,8044],{"style":7502},[1267,8042],{"className":8043,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,8045,8047],{"className":8046},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,8048,8050,8053,8056],{"className":8049},[1463,1501],[1267,8051,599],{"className":8052},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,8054,4132],{"className":8055},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,8057,7468],{"className":8058},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,8060,1509],{"className":8061},[1508],[1267,8063,8065],{"className":8064},[1481],[1267,8066,8068],{"className":8067,"style":7530},[1485],[1267,8069],{}," de Bob.",[808,8072,8073,8076,8077,922],{},[603,8074,8075],{},"Seul Bob"," peut le déchiffrer avec ",[1267,8078,8080,8105],{"className":8079},[1416],[1267,8081,8083],{"className":8082},[1420],[1422,8084,8085],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,8086,8087,8103],{},[1429,8088,8089],{},[1432,8090,8091,8093],{},[1435,8092,7459],{},[1429,8094,8095,8097,8099,8101],{},[1435,8096,599],{},[1435,8098,7565],{},[1435,8100,7568],{},[1435,8102,4138],{},[1442,8104,7573],{"encoding":1444},[1267,8106,8108],{"className":8107,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,8109,8111,8114],{"className":8110},[1454],[1267,8112],{"className":8113,"style":7481},[1458],[1267,8115,8117,8120],{"className":8116},[1463],[1267,8118,7459],{"className":8119,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,8121,8123],{"className":8122},[1472],[1267,8124,8126,8158],{"className":8125},[1476,1477],[1267,8127,8129,8155],{"className":8128},[1481],[1267,8130,8132],{"className":8131,"style":7601},[1485],[1267,8133,8134,8137],{"style":7502},[1267,8135],{"className":8136,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,8138,8140],{"className":8139},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,8141,8143,8146,8149,8152],{"className":8142},[1463,1501],[1267,8144,599],{"className":8145},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,8147,7565],{"className":8148,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,8150,7568],{"className":8151},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,8153,4138],{"className":8154,"style":4176},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,8156,1509],{"className":8157},[1508],[1267,8159,8161],{"className":8160},[1481],[1267,8162,8164],{"className":8163,"style":7530},[1485],[1267,8165],{},[599,8167,8168,8169,8172,8173,8176,8177,8266,8267,8351],{},"L'asymétrie est dans le nom : la clé qui chiffre ",[603,8170,8171],{},"n'est pas"," celle qui\ndéchiffre. Et il est ",[603,8174,8175],{},"calculatoirement impossible"," de retrouver\n",[1267,8178,8180,8205],{"className":8179},[1416],[1267,8181,8183],{"className":8182},[1420],[1422,8184,8185],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,8186,8187,8203],{},[1429,8188,8189],{},[1432,8190,8191,8193],{},[1435,8192,7459],{},[1429,8194,8195,8197,8199,8201],{},[1435,8196,599],{},[1435,8198,7565],{},[1435,8200,7568],{},[1435,8202,4138],{},[1442,8204,7573],{"encoding":1444},[1267,8206,8208],{"className":8207,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,8209,8211,8214],{"className":8210},[1454],[1267,8212],{"className":8213,"style":7481},[1458],[1267,8215,8217,8220],{"className":8216},[1463],[1267,8218,7459],{"className":8219,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,8221,8223],{"className":8222},[1472],[1267,8224,8226,8258],{"className":8225},[1476,1477],[1267,8227,8229,8255],{"className":8228},[1481],[1267,8230,8232],{"className":8231,"style":7601},[1485],[1267,8233,8234,8237],{"style":7502},[1267,8235],{"className":8236,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,8238,8240],{"className":8239},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,8241,8243,8246,8249,8252],{"className":8242},[1463,1501],[1267,8244,599],{"className":8245},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,8247,7565],{"className":8248,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,8250,7568],{"className":8251},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,8253,4138],{"className":8254,"style":4176},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,8256,1509],{"className":8257},[1508],[1267,8259,8261],{"className":8260},[1481],[1267,8262,8264],{"className":8263,"style":7530},[1485],[1267,8265],{}," à partir de ",[1267,8268,8270,8293],{"className":8269},[1416],[1267,8271,8273],{"className":8272},[1420],[1422,8274,8275],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,8276,8277,8291],{},[1429,8278,8279],{},[1432,8280,8281,8283],{},[1435,8282,7459],{},[1429,8284,8285,8287,8289],{},[1435,8286,599],{},[1435,8288,4132],{},[1435,8290,7468],{},[1442,8292,7471],{"encoding":1444},[1267,8294,8296],{"className":8295,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,8297,8299,8302],{"className":8298},[1454],[1267,8300],{"className":8301,"style":7481},[1458],[1267,8303,8305,8308],{"className":8304},[1463],[1267,8306,7459],{"className":8307,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,8309,8311],{"className":8310},[1472],[1267,8312,8314,8343],{"className":8313},[1476,1477],[1267,8315,8317,8340],{"className":8316},[1481],[1267,8318,8320],{"className":8319,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,8321,8322,8325],{"style":7502},[1267,8323],{"className":8324,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,8326,8328],{"className":8327},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,8329,8331,8334,8337],{"className":8330},[1463,1501],[1267,8332,599],{"className":8333},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,8335,4132],{"className":8336},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,8338,7468],{"className":8339},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,8341,1509],{"className":8342},[1508],[1267,8344,8346],{"className":8345},[1481],[1267,8347,8349],{"className":8348,"style":7530},[1485],[1267,8350],{}," — c'est ce qui rend le système sûr.",[849,8353,8354],{},[599,8355,8356,8359,8360,8363],{},[603,8357,8358],{},"Analogie du cadenas ouvert."," Imaginez que Bob distribue partout des\n",[603,8361,8362],{},"cadenas ouverts"," dont lui seul possède la clé. Alice prend un cadenas,\nreferme une boîte avec, et expédie. Seul Bob, avec sa clé, peut rouvrir.\nLe cadenas (clé publique) est public, la clé (clé privée) est privée.",[594,8365,8367],{"id":8366},"lidée-de-rsa-modulo-et-exponentiation","L'idée de RSA — modulo et exponentiation",[599,8369,8370,8371,8374,8375,8377,8378,8381,8382,8385,8386,922],{},"Le représentant le plus connu de chiffrement asymétrique est ",[603,8372,8373],{},"RSA","\n(Rivest, Shamir, Adleman, 1977). Vous n'avez ",[603,8376,3157],{}," à connaître la\ndémonstration complète au niveau Terminale, mais vous devez en\n",[603,8379,8380],{},"reconnaître les ingrédients"," : le ",[603,8383,8384],{},"modulo"," et l'",[603,8387,8388],{},"exponentiation\nmodulaire",[599,8390,8391],{},"L'idée tient en trois étapes (très simplifiées) :",[1029,8393,8394,8646,8789],{},[808,8395,8396,8397,1519,8426,8455,8456,8532,8533,8561,8562,922],{},"Bob choisit deux grands nombres premiers ",[1267,8398,8400,8413],{"className":8399},[1416],[1267,8401,8403],{"className":8402},[1420],[1422,8404,8405],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,8406,8407,8411],{},[1429,8408,8409],{},[1435,8410,599],{},[1442,8412,599],{"encoding":1444},[1267,8414,8416],{"className":8415,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,8417,8419,8423],{"className":8418},[1454],[1267,8420],{"className":8421,"style":8422},[1458],"height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1267,8424,599],{"className":8425},[1463,1467],[1267,8427,8429,8443],{"className":8428},[1416],[1267,8430,8432],{"className":8431},[1420],[1422,8433,8434],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,8435,8436,8441],{},[1429,8437,8438],{},[1435,8439,8440],{},"q",[1442,8442,8440],{"encoding":1444},[1267,8444,8446],{"className":8445,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,8447,8449,8452],{"className":8448},[1454],[1267,8450],{"className":8451,"style":8422},[1458],[1267,8453,8440],{"className":8454,"style":4176},[1463,1467],". Il calcule leur\nproduit ",[1267,8457,8459,8482],{"className":8458},[1416],[1267,8460,8462],{"className":8461},[1420],[1422,8463,8464],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,8465,8466,8479],{},[1429,8467,8468,8470,8472,8474,8477],{},[1435,8469,2324],{},[2302,8471,5775],{},[1435,8473,599],{},[2302,8475,8476],{},"×",[1435,8478,8440],{},[1442,8480,8481],{"encoding":1444},"n = p \\times q",[1267,8483,8485,8504,8523],{"className":8484,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,8486,8488,8492,8495,8498,8501],{"className":8487},[1454],[1267,8489],{"className":8490,"style":8491},[1458],"height:0.4306em;",[1267,8493,2324],{"className":8494},[1463,1467],[1267,8496],{"className":8497,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,8499,5775],{"className":8500},[2393],[1267,8502],{"className":8503,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,8505,8507,8511,8514,8517,8520],{"className":8506},[1454],[1267,8508],{"className":8509,"style":8510},[1458],"height:0.7778em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1267,8512,599],{"className":8513},[1463,1467],[1267,8515],{"className":8516,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,8518,8476],{"className":8519},[4383],[1267,8521],{"className":8522,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,8524,8526,8529],{"className":8525},[1454],[1267,8527],{"className":8528,"style":8422},[1458],[1267,8530,8440],{"className":8531,"style":4176},[1463,1467],". Ce ",[1267,8534,8536,8549],{"className":8535},[1416],[1267,8537,8539],{"className":8538},[1420],[1422,8540,8541],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,8542,8543,8547],{},[1429,8544,8545],{},[1435,8546,2324],{},[1442,8548,2324],{"encoding":1444},[1267,8550,8552],{"className":8551,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,8553,8555,8558],{"className":8554},[1454],[1267,8556],{"className":8557,"style":8491},[1458],[1267,8559,2324],{"className":8560},[1463,1467]," devient public — il fait partie de\n",[1267,8563,8565,8588],{"className":8564},[1416],[1267,8566,8568],{"className":8567},[1420],[1422,8569,8570],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,8571,8572,8586],{},[1429,8573,8574],{},[1432,8575,8576,8578],{},[1435,8577,7459],{},[1429,8579,8580,8582,8584],{},[1435,8581,599],{},[1435,8583,4132],{},[1435,8585,7468],{},[1442,8587,7471],{"encoding":1444},[1267,8589,8591],{"className":8590,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,8592,8594,8597],{"className":8593},[1454],[1267,8595],{"className":8596,"style":7481},[1458],[1267,8598,8600,8603],{"className":8599},[1463],[1267,8601,7459],{"className":8602,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,8604,8606],{"className":8605},[1472],[1267,8607,8609,8638],{"className":8608},[1476,1477],[1267,8610,8612,8635],{"className":8611},[1481],[1267,8613,8615],{"className":8614,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,8616,8617,8620],{"style":7502},[1267,8618],{"className":8619,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,8621,8623],{"className":8622},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,8624,8626,8629,8632],{"className":8625},[1463,1501],[1267,8627,599],{"className":8628},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,8630,4132],{"className":8631},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,8633,7468],{"className":8634},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,8636,1509],{"className":8637},[1508],[1267,8639,8641],{"className":8640},[1481],[1267,8642,8644],{"className":8643,"style":7530},[1485],[1267,8645],{},[808,8647,8648,8649,8701,8702,8730,8731,8759,8760,8788],{},"Bob calcule un couple d'exposants ",[1267,8650,8652,8674],{"className":8651},[1416],[1267,8653,8655],{"className":8654},[1420],[1422,8656,8657],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,8658,8659,8671],{},[1429,8660,8661,8663,8665,8667,8669],{},[2302,8662,4129],{"stretchy":4128},[1435,8664,4541],{},[2302,8666,4135],{"separator":1450},[1435,8668,4535],{},[2302,8670,4141],{"stretchy":4128},[1442,8672,8673],{"encoding":1444},"(e, d)",[1267,8675,8677],{"className":8676,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,8678,8680,8683,8686,8689,8692,8695,8698],{"className":8679},[1454],[1267,8681],{"className":8682,"style":4154},[1458],[1267,8684,4129],{"className":8685},[4161],[1267,8687,4541],{"className":8688},[1463,1467],[1267,8690,4135],{"className":8691},[4168],[1267,8693],{"className":8694,"style":4172},[2388],[1267,8696,4535],{"className":8697},[1463,1467],[1267,8699,4141],{"className":8700},[4180]," liés par une relation\nmodulaire. ",[1267,8703,8705,8718],{"className":8704},[1416],[1267,8706,8708],{"className":8707},[1420],[1422,8709,8710],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,8711,8712,8716],{},[1429,8713,8714],{},[1435,8715,4541],{},[1442,8717,4541],{"encoding":1444},[1267,8719,8721],{"className":8720,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,8722,8724,8727],{"className":8723},[1454],[1267,8725],{"className":8726,"style":8491},[1458],[1267,8728,4541],{"className":8729},[1463,1467]," est public (avec ",[1267,8732,8734,8747],{"className":8733},[1416],[1267,8735,8737],{"className":8736},[1420],[1422,8738,8739],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,8740,8741,8745],{},[1429,8742,8743],{},[1435,8744,2324],{},[1442,8746,2324],{"encoding":1444},[1267,8748,8750],{"className":8749,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,8751,8753,8756],{"className":8752},[1454],[1267,8754],{"className":8755,"style":8491},[1458],[1267,8757,2324],{"className":8758},[1463,1467],"), ",[1267,8761,8763,8776],{"className":8762},[1416],[1267,8764,8766],{"className":8765},[1420],[1422,8767,8768],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,8769,8770,8774],{},[1429,8771,8772],{},[1435,8773,4535],{},[1442,8775,4535],{"encoding":1444},[1267,8777,8779],{"className":8778,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,8780,8782,8785],{"className":8781},[1454],[1267,8783],{"className":8784,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,8786,4535],{"className":8787},[1463,1467]," est privé.",[808,8790,8791,8792,8820,8821,8963,8964],{},"Pour chiffrer un message ",[1267,8793,8795,8808],{"className":8794},[1416],[1267,8796,8798],{"className":8797},[1420],[1422,8799,8800],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,8801,8802,8806],{},[1429,8803,8804],{},[1435,8805,5666],{},[1442,8807,5666],{"encoding":1444},[1267,8809,8811],{"className":8810,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,8812,8814,8817],{"className":8813},[1454],[1267,8815],{"className":8816,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,8818,5666],{"className":8819,"style":5681},[1463,1467]," représenté comme un entier, on calcule :\n",[1267,8822,8824],{"className":8823},[5757],[1267,8825,8827,8869],{"className":8826},[1416],[1267,8828,8830],{"className":8829},[1420],[1422,8831,8832],{"xmlns":1424,"display":5766},[1426,8833,8834,8866],{},[1429,8835,8836,8838,8840,8846,8849,8862,8864],{},[1435,8837,4732],{},[2302,8839,5775],{},[4518,8841,8842,8844],{},[1435,8843,5666],{},[1435,8845,4541],{},[4533,8847,8848],{}," ",[2302,8850,8852],{"lspace":8851,"rspace":8851},"0.22em",[1429,8853,8854,8857,8860],{},[1435,8855,8856],{"mathvariant":4528},"m",[1435,8858,8859],{"mathvariant":4528},"o",[1435,8861,4535],{"mathvariant":4528},[4533,8863,8848],{},[1435,8865,2324],{},[1442,8867,8868],{"encoding":1444},"C = M^{e} \\bmod n",[1267,8870,8872,8890,8954],{"className":8871,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,8873,8875,8878,8881,8884,8887],{"className":8874},[1454],[1267,8876],{"className":8877,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,8879,4732],{"className":8880,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,8882],{"className":8883,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,8885,5775],{"className":8886},[2393],[1267,8888],{"className":8889,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,8891,8893,8897,8930,8934,8937,8948,8951],{"className":8892},[1454],[1267,8894],{"className":8895,"style":8896},[1458],"height:0.7144em;",[1267,8898,8900,8903],{"className":8899},[1463],[1267,8901,5666],{"className":8902,"style":5681},[1463,1467],[1267,8904,8906],{"className":8905},[1472],[1267,8907,8909],{"className":8908},[1476],[1267,8910,8912],{"className":8911},[1481],[1267,8913,8915],{"className":8914,"style":8896},[1485],[1267,8916,8918,8921],{"style":8917},"top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1267,8919],{"className":8920,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,8922,8924],{"className":8923},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,8925,8927],{"className":8926},[1463,1501],[1267,8928,4541],{"className":8929},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,8931],{"className":8932,"style":8933},[2388],"margin-right:0.0556em;",[1267,8935],{"className":8936,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,8938,8940],{"className":8939},[4383],[1267,8941,8943],{"className":8942},[1463],[1267,8944,8947],{"className":8945},[1463,8946],"mathrm","mod",[1267,8949],{"className":8950,"style":8933},[2388],[1267,8952],{"className":8953,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,8955,8957,8960],{"className":8956},[1454],[1267,8958],{"className":8959,"style":8491},[1458],[1267,8961,2324],{"className":8962},[1463,1467],"\nEt pour déchiffrer :\n",[1267,8965,8967],{"className":8966},[5757],[1267,8968,8970,9008],{"className":8969},[1416],[1267,8971,8973],{"className":8972},[1420],[1422,8974,8975],{"xmlns":1424,"display":5766},[1426,8976,8977,9005],{},[1429,8978,8979,8981,8983,8989,8991,9001,9003],{},[1435,8980,5666],{},[2302,8982,5775],{},[4518,8984,8985,8987],{},[1435,8986,4732],{},[1435,8988,4535],{},[4533,8990,8848],{},[2302,8992,8993],{"lspace":8851,"rspace":8851},[1429,8994,8995,8997,8999],{},[1435,8996,8856],{"mathvariant":4528},[1435,8998,8859],{"mathvariant":4528},[1435,9000,4535],{"mathvariant":4528},[4533,9002,8848],{},[1435,9004,2324],{},[1442,9006,9007],{"encoding":1444},"M = C^{d} \\bmod n",[1267,9009,9011,9029,9089],{"className":9010,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,9012,9014,9017,9020,9023,9026],{"className":9013},[1454],[1267,9015],{"className":9016,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,9018,5666],{"className":9019,"style":5681},[1463,1467],[1267,9021],{"className":9022,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,9024,5775],{"className":9025},[2393],[1267,9027],{"className":9028,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,9030,9032,9036,9068,9071,9074,9083,9086],{"className":9031},[1454],[1267,9033],{"className":9034,"style":9035},[1458],"height:0.8991em;",[1267,9037,9039,9042],{"className":9038},[1463],[1267,9040,4732],{"className":9041,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,9043,9045],{"className":9044},[1472],[1267,9046,9048],{"className":9047},[1476],[1267,9049,9051],{"className":9050},[1481],[1267,9052,9054],{"className":9053,"style":9035},[1485],[1267,9055,9056,9059],{"style":8917},[1267,9057],{"className":9058,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,9060,9062],{"className":9061},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,9063,9065],{"className":9064},[1463,1501],[1267,9066,4535],{"className":9067},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,9069],{"className":9070,"style":8933},[2388],[1267,9072],{"className":9073,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,9075,9077],{"className":9076},[4383],[1267,9078,9080],{"className":9079},[1463],[1267,9081,8947],{"className":9082},[1463,8946],[1267,9084],{"className":9085,"style":8933},[2388],[1267,9087],{"className":9088,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,9090,9092,9095],{"className":9091},[1454],[1267,9093],{"className":9094,"style":8491},[1458],[1267,9096,2324],{"className":9097},[1463,1467],[778,9099,9100],{},[599,9101,9102,9103,9187,9188,1519,9216,9244,9245,1519,9273,9301,9302,9330,9331,9359],{},"La sécurité de RSA repose sur le fait que ",[603,9104,9105,9106,9134,9135,9186],{},"factoriser ",[1267,9107,9109,9122],{"className":9108},[1416],[1267,9110,9112],{"className":9111},[1420],[1422,9113,9114],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,9115,9116,9120],{},[1429,9117,9118],{},[1435,9119,2324],{},[1442,9121,2324],{"encoding":1444},[1267,9123,9125],{"className":9124,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,9126,9128,9131],{"className":9127},[1454],[1267,9129],{"className":9130,"style":8491},[1458],[1267,9132,2324],{"className":9133},[1463,1467]," en ",[1267,9136,9138,9156],{"className":9137},[1416],[1267,9139,9141],{"className":9140},[1420],[1422,9142,9143],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,9144,9145,9153],{},[1429,9146,9147,9149,9151],{},[1435,9148,599],{},[2302,9150,8476],{},[1435,9152,8440],{},[1442,9154,9155],{"encoding":1444},"p \\times q",[1267,9157,9159,9177],{"className":9158,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,9160,9162,9165,9168,9171,9174],{"className":9161},[1454],[1267,9163],{"className":9164,"style":8510},[1458],[1267,9166,599],{"className":9167},[1463,1467],[1267,9169],{"className":9170,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,9172,8476],{"className":9173},[4383],[1267,9175],{"className":9176,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,9178,9180,9183],{"className":9179},[1454],[1267,9181],{"className":9182,"style":8422},[1458],[1267,9184,8440],{"className":9185,"style":4176},[1463,1467],"\nest extrêmement coûteux"," quand ",[1267,9189,9191,9204],{"className":9190},[1416],[1267,9192,9194],{"className":9193},[1420],[1422,9195,9196],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,9197,9198,9202],{},[1429,9199,9200],{},[1435,9201,599],{},[1442,9203,599],{"encoding":1444},[1267,9205,9207],{"className":9206,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,9208,9210,9213],{"className":9209},[1454],[1267,9211],{"className":9212,"style":8422},[1458],[1267,9214,599],{"className":9215},[1463,1467],[1267,9217,9219,9232],{"className":9218},[1416],[1267,9220,9222],{"className":9221},[1420],[1422,9223,9224],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,9225,9226,9230],{},[1429,9227,9228],{},[1435,9229,8440],{},[1442,9231,8440],{"encoding":1444},[1267,9233,9235],{"className":9234,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,9236,9238,9241],{"className":9237},[1454],[1267,9239],{"className":9240,"style":8422},[1458],[1267,9242,8440],{"className":9243,"style":4176},[1463,1467]," sont très grands (typiquement\n1024 ou 2048 bits chacun). Sans ",[1267,9246,9248,9261],{"className":9247},[1416],[1267,9249,9251],{"className":9250},[1420],[1422,9252,9253],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,9254,9255,9259],{},[1429,9256,9257],{},[1435,9258,599],{},[1442,9260,599],{"encoding":1444},[1267,9262,9264],{"className":9263,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,9265,9267,9270],{"className":9266},[1454],[1267,9268],{"className":9269,"style":8422},[1458],[1267,9271,599],{"className":9272},[1463,1467],[1267,9274,9276,9289],{"className":9275},[1416],[1267,9277,9279],{"className":9278},[1420],[1422,9280,9281],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,9282,9283,9287],{},[1429,9284,9285],{},[1435,9286,8440],{},[1442,9288,8440],{"encoding":1444},[1267,9290,9292],{"className":9291,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,9293,9295,9298],{"className":9294},[1454],[1267,9296],{"className":9297,"style":8422},[1458],[1267,9299,8440],{"className":9300,"style":4176},[1463,1467],", on ne peut pas retrouver ",[1267,9303,9305,9318],{"className":9304},[1416],[1267,9306,9308],{"className":9307},[1420],[1422,9309,9310],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,9311,9312,9316],{},[1429,9313,9314],{},[1435,9315,4535],{},[1442,9317,4535],{"encoding":1444},[1267,9319,9321],{"className":9320,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,9322,9324,9327],{"className":9323},[1454],[1267,9325],{"className":9326,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,9328,4535],{"className":9329},[1463,1467],".\nAvec les ordinateurs actuels, factoriser un ",[1267,9332,9334,9347],{"className":9333},[1416],[1267,9335,9337],{"className":9336},[1420],[1422,9338,9339],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,9340,9341,9345],{},[1429,9342,9343],{},[1435,9344,2324],{},[1442,9346,2324],{"encoding":1444},[1267,9348,9350],{"className":9349,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,9351,9353,9356],{"className":9352},[1454],[1267,9354],{"className":9355,"style":8491},[1458],[1267,9357,2324],{"className":9358},[1463,1467]," de 2048 bits prendrait\ndes siècles.",[599,9361,9362,9363,3339],{},"Pour comprendre l'opération centrale, regardez ce qu'est l'",[603,9364,8388],{},[1259,9366,9368],{"className":7023,"code":9367,"language":7025,"meta":798,"style":798},"def exp_modulaire(base: int, exposant: int, modulo: int) -> int:\n    \"\"\"Calcule (base ** exposant) % modulo, efficacement.\"\"\"\n    return pow(base, exposant, modulo)\n\n# Exemple jouet avec p=11, q=13 → n=143, e=7, d=103\nn, e, d = 143, 7, 103\nM = 42\nC = exp_modulaire(M, e, n)\nprint(C)                              # 81\nM_restitue = exp_modulaire(C, d, n)\nprint(M_restitue)                     # 42\n",[1065,9369,9370,9399,9404,9414,9418,9423,9443,9453,9463,9473,9483],{"__ignoreMap":798},[1267,9371,9372,9374,9377,9380,9383,9386,9388,9391,9393,9395,9397],{"class":1269,"line":950},[1267,9373,7033],{"class":7032},[1267,9375,9376],{"class":1272}," exp_modulaire",[1267,9378,9379],{"class":7039},"(base: ",[1267,9381,9382],{"class":7043},"int",[1267,9384,9385],{"class":7039},", exposant: ",[1267,9387,9382],{"class":7043},[1267,9389,9390],{"class":7039},", modulo: ",[1267,9392,9382],{"class":7043},[1267,9394,7052],{"class":7039},[1267,9396,9382],{"class":7043},[1267,9398,7057],{"class":7039},[1267,9400,9401],{"class":1269,"line":926},[1267,9402,9403],{"class":1284},"    \"\"\"Calcule (base ** exposant) % modulo, efficacement.\"\"\"\n",[1267,9405,9406,9408,9411],{"class":1269,"line":933},[1267,9407,7062],{"class":7032},[1267,9409,9410],{"class":7043}," pow",[1267,9412,9413],{"class":7039},"(base, exposant, modulo)\n",[1267,9415,9416],{"class":1269,"line":1299},[1267,9417,7094],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":942},[1267,9419,9420],{"class":1269,"line":7116},[1267,9421,9422],{"class":1276},"# Exemple jouet avec p=11, q=13 → n=143, e=7, d=103\n",[1267,9424,9425,9428,9430,9433,9435,9438,9440],{"class":1269,"line":7136},[1267,9426,9427],{"class":7039},"n, e, d ",[1267,9429,5775],{"class":7032},[1267,9431,9432],{"class":7043}," 143",[1267,9434,2796],{"class":7039},[1267,9436,9437],{"class":7043},"7",[1267,9439,2796],{"class":7039},[1267,9441,9442],{"class":7043},"103\n",[1267,9444,9445,9448,9450],{"class":1269,"line":7147},[1267,9446,9447],{"class":7039},"M ",[1267,9449,5775],{"class":7032},[1267,9451,9452],{"class":7043}," 42\n",[1267,9454,9455,9458,9460],{"class":1269,"line":7159},[1267,9456,9457],{"class":7039},"C ",[1267,9459,5775],{"class":7032},[1267,9461,9462],{"class":7039}," exp_modulaire(M, e, n)\n",[1267,9464,9465,9467,9470],{"class":1269,"line":7164},[1267,9466,7150],{"class":7043},[1267,9468,9469],{"class":7039},"(C)                              ",[1267,9471,9472],{"class":1276},"# 81\n",[1267,9474,9475,9478,9480],{"class":1269,"line":7175},[1267,9476,9477],{"class":7039},"M_restitue ",[1267,9479,5775],{"class":7032},[1267,9481,9482],{"class":7039}," exp_modulaire(C, d, n)\n",[1267,9484,9486,9488,9491],{"class":1269,"line":9485},11,[1267,9487,7150],{"class":7043},[1267,9489,9490],{"class":7039},"(M_restitue)                     ",[1267,9492,9493],{"class":1276},"# 42\n",[599,9495,9496,9497,9500,9501,9686],{},"L'instruction ",[1065,9498,9499],{},"pow(base, exposant, modulo)"," de Python calcule\n",[1267,9502,9504,9574],{"className":9503},[1416],[1267,9505,9507],{"className":9506},[1420],[1422,9508,9509],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,9510,9511,9571],{},[1429,9512,9513,9515,9518,9521,9544,9546,9556,9558,9560,9562,9564,9566,9569],{},[1435,9514,7468],{},[1435,9516,9517],{},"a",[1435,9519,9520],{},"s",[4518,9522,9523,9525],{},[1435,9524,4541],{},[1429,9526,9527,9529,9532,9534,9536,9538,9540,9542],{},[1435,9528,4541],{},[1435,9530,9531],{},"x",[1435,9533,599],{},[1435,9535,8859],{},[1435,9537,9520],{},[1435,9539,9517],{},[1435,9541,2324],{},[1435,9543,1775],{},[4533,9545,8848],{},[2302,9547,9548],{"lspace":8851,"rspace":8851},[1429,9549,9550,9552,9554],{},[1435,9551,8856],{"mathvariant":4528},[1435,9553,8859],{"mathvariant":4528},[1435,9555,4535],{"mathvariant":4528},[4533,9557,8848],{},[1435,9559,8856],{},[1435,9561,8859],{},[1435,9563,4535],{},[1435,9565,4132],{},[1435,9567,9568],{},"l",[1435,9570,8859],{},[1442,9572,9573],{"encoding":1444},"base^{exposant} \\bmod modulo",[1267,9575,9577,9661],{"className":9576,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,9578,9580,9584,9588,9591,9640,9643,9646,9655,9658],{"className":9579},[1454],[1267,9581],{"className":9582,"style":9583},[1458],"height:0.7936em;",[1267,9585,9587],{"className":9586},[1463,1467],"ba",[1267,9589,9520],{"className":9590},[1463,1467],[1267,9592,9594,9597],{"className":9593},[1463],[1267,9595,4541],{"className":9596},[1463,1467],[1267,9598,9600],{"className":9599},[1472],[1267,9601,9603],{"className":9602},[1476],[1267,9604,9606],{"className":9605},[1481],[1267,9607,9609],{"className":9608,"style":9583},[1485],[1267,9610,9611,9614],{"style":4585},[1267,9612],{"className":9613,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,9615,9617],{"className":9616},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,9618,9620,9623,9626,9629,9633,9637],{"className":9619},[1463,1501],[1267,9621,4541],{"className":9622},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,9624,9531],{"className":9625},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,9627,599],{"className":9628},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,9630,9632],{"className":9631},[1463,1467,1501],"os",[1267,9634,9636],{"className":9635},[1463,1467,1501],"an",[1267,9638,1775],{"className":9639},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,9641],{"className":9642,"style":8933},[2388],[1267,9644],{"className":9645,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,9647,9649],{"className":9648},[4383],[1267,9650,9652],{"className":9651},[1463],[1267,9653,8947],{"className":9654},[1463,8946],[1267,9656],{"className":9657,"style":8933},[2388],[1267,9659],{"className":9660,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,9662,9664,9667,9670,9673,9676,9679,9683],{"className":9663},[1454],[1267,9665],{"className":9666,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,9668,8856],{"className":9669},[1463,1467],[1267,9671,8859],{"className":9672},[1463,1467],[1267,9674,4535],{"className":9675},[1463,1467],[1267,9677,4132],{"className":9678},[1463,1467],[1267,9680,9568],{"className":9681,"style":9682},[1463,1467],"margin-right:0.0197em;",[1267,9684,8859],{"className":9685},[1463,1467]," efficacement, sans construire l'entier\ngéant intermédiaire. C'est l'opération de base de RSA.",[791,9688,9690,9695],{"correct":793,"slug":9689},"chiffrement-asymetrique-c1",[796,9691,9692],{"v-slot:question":798},[599,9693,9694],{},"Dans RSA, la sécurité repose sur la difficulté de…",[796,9696,9697],{"v-slot:choices":798},[805,9698,9699,9702,9705],{},[808,9700,9701],{},"multiplier deux grands nombres",[808,9703,9704],{},"factoriser un grand nombre en deux premiers",[808,9706,9707],{},"additionner modulo n",[594,9709,9711],{"id":9710},"que-peut-on-faire-avec-une-paire-de-clés","Que peut-on faire avec une paire de clés ?",[599,9713,9714],{},"L'asymétrie autorise deux usages complémentaires :",[652,9716,9717,9733],{},[655,9718,9719],{},[658,9720,9721,9724,9727,9730],{},[661,9722,9723],{},"Opération",[661,9725,9726],{},"Clé utilisée pour chiffrer",[661,9728,9729],{},"Clé utilisée pour déchiffrer",[661,9731,9732],{},"But",[668,9734,9735,9923],{},[658,9736,9737,9742,9829,9920],{},[673,9738,9739],{},[603,9740,9741],{},"Confidentialité",[673,9743,9744,9828],{},[1267,9745,9747,9770],{"className":9746},[1416],[1267,9748,9750],{"className":9749},[1420],[1422,9751,9752],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,9753,9754,9768],{},[1429,9755,9756],{},[1432,9757,9758,9760],{},[1435,9759,7459],{},[1429,9761,9762,9764,9766],{},[1435,9763,599],{},[1435,9765,4132],{},[1435,9767,7468],{},[1442,9769,7471],{"encoding":1444},[1267,9771,9773],{"className":9772,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,9774,9776,9779],{"className":9775},[1454],[1267,9777],{"className":9778,"style":7481},[1458],[1267,9780,9782,9785],{"className":9781},[1463],[1267,9783,7459],{"className":9784,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,9786,9788],{"className":9787},[1472],[1267,9789,9791,9820],{"className":9790},[1476,1477],[1267,9792,9794,9817],{"className":9793},[1481],[1267,9795,9797],{"className":9796,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,9798,9799,9802],{"style":7502},[1267,9800],{"className":9801,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,9803,9805],{"className":9804},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,9806,9808,9811,9814],{"className":9807},[1463,1501],[1267,9809,599],{"className":9810},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,9812,4132],{"className":9813},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,9815,7468],{"className":9816},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,9818,1509],{"className":9819},[1508],[1267,9821,9823],{"className":9822},[1481],[1267,9824,9826],{"className":9825,"style":7530},[1485],[1267,9827],{}," du destinataire",[673,9830,9831,9828],{},[1267,9832,9834,9859],{"className":9833},[1416],[1267,9835,9837],{"className":9836},[1420],[1422,9838,9839],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,9840,9841,9857],{},[1429,9842,9843],{},[1432,9844,9845,9847],{},[1435,9846,7459],{},[1429,9848,9849,9851,9853,9855],{},[1435,9850,599],{},[1435,9852,7565],{},[1435,9854,7568],{},[1435,9856,4138],{},[1442,9858,7573],{"encoding":1444},[1267,9860,9862],{"className":9861,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,9863,9865,9868],{"className":9864},[1454],[1267,9866],{"className":9867,"style":7481},[1458],[1267,9869,9871,9874],{"className":9870},[1463],[1267,9872,7459],{"className":9873,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,9875,9877],{"className":9876},[1472],[1267,9878,9880,9912],{"className":9879},[1476,1477],[1267,9881,9883,9909],{"className":9882},[1481],[1267,9884,9886],{"className":9885,"style":7601},[1485],[1267,9887,9888,9891],{"style":7502},[1267,9889],{"className":9890,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,9892,9894],{"className":9893},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,9895,9897,9900,9903,9906],{"className":9896},[1463,1501],[1267,9898,599],{"className":9899},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,9901,7565],{"className":9902,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,9904,7568],{"className":9905},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,9907,4138],{"className":9908,"style":4176},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,9910,1509],{"className":9911},[1508],[1267,9913,9915],{"className":9914},[1481],[1267,9916,9918],{"className":9917,"style":7530},[1485],[1267,9919],{},[673,9921,9922],{},"Seul le destinataire lit",[658,9924,9925,9930,10022,10108],{},[673,9926,9927],{},[603,9928,9929],{},"Signature",[673,9931,9932,10021],{},[1267,9933,9935,9960],{"className":9934},[1416],[1267,9936,9938],{"className":9937},[1420],[1422,9939,9940],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,9941,9942,9958],{},[1429,9943,9944],{},[1432,9945,9946,9948],{},[1435,9947,7459],{},[1429,9949,9950,9952,9954,9956],{},[1435,9951,599],{},[1435,9953,7565],{},[1435,9955,7568],{},[1435,9957,4138],{},[1442,9959,7573],{"encoding":1444},[1267,9961,9963],{"className":9962,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,9964,9966,9969],{"className":9965},[1454],[1267,9967],{"className":9968,"style":7481},[1458],[1267,9970,9972,9975],{"className":9971},[1463],[1267,9973,7459],{"className":9974,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,9976,9978],{"className":9977},[1472],[1267,9979,9981,10013],{"className":9980},[1476,1477],[1267,9982,9984,10010],{"className":9983},[1481],[1267,9985,9987],{"className":9986,"style":7601},[1485],[1267,9988,9989,9992],{"style":7502},[1267,9990],{"className":9991,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,9993,9995],{"className":9994},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,9996,9998,10001,10004,10007],{"className":9997},[1463,1501],[1267,9999,599],{"className":10000},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,10002,7565],{"className":10003,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,10005,7568],{"className":10006},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,10008,4138],{"className":10009,"style":4176},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,10011,1509],{"className":10012},[1508],[1267,10014,10016],{"className":10015},[1481],[1267,10017,10019],{"className":10018,"style":7530},[1485],[1267,10020],{}," de l'expéditeur",[673,10023,10024,10021],{},[1267,10025,10027,10050],{"className":10026},[1416],[1267,10028,10030],{"className":10029},[1420],[1422,10031,10032],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,10033,10034,10048],{},[1429,10035,10036],{},[1432,10037,10038,10040],{},[1435,10039,7459],{},[1429,10041,10042,10044,10046],{},[1435,10043,599],{},[1435,10045,4132],{},[1435,10047,7468],{},[1442,10049,7471],{"encoding":1444},[1267,10051,10053],{"className":10052,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,10054,10056,10059],{"className":10055},[1454],[1267,10057],{"className":10058,"style":7481},[1458],[1267,10060,10062,10065],{"className":10061},[1463],[1267,10063,7459],{"className":10064,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,10066,10068],{"className":10067},[1472],[1267,10069,10071,10100],{"className":10070},[1476,1477],[1267,10072,10074,10097],{"className":10073},[1481],[1267,10075,10077],{"className":10076,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,10078,10079,10082],{"style":7502},[1267,10080],{"className":10081,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,10083,10085],{"className":10084},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,10086,10088,10091,10094],{"className":10087},[1463,1501],[1267,10089,599],{"className":10090},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,10092,4132],{"className":10093},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,10095,7468],{"className":10096},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,10098,1509],{"className":10099},[1508],[1267,10101,10103],{"className":10102},[1481],[1267,10104,10106],{"className":10105,"style":7530},[1485],[1267,10107],{},[673,10109,10110],{},"N'importe qui peut vérifier que c'est bien l'expéditeur",[599,10112,10113,10114,10117,10118,10207,10208,10236,10237,10424,10425,10428,10429,10432],{},"Dans le cas de la ",[603,10115,10116],{},"signature",", on inverse les rôles : seul Bob, qui\ndétient ",[1267,10119,10121,10146],{"className":10120},[1416],[1267,10122,10124],{"className":10123},[1420],[1422,10125,10126],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,10127,10128,10144],{},[1429,10129,10130],{},[1432,10131,10132,10134],{},[1435,10133,7459],{},[1429,10135,10136,10138,10140,10142],{},[1435,10137,599],{},[1435,10139,7565],{},[1435,10141,7568],{},[1435,10143,4138],{},[1442,10145,7573],{"encoding":1444},[1267,10147,10149],{"className":10148,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,10150,10152,10155],{"className":10151},[1454],[1267,10153],{"className":10154,"style":7481},[1458],[1267,10156,10158,10161],{"className":10157},[1463],[1267,10159,7459],{"className":10160,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,10162,10164],{"className":10163},[1472],[1267,10165,10167,10199],{"className":10166},[1476,1477],[1267,10168,10170,10196],{"className":10169},[1481],[1267,10171,10173],{"className":10172,"style":7601},[1485],[1267,10174,10175,10178],{"style":7502},[1267,10176],{"className":10177,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,10179,10181],{"className":10180},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,10182,10184,10187,10190,10193],{"className":10183},[1463,1501],[1267,10185,599],{"className":10186},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,10188,7565],{"className":10189,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,10191,7568],{"className":10192},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,10194,4138],{"className":10195,"style":4176},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,10197,1509],{"className":10198},[1508],[1267,10200,10202],{"className":10201},[1481],[1267,10203,10205],{"className":10204,"style":7530},[1485],[1267,10206],{}," de Bob, peut produire ",[1267,10209,10211,10224],{"className":10210},[1416],[1267,10212,10214],{"className":10213},[1420],[1422,10215,10216],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,10217,10218,10222],{},[1429,10219,10220],{},[1435,10221,4732],{},[1442,10223,4732],{"encoding":1444},[1267,10225,10227],{"className":10226,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,10228,10230,10233],{"className":10229},[1454],[1267,10231],{"className":10232,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,10234,4732],{"className":10235,"style":4773},[1463,1467]," tel que ",[1267,10238,10240,10287],{"className":10239},[1416],[1267,10241,10243],{"className":10242},[1420],[1422,10244,10245],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,10246,10247,10284],{},[1429,10248,10249,10274,10276,10278,10280,10282],{},[1432,10250,10251,10253],{},[1435,10252,4737],{},[1432,10254,10255,10257],{},[1435,10256,7459],{},[1429,10258,10259,10261,10263,10265,10268,10270,10272],{},[1435,10260,599],{},[1435,10262,4132],{},[1435,10264,7468],{},[2302,10266,10267],{},"−",[1435,10269,1596],{},[1435,10271,8859],{},[1435,10273,7468],{},[2302,10275,4129],{"stretchy":4128},[1435,10277,4732],{},[2302,10279,4141],{"stretchy":4128},[2302,10281,5775],{},[1435,10283,5666],{},[1442,10285,10286],{"encoding":1444},"D_{K_{pub-Bob}}(C)\n= M",[1267,10288,10290,10415],{"className":10289,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,10291,10293,10296,10397,10400,10403,10406,10409,10412],{"className":10292},[1454],[1267,10294],{"className":10295,"style":7744},[1458],[1267,10297,10299,10302],{"className":10298},[1463],[1267,10300,4737],{"className":10301,"style":4783},[1463,1467],[1267,10303,10305],{"className":10304},[1472],[1267,10306,10308,10389],{"className":10307},[1476,1477],[1267,10309,10311,10386],{"className":10310},[1481],[1267,10312,10314],{"className":10313,"style":7763},[1485],[1267,10315,10316,10319],{"style":5932},[1267,10317],{"className":10318,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,10320,10322],{"className":10321},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,10323,10325],{"className":10324},[1463,1501],[1267,10326,10328,10331],{"className":10327},[1463,1501],[1267,10329,7459],{"className":10330,"style":4773},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,10332,10334],{"className":10333},[1472],[1267,10335,10337,10378],{"className":10336},[1476,1477],[1267,10338,10340,10375],{"className":10339},[1481],[1267,10341,10343],{"className":10342,"style":7793},[1485],[1267,10344,10345,10348],{"style":7796},[1267,10346],{"className":10347,"style":7800},[1493],[1267,10349,10351],{"className":10350},[1498,7804,7805,1501],[1267,10352,10354,10357,10360,10363,10366,10369,10372],{"className":10353},[1463,1501],[1267,10355,599],{"className":10356},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,10358,4132],{"className":10359},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,10361,7468],{"className":10362},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,10364,10267],{"className":10365},[4383,1501],[1267,10367,1596],{"className":10368,"style":4763},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,10370,8859],{"className":10371},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,10373,7468],{"className":10374},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,10376,1509],{"className":10377},[1508],[1267,10379,10381],{"className":10380},[1481],[1267,10382,10384],{"className":10383,"style":7827},[1485],[1267,10385],{},[1267,10387,1509],{"className":10388},[1508],[1267,10390,10392],{"className":10391},[1481],[1267,10393,10395],{"className":10394,"style":7839},[1485],[1267,10396],{},[1267,10398,4129],{"className":10399},[4161],[1267,10401,4732],{"className":10402,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,10404,4141],{"className":10405},[4180],[1267,10407],{"className":10408,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,10410,5775],{"className":10411},[2393],[1267,10413],{"className":10414,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,10416,10418,10421],{"className":10417},[1454],[1267,10419],{"className":10420,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,10422,5666],{"className":10423,"style":5681},[1463,1467],". C'est une ",[603,10426,10427],{},"preuve d'identité"," vérifiable par tous. La signature\nest essentielle pour les ",[603,10430,10431],{},"certificats"," que vous croiserez avec HTTPS.",[2232,10434,10435],{},[599,10436,10437,10440,10441,10443,10444,10447],{},[603,10438,10439],{},"Le chiffrement asymétrique est lent."," RSA met typiquement 1000 à\n10 000 fois plus de temps qu'AES pour chiffrer la même quantité de\ndonnées. On ne l'utilise donc ",[603,10442,3157],{}," pour chiffrer le gros d'une\ncommunication — on s'en sert pour ",[603,10445,10446],{},"échanger une clé symétrique",", plus\ncourte, qui prend ensuite le relais. C'est le mécanisme central\nd'HTTPS, vu au cours suivant.",[791,10449,10451,10456],{"correct":793,"slug":10450},"chiffrement-asymetrique-c2",[796,10452,10453],{"v-slot:question":798},[599,10454,10455],{},"Si Alice veut envoyer un message confidentiel à Bob, elle chiffre avec…",[796,10457,10458],{"v-slot:choices":798},[805,10459,10460,10463,10466],{},[808,10461,10462],{},"sa propre clé privée",[808,10464,10465],{},"la clé publique de Bob",[808,10467,10468],{},"la clé privée de Bob",[594,10470,3096],{"id":3095},[849,10472,10473],{},[599,10474,10475,10478,10479,10482,10483,922],{},[603,10476,10477],{},"Activité débranchée — la boîte aux lettres",". Bob fabrique une boîte\nverrouillable avec une serrure dont ",[603,10480,10481],{},"lui seul"," a la clé. Il distribue à\ntoute la classe des cadenas ouverts qui ferment cette boîte. Alice écrit\nun message, le glisse dans la boîte, referme avec un cadenas. Elle remet\nla boîte à Bob (par main, par fil, par drone). Seul Bob peut ouvrir\n— même si la boîte transite par dix intermédiaires curieux. ",[603,10484,10485],{},"Le\ncadenas est la clé publique, la clé de la serrure est la clé privée",[594,10487,911],{"id":910},[599,10489,10490,10491,10494,10495,10498,10499,922],{},"D'autres systèmes asymétriques existent : ",[603,10492,10493],{},"Diffie-Hellman"," (échange de\nclé), ",[603,10496,10497],{},"ECC"," (cryptographie sur courbes elliptiques, plus compacte que\nRSA à sécurité équivalente). RSA reste le plus enseigné parce qu'il\nillustre directement le rôle du modulo et de l'exponentiation — deux\nopérations que vous savez écrire en Python avec ",[1065,10500,10501],{},"pow(a, b, n)",[648,10503],{"code":5610},[1350,10505,7370],{},{"title":798,"searchDepth":926,"depth":926,"links":10507},[10508,10509,10510,10511,10512,10513],{"id":596,"depth":926,"text":597},{"id":7427,"depth":926,"text":7428},{"id":8366,"depth":926,"text":8367},{"id":9710,"depth":926,"text":9711},{"id":3095,"depth":926,"text":3096},{"id":910,"depth":926,"text":911},"Une paire clé publique \u002F clé privée pour chiffrer sans avoir à partager de secret au préalable — l'idée de RSA, fondée sur le modulo et l'exponentiation, et ce que cela rend possible.",{},[10517,10519],{"slug":9689,"kind":945,"question":9694,"choices":10518,"correct":793,"multi":947,"explanation":798},[9701,9704,9707],{"slug":10450,"kind":945,"question":10455,"choices":10520,"correct":793,"multi":947,"explanation":798},[10462,10465,10468],{"title":529,"description":10514},"lihEOe-dRnVlYR8ano-IiwHchxXKU4cEE8k8gcyAJMQ",{"id":10524,"title":533,"bo":10525,"body":10526,"description":12938,"eval":939,"extension":940,"labo":939,"meta":12939,"navigation":942,"path":534,"quizzes":12940,"readingTime":950,"seo":12945,"stem":535,"tp":939,"__hash__":12946},"cours\u002F2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F8.https-tls.md",[5610],{"type":591,"value":10527,"toc":12929},[10528,10530,10565,10569,10572,10623,10629,10647,10654,10658,10665,11575,11580,11716,11737,11741,11744,12015,12146,12150,12157,12171,12178,12210,12231,12235,12879,12881,12927],[594,10529,597],{"id":596},[599,10531,10532,10533,10535,10536,10539,10540,10543,10544,10546,10547,10550,10551,10553,10554,10557,10558,10561,10562,10564],{},"Vous avez vu le chiffrement ",[603,10534,6254],{}," (rapide, mais clé partagée à\néchanger) et le chiffrement ",[603,10537,10538],{},"asymétrique"," (échange sans contact\npréalable, mais lent). En pratique, le Web sécurise ses communications\nen ",[603,10541,10542],{},"combinant les deux"," : c'est exactement ce que demande\n",[648,10545],{"code":5610},". L'image qui aide à fixer le mécanisme est celle de la\n",[603,10548,10549],{},"valise diplomatique"," : on commence par échanger une ",[603,10552,5752],{}," sous la\nprotection d'un dispositif coûteux (l'asymétrique), puis cette clé sert à\nouvrir et fermer une simple valise pour tout le reste de la\ncorrespondance (le symétrique). Le protocole qui orchestre cette\ncombinaison s'appelle ",[603,10555,10556],{},"HTTPS"," — ",[620,10559,10560],{},"HTTP over TLS",". Quand vous voyez le cadenas\ndans la barre du navigateur, c'est HTTPS qui est à l'œuvre. Ce cours\ndécrit le mécanisme central — l'",[603,10563,7316],{}," — sans entrer dans\nles détails de la négociation TLS, que le programme officiel\nexclut explicitement (« la négociation SSL n'est pas abordée »).",[594,10566,10568],{"id":10567},"pourquoi-combiner-les-deux","Pourquoi combiner les deux ?",[599,10570,10571],{},"Récapitulons ce que vous savez :",[652,10573,10574,10587],{},[655,10575,10576],{},[658,10577,10578,10581,10584],{},[661,10579,10580],{},"Chiffrement",[661,10582,10583],{},"Avantage",[661,10585,10586],{},"Inconvénient",[668,10588,10589,10607],{},[658,10590,10591,10594,10600],{},[673,10592,10593],{},"Symétrique",[673,10595,10596,10597,10599],{},"Très ",[603,10598,7265],{},", peu coûteux",[673,10601,10602,10603,10606],{},"Nécessite une clé ",[603,10604,10605],{},"partagée"," au préalable",[658,10608,10609,10612,10617],{},[673,10610,10611],{},"Asymétrique",[673,10613,10614],{},[603,10615,10616],{},"Pas de partage préalable",[673,10618,10619,10622],{},[603,10620,10621],{},"Lent",", inadapté aux longs messages",[599,10624,10625,10626,3339],{},"L'idée d'HTTPS est de prendre ",[603,10627,10628],{},"le meilleur des deux",[805,10630,10631,10641],{},[808,10632,10633,10636,10637,10640],{},[603,10634,10635],{},"L'asymétrique"," sert ",[603,10638,10639],{},"uniquement"," au démarrage, pour transmettre\nune clé symétrique fraîche.",[808,10642,10643,10646],{},[603,10644,10645],{},"Le symétrique"," prend ensuite le relais pour toute la conversation.",[599,10648,10649,10650,10653],{},"L'asymétrique n'intervient donc que sur quelques centaines d'octets — la\n",[603,10651,10652],{},"clé de session",". Le coût en performance est négligeable. Ensuite, AES\n(ou équivalent) chiffre les pages, les images, les requêtes — c'est\nrapide.",[594,10655,10657],{"id":10656},"le-handshake-https-version-simplifiée","Le handshake HTTPS — version simplifiée",[599,10659,10660,10661,10664],{},"Quand votre navigateur ouvre une connexion vers ",[1065,10662,10663],{},"https:\u002F\u002Fnsi.rocks",", il\nse passe (en gros, en ignorant les détails TLS) ceci :",[1029,10666,10667,10673,10802,10836,11186,11540],{},[808,10668,10669,10672],{},[603,10670,10671],{},"Le client ouvre la connexion"," vers le serveur sur le port 443.",[808,10674,10675,10678,10679,10681,10801],{},[603,10676,10677],{},"Le serveur envoie son certificat",", qui contient sa ",[603,10680,7442],{},[1267,10682,10684,10724],{"className":10683},[1416],[1267,10685,10687],{"className":10686},[1420],[1422,10688,10689],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,10690,10691,10721],{},[1429,10692,10693],{},[1432,10694,10695,10697],{},[1435,10696,7459],{},[1429,10698,10699,10701,10703,10705,10707,10709,10711,10713,10715,10717,10719],{},[1435,10700,599],{},[1435,10702,4132],{},[1435,10704,7468],{},[2302,10706,10267],{},[1435,10708,9520],{},[1435,10710,4541],{},[1435,10712,7565],{},[1435,10714,4138],{},[1435,10716,4541],{},[1435,10718,4132],{},[1435,10720,7565],{},[1442,10722,10723],{"encoding":1444},"K_{pub-serveur}",[1267,10725,10727],{"className":10726,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,10728,10730,10733],{"className":10729},[1454],[1267,10731],{"className":10732,"style":7481},[1458],[1267,10734,10736,10739],{"className":10735},[1463],[1267,10737,7459],{"className":10738,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,10740,10742],{"className":10741},[1472],[1267,10743,10745,10793],{"className":10744},[1476,1477],[1267,10746,10748,10790],{"className":10747},[1481],[1267,10749,10751],{"className":10750,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,10752,10753,10756],{"style":7502},[1267,10754],{"className":10755,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,10757,10759],{"className":10758},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,10760,10762,10765,10768,10771,10774,10778,10781,10784,10787],{"className":10761},[1463,1501],[1267,10763,599],{"className":10764},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,10766,4132],{"className":10767},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,10769,7468],{"className":10770},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,10772,10267],{"className":10773},[4383,1501],[1267,10775,10777],{"className":10776,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],"ser",[1267,10779,4138],{"className":10780,"style":4176},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,10782,4541],{"className":10783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,10785,4132],{"className":10786},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,10788,7565],{"className":10789,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,10791,1509],{"className":10792},[1508],[1267,10794,10796],{"className":10795},[1481],[1267,10797,10799],{"className":10798,"style":7530},[1485],[1267,10800],{},". Le certificat est signé par une autorité reconnue,\nce qui permet au navigateur de vérifier qu'il parle bien au bon\nserveur.",[808,10803,10804,4110,10807,10835],{},[603,10805,10806],{},"Le client génère une clé symétrique aléatoire",[1267,10808,10810,10823],{"className":10809},[1416],[1267,10811,10813],{"className":10812},[1420],[1422,10814,10815],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,10816,10817,10821],{},[1429,10818,10819],{},[1435,10820,5733],{},[1442,10822,5733],{"encoding":1444},[1267,10824,10826],{"className":10825,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,10827,10829,10832],{"className":10828},[1454],[1267,10830],{"className":10831,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,10833,5733],{"className":10834,"style":5748},[1463,1467]," (par exemple\n256 bits pour AES-256).",[808,10837,10838,10869,10870,11114,11115,11185],{},[603,10839,10840,10841],{},"Le client chiffre ",[1267,10842,10844,10857],{"className":10843},[1416],[1267,10845,10847],{"className":10846},[1420],[1422,10848,10849],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,10850,10851,10855],{},[1429,10852,10853],{},[1435,10854,5733],{},[1442,10856,5733],{"encoding":1444},[1267,10858,10860],{"className":10859,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,10861,10863,10866],{"className":10862},[1454],[1267,10864],{"className":10865,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,10867,5733],{"className":10868,"style":5748},[1463,1467]," avec la clé publique du serveur :\n",[1267,10871,10873],{"className":10872},[5757],[1267,10874,10876,10934],{"className":10875},[1416],[1267,10877,10879],{"className":10878},[1420],[1422,10880,10881],{"xmlns":1424,"display":5766},[1426,10882,10883,10931],{},[1429,10884,10885,10891,10893,10925,10927,10929],{},[1432,10886,10887,10889],{},[1435,10888,4732],{},[1435,10890,5733],{},[2302,10892,5775],{},[1432,10894,10895,10897],{},[1435,10896,5780],{},[1432,10898,10899,10901],{},[1435,10900,7459],{},[1429,10902,10903,10905,10907,10909,10911,10913,10915,10917,10919,10921,10923],{},[1435,10904,599],{},[1435,10906,4132],{},[1435,10908,7468],{},[2302,10910,10267],{},[1435,10912,9520],{},[1435,10914,4541],{},[1435,10916,7565],{},[1435,10918,4138],{},[1435,10920,4541],{},[1435,10922,4132],{},[1435,10924,7565],{},[2302,10926,4129],{"stretchy":4128},[1435,10928,5733],{},[2302,10930,4141],{"stretchy":4128},[1442,10932,10933],{"encoding":1444},"C_k = E_{K_{pub-serveur}}(k)",[1267,10935,10937,10992],{"className":10936,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,10938,10940,10943,10983,10986,10989],{"className":10939},[1454],[1267,10941],{"className":10942,"style":1459},[1458],[1267,10944,10946,10949],{"className":10945},[1463],[1267,10947,4732],{"className":10948,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,10950,10952],{"className":10951},[1472],[1267,10953,10955,10975],{"className":10954},[1476,1477],[1267,10956,10958,10972],{"className":10957},[1481],[1267,10959,10961],{"className":10960,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,10962,10963,10966],{"style":7502},[1267,10964],{"className":10965,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,10967,10969],{"className":10968},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,10970,5733],{"className":10971,"style":5748},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,10973,1509],{"className":10974},[1508],[1267,10976,10978],{"className":10977},[1481],[1267,10979,10981],{"className":10980,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,10982],{},[1267,10984],{"className":10985,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,10987,5775],{"className":10988},[2393],[1267,10990],{"className":10991,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,10993,10995,10998,11105,11108,11111],{"className":10994},[1454],[1267,10996],{"className":10997,"style":7744},[1458],[1267,10999,11001,11004],{"className":11000},[1463],[1267,11002,5780],{"className":11003,"style":5844},[1463,1467],[1267,11005,11007],{"className":11006},[1472],[1267,11008,11010,11097],{"className":11009},[1476,1477],[1267,11011,11013,11094],{"className":11012},[1481],[1267,11014,11016],{"className":11015,"style":7763},[1485],[1267,11017,11018,11021],{"style":5860},[1267,11019],{"className":11020,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,11022,11024],{"className":11023},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,11025,11027],{"className":11026},[1463,1501],[1267,11028,11030,11033],{"className":11029},[1463,1501],[1267,11031,7459],{"className":11032,"style":4773},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,11034,11036],{"className":11035},[1472],[1267,11037,11039,11086],{"className":11038},[1476,1477],[1267,11040,11042,11083],{"className":11041},[1481],[1267,11043,11045],{"className":11044,"style":7793},[1485],[1267,11046,11047,11050],{"style":7796},[1267,11048],{"className":11049,"style":7800},[1493],[1267,11051,11053],{"className":11052},[1498,7804,7805,1501],[1267,11054,11056,11059,11062,11065,11068,11071,11074,11077,11080],{"className":11055},[1463,1501],[1267,11057,599],{"className":11058},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,11060,4132],{"className":11061},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,11063,7468],{"className":11064},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,11066,10267],{"className":11067},[4383,1501],[1267,11069,10777],{"className":11070,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,11072,4138],{"className":11073,"style":4176},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,11075,4541],{"className":11076},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,11078,4132],{"className":11079},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,11081,7565],{"className":11082,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,11084,1509],{"className":11085},[1508],[1267,11087,11089],{"className":11088},[1481],[1267,11090,11092],{"className":11091,"style":7827},[1485],[1267,11093],{},[1267,11095,1509],{"className":11096},[1508],[1267,11098,11100],{"className":11099},[1481],[1267,11101,11103],{"className":11102,"style":7839},[1485],[1267,11104],{},[1267,11106,4129],{"className":11107},[4161],[1267,11109,5733],{"className":11110,"style":5748},[1463,1467],[1267,11112,4141],{"className":11113},[4180],"\net envoie ",[1267,11116,11118,11136],{"className":11117},[1416],[1267,11119,11121],{"className":11120},[1420],[1422,11122,11123],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,11124,11125,11133],{},[1429,11126,11127],{},[1432,11128,11129,11131],{},[1435,11130,4732],{},[1435,11132,5733],{},[1442,11134,11135],{"encoding":1444},"C_k",[1267,11137,11139],{"className":11138,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,11140,11142,11145],{"className":11141},[1454],[1267,11143],{"className":11144,"style":1459},[1458],[1267,11146,11148,11151],{"className":11147},[1463],[1267,11149,4732],{"className":11150,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,11152,11154],{"className":11153},[1472],[1267,11155,11157,11177],{"className":11156},[1476,1477],[1267,11158,11160,11174],{"className":11159},[1481],[1267,11161,11163],{"className":11162,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,11164,11165,11168],{"style":7502},[1267,11166],{"className":11167,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,11169,11171],{"className":11170},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,11172,5733],{"className":11173,"style":5748},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,11175,1509],{"className":11176},[1508],[1267,11178,11180],{"className":11179},[1481],[1267,11181,11183],{"className":11182,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,11184],{}," au serveur.",[808,11187,11188,4110,11191,11260,11261,11510,11511,11539],{},[603,11189,11190],{},"Le serveur déchiffre",[1267,11192,11194,11211],{"className":11193},[1416],[1267,11195,11197],{"className":11196},[1420],[1422,11198,11199],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,11200,11201,11209],{},[1429,11202,11203],{},[1432,11204,11205,11207],{},[1435,11206,4732],{},[1435,11208,5733],{},[1442,11210,11135],{"encoding":1444},[1267,11212,11214],{"className":11213,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,11215,11217,11220],{"className":11216},[1454],[1267,11218],{"className":11219,"style":1459},[1458],[1267,11221,11223,11226],{"className":11222},[1463],[1267,11224,4732],{"className":11225,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,11227,11229],{"className":11228},[1472],[1267,11230,11232,11252],{"className":11231},[1476,1477],[1267,11233,11235,11249],{"className":11234},[1481],[1267,11236,11238],{"className":11237,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,11239,11240,11243],{"style":7502},[1267,11241],{"className":11242,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,11244,11246],{"className":11245},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,11247,5733],{"className":11248,"style":5748},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,11250,1509],{"className":11251},[1508],[1267,11253,11255],{"className":11254},[1481],[1267,11256,11258],{"className":11257,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,11259],{}," avec sa clé privée :\n",[1267,11262,11264],{"className":11263},[5757],[1267,11265,11267,11327],{"className":11266},[1416],[1267,11268,11270],{"className":11269},[1420],[1422,11271,11272],{"xmlns":1424,"display":5766},[1426,11273,11274,11324],{},[1429,11275,11276,11278,11280,11314,11316,11322],{},[1435,11277,5733],{},[2302,11279,5775],{},[1432,11281,11282,11284],{},[1435,11283,4737],{},[1432,11285,11286,11288],{},[1435,11287,7459],{},[1429,11289,11290,11292,11294,11296,11298,11300,11302,11304,11306,11308,11310,11312],{},[1435,11291,599],{},[1435,11293,7565],{},[1435,11295,7568],{},[1435,11297,4138],{},[2302,11299,10267],{},[1435,11301,9520],{},[1435,11303,4541],{},[1435,11305,7565],{},[1435,11307,4138],{},[1435,11309,4541],{},[1435,11311,4132],{},[1435,11313,7565],{},[2302,11315,4129],{"stretchy":4128},[1432,11317,11318,11320],{},[1435,11319,4732],{},[1435,11321,5733],{},[2302,11323,4141],{"stretchy":4128},[1442,11325,11326],{"encoding":1444},"k = D_{K_{priv-serveur}}(C_k)",[1267,11328,11330,11348],{"className":11329,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,11331,11333,11336,11339,11342,11345],{"className":11332},[1454],[1267,11334],{"className":11335,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,11337,5733],{"className":11338,"style":5748},[1463,1467],[1267,11340],{"className":11341,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,11343,5775],{"className":11344},[2393],[1267,11346],{"className":11347,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,11349,11351,11354,11464,11467,11507],{"className":11350},[1454],[1267,11352],{"className":11353,"style":7872},[1458],[1267,11355,11357,11360],{"className":11356},[1463],[1267,11358,4737],{"className":11359,"style":4783},[1463,1467],[1267,11361,11363],{"className":11362},[1472],[1267,11364,11366,11456],{"className":11365},[1476,1477],[1267,11367,11369,11453],{"className":11368},[1481],[1267,11370,11372],{"className":11371,"style":7763},[1485],[1267,11373,11374,11377],{"style":5932},[1267,11375],{"className":11376,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,11378,11380],{"className":11379},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,11381,11383],{"className":11382},[1463,1501],[1267,11384,11386,11389],{"className":11385},[1463,1501],[1267,11387,7459],{"className":11388,"style":4773},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,11390,11392],{"className":11391},[1472],[1267,11393,11395,11445],{"className":11394},[1476,1477],[1267,11396,11398,11442],{"className":11397},[1481],[1267,11399,11401],{"className":11400,"style":7920},[1485],[1267,11402,11403,11406],{"style":7923},[1267,11404],{"className":11405,"style":7800},[1493],[1267,11407,11409],{"className":11408},[1498,7804,7805,1501],[1267,11410,11412,11415,11418,11421,11424,11427,11430,11433,11436,11439],{"className":11411},[1463,1501],[1267,11413,599],{"className":11414},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,11416,7565],{"className":11417,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,11419,7568],{"className":11420},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,11422,4138],{"className":11423,"style":4176},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,11425,10267],{"className":11426},[4383,1501],[1267,11428,10777],{"className":11429,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,11431,4138],{"className":11432,"style":4176},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,11434,4541],{"className":11435},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,11437,4132],{"className":11438},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,11440,7565],{"className":11441,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,11443,1509],{"className":11444},[1508],[1267,11446,11448],{"className":11447},[1481],[1267,11449,11451],{"className":11450,"style":7954},[1485],[1267,11452],{},[1267,11454,1509],{"className":11455},[1508],[1267,11457,11459],{"className":11458},[1481],[1267,11460,11462],{"className":11461,"style":7966},[1485],[1267,11463],{},[1267,11465,4129],{"className":11466},[4161],[1267,11468,11470,11473],{"className":11469},[1463],[1267,11471,4732],{"className":11472,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,11474,11476],{"className":11475},[1472],[1267,11477,11479,11499],{"className":11478},[1476,1477],[1267,11480,11482,11496],{"className":11481},[1481],[1267,11483,11485],{"className":11484,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,11486,11487,11490],{"style":7502},[1267,11488],{"className":11489,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,11491,11493],{"className":11492},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,11494,5733],{"className":11495,"style":5748},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,11497,1509],{"className":11498},[1508],[1267,11500,11502],{"className":11501},[1481],[1267,11503,11505],{"className":11504,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,11506],{},[1267,11508,4141],{"className":11509},[4180],"\nClient et serveur partagent maintenant ",[1267,11512,11514,11527],{"className":11513},[1416],[1267,11515,11517],{"className":11516},[1420],[1422,11518,11519],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,11520,11521,11525],{},[1429,11522,11523],{},[1435,11524,5733],{},[1442,11526,5733],{"encoding":1444},[1267,11528,11530],{"className":11529,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,11531,11533,11536],{"className":11532},[1454],[1267,11534],{"className":11535,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,11537,5733],{"className":11538,"style":5748},[1463,1467],", sans qu'elle ait\njamais transité en clair.",[808,11541,11542,11545,11546,11574],{},[603,11543,11544],{},"À partir d'ici, toute la communication est chiffrée\nsymétriquement"," avec ",[1267,11547,11549,11562],{"className":11548},[1416],[1267,11550,11552],{"className":11551},[1420],[1422,11553,11554],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,11555,11556,11560],{},[1429,11557,11558],{},[1435,11559,5733],{},[1442,11561,5733],{"encoding":1444},[1267,11563,11565],{"className":11564,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,11566,11568,11571],{"className":11567},[1454],[1267,11569],{"className":11570,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,11572,5733],{"className":11573,"style":5748},[1463,1467],", via AES par exemple.",[1151,11576],{"alt":11577,"kind":1154,"src":11578,"svg":11579},"Handshake HTTPS simplifié","\u002Fillustrations\u002F2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fhttps-handshake.svg","\u003Csvg class=\"illustration-svg\" id=\"ill-2-nsi-tale-tc-archi-os-reseaux-https-handshake\" xmlns=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2000\u002Fsvg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" viewBox=\"-32 -16 456 473\" role=\"graphics-document document\" 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dy=\"1em\" style=\"font-family: Geist, Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 500;\">Certificat (K_pub)\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003Cline x1=\"322\" y1=\"161\" x2=\"79\" y2=\"161\" class=\"messageLine1\" data-et=\"message\" data-id=\"i2\" data-from=\"S\" data-to=\"C\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke=\"none\" marker-end=\"url(#ill-2-nsi-tale-tc-archi-os-reseaux-https-handshake-arrowhead)\" style=\"stroke-dasharray: 3, 3; fill: none;\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"317\" y1=\"161\" x2=\"317\" y2=\"161\" stroke-width=\"0\" marker-start=\"url(#ill-2-nsi-tale-tc-archi-os-reseaux-https-handshake-sequencenumber)\"\u002F>\u003Ctext x=\"317\" y=\"165\" font-family=\"sans-serif\" font-size=\"12px\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"sequenceNumber\">2\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003Ctext x=\"195\" y=\"226\" text-anchor=\"middle\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" alignment-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"messageText\" dy=\"1em\" style=\"font-family: Geist, Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 500;\">E_Kpub(k)\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003Cline x1=\"82\" y1=\"259\" x2=\"313\" y2=\"259\" class=\"messageLine0\" data-et=\"message\" data-id=\"i4\" data-from=\"C\" data-to=\"S\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke=\"none\" marker-end=\"url(#ill-2-nsi-tale-tc-archi-os-reseaux-https-handshake-arrowhead)\" style=\"fill: none;\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"75\" y1=\"259\" x2=\"75\" y2=\"259\" stroke-width=\"0\" marker-start=\"url(#ill-2-nsi-tale-tc-archi-os-reseaux-https-handshake-sequencenumber)\"\u002F>\u003Ctext x=\"75\" y=\"263\" font-family=\"sans-serif\" font-size=\"12px\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"sequenceNumber\">3\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003Ctext x=\"195\" y=\"348\" text-anchor=\"middle\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" alignment-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"messageText\" dy=\"1em\" style=\"font-family: Geist, Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 500;\">chiffré avec k\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003Cline x1=\"82\" y1=\"381\" x2=\"313\" y2=\"381\" class=\"messageLine0\" data-et=\"message\" data-id=\"i7\" data-from=\"C\" data-to=\"S\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke=\"none\" marker-end=\"url(#ill-2-nsi-tale-tc-archi-os-reseaux-https-handshake-arrowhead)\" style=\"fill: none;\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"75\" y1=\"381\" x2=\"75\" y2=\"381\" stroke-width=\"0\" marker-start=\"url(#ill-2-nsi-tale-tc-archi-os-reseaux-https-handshake-sequencenumber)\"\u002F>\u003Ctext x=\"75\" y=\"385\" font-family=\"sans-serif\" font-size=\"12px\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"sequenceNumber\">4\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003Ctext x=\"198\" y=\"396\" text-anchor=\"middle\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" alignment-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"messageText\" dy=\"1em\" style=\"font-family: Geist, Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 500;\">chiffré avec k\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003Cline x1=\"322\" y1=\"429\" x2=\"79\" y2=\"429\" class=\"messageLine1\" data-et=\"message\" data-id=\"i8\" data-from=\"S\" data-to=\"C\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke=\"none\" marker-end=\"url(#ill-2-nsi-tale-tc-archi-os-reseaux-https-handshake-arrowhead)\" style=\"stroke-dasharray: 3, 3; fill: none;\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"317\" y1=\"429\" x2=\"317\" y2=\"429\" stroke-width=\"0\" marker-start=\"url(#ill-2-nsi-tale-tc-archi-os-reseaux-https-handshake-sequencenumber)\"\u002F>\u003Ctext x=\"317\" y=\"433\" font-family=\"sans-serif\" font-size=\"12px\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"sequenceNumber\">5\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003C\u002Fsvg>",[778,11581,11582],{},[599,11583,11584,11587,11588,11657,11658,11686,11687,11715],{},[603,11585,11586],{},"Aucune partie sensible ne circule en clair."," La clé publique est\npublique par construction ; le chiffré ",[1267,11589,11591,11608],{"className":11590},[1416],[1267,11592,11594],{"className":11593},[1420],[1422,11595,11596],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,11597,11598,11606],{},[1429,11599,11600],{},[1432,11601,11602,11604],{},[1435,11603,4732],{},[1435,11605,5733],{},[1442,11607,11135],{"encoding":1444},[1267,11609,11611],{"className":11610,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,11612,11614,11617],{"className":11613},[1454],[1267,11615],{"className":11616,"style":1459},[1458],[1267,11618,11620,11623],{"className":11619},[1463],[1267,11621,4732],{"className":11622,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,11624,11626],{"className":11625},[1472],[1267,11627,11629,11649],{"className":11628},[1476,1477],[1267,11630,11632,11646],{"className":11631},[1481],[1267,11633,11635],{"className":11634,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,11636,11637,11640],{"style":7502},[1267,11638],{"className":11639,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,11641,11643],{"className":11642},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,11644,5733],{"className":11645,"style":5748},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,11647,1509],{"className":11648},[1508],[1267,11650,11652],{"className":11651},[1481],[1267,11653,11655],{"className":11654,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,11656],{}," ne révèle pas ",[1267,11659,11661,11674],{"className":11660},[1416],[1267,11662,11664],{"className":11663},[1420],[1422,11665,11666],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,11667,11668,11672],{},[1429,11669,11670],{},[1435,11671,5733],{},[1442,11673,5733],{"encoding":1444},[1267,11675,11677],{"className":11676,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,11678,11680,11683],{"className":11679},[1454],[1267,11681],{"className":11682,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,11684,5733],{"className":11685,"style":5748},[1463,1467]," sans la\nclé privée du serveur ; les messages suivants sont chiffrés avec ",[1267,11688,11690,11703],{"className":11689},[1416],[1267,11691,11693],{"className":11692},[1420],[1422,11694,11695],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,11696,11697,11701],{},[1429,11698,11699],{},[1435,11700,5733],{},[1442,11702,5733],{"encoding":1444},[1267,11704,11706],{"className":11705,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,11707,11709,11712],{"className":11708},[1454],[1267,11710],{"className":11711,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,11713,5733],{"className":11714,"style":5748},[1463,1467],".\nUn espion sur la ligne ne voit que des octets aléatoires.",[791,11717,11719,11724],{"correct":793,"slug":11718},"https-tls-c1",[796,11720,11721],{"v-slot:question":798},[599,11722,11723],{},"Pendant le handshake HTTPS, qu'est-ce qui circule chiffré par la clé publique du serveur ?",[796,11725,11726],{"v-slot:choices":798},[805,11727,11728,11731,11734],{},[808,11729,11730],{},"la page HTML demandée",[808,11732,11733],{},"la clé symétrique de session",[808,11735,11736],{},"la clé privée du serveur",[594,11738,11740],{"id":11739},"pourquoi-cest-sûr","Pourquoi c'est sûr",[599,11742,11743],{},"Trois propriétés s'enchaînent :",[805,11745,11746,11974,12009],{},[808,11747,11748,11875,11876,11945,11946,922],{},[603,11749,11750,11751,922],{},"L'attaquant ne connaît pas ",[1267,11752,11754,11796],{"className":11753},[1416],[1267,11755,11757],{"className":11756},[1420],[1422,11758,11759],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,11760,11761,11793],{},[1429,11762,11763],{},[1432,11764,11765,11767],{},[1435,11766,7459],{},[1429,11768,11769,11771,11773,11775,11777,11779,11781,11783,11785,11787,11789,11791],{},[1435,11770,599],{},[1435,11772,7565],{},[1435,11774,7568],{},[1435,11776,4138],{},[2302,11778,10267],{},[1435,11780,9520],{},[1435,11782,4541],{},[1435,11784,7565],{},[1435,11786,4138],{},[1435,11788,4541],{},[1435,11790,4132],{},[1435,11792,7565],{},[1442,11794,11795],{"encoding":1444},"K_{priv-serveur}",[1267,11797,11799],{"className":11798,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,11800,11802,11805],{"className":11801},[1454],[1267,11803],{"className":11804,"style":7481},[1458],[1267,11806,11808,11811],{"className":11807},[1463],[1267,11809,7459],{"className":11810,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,11812,11814],{"className":11813},[1472],[1267,11815,11817,11867],{"className":11816},[1476,1477],[1267,11818,11820,11864],{"className":11819},[1481],[1267,11821,11823],{"className":11822,"style":7601},[1485],[1267,11824,11825,11828],{"style":7502},[1267,11826],{"className":11827,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,11829,11831],{"className":11830},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,11832,11834,11837,11840,11843,11846,11849,11852,11855,11858,11861],{"className":11833},[1463,1501],[1267,11835,599],{"className":11836},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,11838,7565],{"className":11839,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,11841,7568],{"className":11842},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,11844,4138],{"className":11845,"style":4176},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,11847,10267],{"className":11848},[4383,1501],[1267,11850,10777],{"className":11851,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,11853,4138],{"className":11854,"style":4176},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,11856,4541],{"className":11857},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,11859,4132],{"className":11860},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,11862,7565],{"className":11863,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,11865,1509],{"className":11866},[1508],[1267,11868,11870],{"className":11869},[1481],[1267,11871,11873],{"className":11872,"style":7530},[1485],[1267,11874],{}," Seul le serveur la\npossède. Il ne peut donc pas déchiffrer ",[1267,11877,11879,11896],{"className":11878},[1416],[1267,11880,11882],{"className":11881},[1420],[1422,11883,11884],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,11885,11886,11894],{},[1429,11887,11888],{},[1432,11889,11890,11892],{},[1435,11891,4732],{},[1435,11893,5733],{},[1442,11895,11135],{"encoding":1444},[1267,11897,11899],{"className":11898,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,11900,11902,11905],{"className":11901},[1454],[1267,11903],{"className":11904,"style":1459},[1458],[1267,11906,11908,11911],{"className":11907},[1463],[1267,11909,4732],{"className":11910,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,11912,11914],{"className":11913},[1472],[1267,11915,11917,11937],{"className":11916},[1476,1477],[1267,11918,11920,11934],{"className":11919},[1481],[1267,11921,11923],{"className":11922,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,11924,11925,11928],{"style":7502},[1267,11926],{"className":11927,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,11929,11931],{"className":11930},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,11932,5733],{"className":11933,"style":5748},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,11935,1509],{"className":11936},[1508],[1267,11938,11940],{"className":11939},[1481],[1267,11941,11943],{"className":11942,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,11944],{},", donc il n'apprend pas ",[1267,11947,11949,11962],{"className":11948},[1416],[1267,11950,11952],{"className":11951},[1420],[1422,11953,11954],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,11955,11956,11960],{},[1429,11957,11958],{},[1435,11959,5733],{},[1442,11961,5733],{"encoding":1444},[1267,11963,11965],{"className":11964,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,11966,11968,11971],{"className":11967},[1454],[1267,11969],{"className":11970,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,11972,5733],{"className":11973,"style":5748},[1463,1467],[808,11975,11976,12008],{},[603,11977,11978,11979,12007],{},"Sans ",[1267,11980,11982,11995],{"className":11981},[1416],[1267,11983,11985],{"className":11984},[1420],[1422,11986,11987],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,11988,11989,11993],{},[1429,11990,11991],{},[1435,11992,5733],{},[1442,11994,5733],{"encoding":1444},[1267,11996,11998],{"className":11997,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,11999,12001,12004],{"className":12000},[1454],[1267,12002],{"className":12003,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,12005,5733],{"className":12006,"style":5748},[1463,1467],", il ne peut pas lire les messages chiffrés"," par AES qui\nsuivent.",[808,12010,12011,12014],{},[603,12012,12013],{},"Le certificat signé par une autorité reconnue"," atteste qu'on parle\nbien au bon serveur, pas à un imposteur qui aurait intercepté la\nconnexion.",[599,12016,12017,12018,12141,12142,12145],{},"Si l'une de ces propriétés tombe — par exemple si ",[1267,12019,12021,12062],{"className":12020},[1416],[1267,12022,12024],{"className":12023},[1420],[1422,12025,12026],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,12027,12028,12060],{},[1429,12029,12030],{},[1432,12031,12032,12034],{},[1435,12033,7459],{},[1429,12035,12036,12038,12040,12042,12044,12046,12048,12050,12052,12054,12056,12058],{},[1435,12037,599],{},[1435,12039,7565],{},[1435,12041,7568],{},[1435,12043,4138],{},[2302,12045,10267],{},[1435,12047,9520],{},[1435,12049,4541],{},[1435,12051,7565],{},[1435,12053,4138],{},[1435,12055,4541],{},[1435,12057,4132],{},[1435,12059,7565],{},[1442,12061,11795],{"encoding":1444},[1267,12063,12065],{"className":12064,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,12066,12068,12071],{"className":12067},[1454],[1267,12069],{"className":12070,"style":7481},[1458],[1267,12072,12074,12077],{"className":12073},[1463],[1267,12075,7459],{"className":12076,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,12078,12080],{"className":12079},[1472],[1267,12081,12083,12133],{"className":12082},[1476,1477],[1267,12084,12086,12130],{"className":12085},[1481],[1267,12087,12089],{"className":12088,"style":7601},[1485],[1267,12090,12091,12094],{"style":7502},[1267,12092],{"className":12093,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,12095,12097],{"className":12096},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,12098,12100,12103,12106,12109,12112,12115,12118,12121,12124,12127],{"className":12099},[1463,1501],[1267,12101,599],{"className":12102},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,12104,7565],{"className":12105,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,12107,7568],{"className":12108},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,12110,4138],{"className":12111,"style":4176},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,12113,10267],{"className":12114},[4383,1501],[1267,12116,10777],{"className":12117,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,12119,4138],{"className":12120,"style":4176},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,12122,4541],{"className":12123},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,12125,4132],{"className":12126},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,12128,7565],{"className":12129,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,12131,1509],{"className":12132},[1508],[1267,12134,12136],{"className":12135},[1481],[1267,12137,12139],{"className":12138,"style":7530},[1485],[1267,12140],{},"\nfuite — toutes les communications passées et futures avec ce serveur\nsont compromises. C'est pourquoi les serveurs sérieux régénèrent leurs\nclés périodiquement (et utilisent en réalité des mécanismes plus\nsophistiqués, comme la ",[620,12143,12144],{},"forward secrecy",", qui dépasse le programme).",[594,12147,12149],{"id":12148},"ce-quil-faut-savoir-au-delà-du-schéma","Ce qu'il faut savoir au-delà du schéma",[599,12151,12152,12153,12156],{},"Le programme officiel précise : « La négociation de la méthode de\nchiffrement du protocole SSL n'est pas abordée. » Cela signifie que vous\n",[603,12154,12155],{},"n'avez pas"," à connaître :",[805,12158,12159,12162,12168],{},[808,12160,12161],{},"les versions de TLS (1.2, 1.3) et leurs différences ;",[808,12163,4086,12164,12167],{},[620,12165,12166],{},"cipher suites"," précises négociées ;",[808,12169,12170],{},"les phases internes ServerHello\u002FClientKeyExchange\u002FFinished.",[599,12172,12173,12174,12177],{},"Vous ",[603,12175,12176],{},"devez"," savoir :",[805,12179,12180,12187,12194,12203],{},[808,12181,12182,12183,12186],{},"qu'HTTPS ",[603,12184,12185],{},"combine"," asymétrique et symétrique ;",[808,12188,12189,12190,12193],{},"que l'",[603,12191,12192],{},"asymétrique sert à transmettre la clé symétrique"," ;",[808,12195,12196,12197,12200,12201,12193],{},"que la ",[603,12198,12199],{},"suite"," de la communication est ",[603,12202,6254],{},[808,12204,12205,12206,12209],{},"qu'un ",[603,12207,12208],{},"certificat"," sert à authentifier le serveur.",[791,12211,12213,12218],{"correct":793,"slug":12212},"https-tls-c2",[796,12214,12215],{"v-slot:question":798},[599,12216,12217],{},"Une fois le handshake terminé, la page HTML que le serveur envoie au navigateur est chiffrée…",[796,12219,12220],{"v-slot:choices":798},[805,12221,12222,12225,12228],{},[808,12223,12224],{},"avec la clé publique du serveur",[808,12226,12227],{},"avec la clé symétrique partagée",[808,12229,12230],{},"pas chiffrée, en clair",[594,12232,12234],{"id":12233},"récapitulatif-visuel","Récapitulatif visuel",[652,12236,12237,12253],{},[655,12238,12239],{},[658,12240,12241,12244,12247,12250],{},[661,12242,12243],{},"Étape",[661,12245,12246],{},"Côté",[661,12248,12249],{},"Action",[661,12251,12252],{},"Clé utilisée",[668,12254,12255,12267,12363,12403,12676,12838],{},[658,12256,12257,12259,12262,12265],{},[673,12258,793],{},[673,12260,12261],{},"Client",[673,12263,12264],{},"Ouvre la connexion",[673,12266,3452],{},[658,12268,12269,12271,12274,12361],{},[673,12270,874],{},[673,12272,12273],{},"Serveur",[673,12275,12276,12277,4141],{},"Envoie son certificat (avec ",[1267,12278,12280,12303],{"className":12279},[1416],[1267,12281,12283],{"className":12282},[1420],[1422,12284,12285],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,12286,12287,12301],{},[1429,12288,12289],{},[1432,12290,12291,12293],{},[1435,12292,7459],{},[1429,12294,12295,12297,12299],{},[1435,12296,599],{},[1435,12298,4132],{},[1435,12300,7468],{},[1442,12302,7471],{"encoding":1444},[1267,12304,12306],{"className":12305,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,12307,12309,12312],{"className":12308},[1454],[1267,12310],{"className":12311,"style":7481},[1458],[1267,12313,12315,12318],{"className":12314},[1463],[1267,12316,7459],{"className":12317,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,12319,12321],{"className":12320},[1472],[1267,12322,12324,12353],{"className":12323},[1476,1477],[1267,12325,12327,12350],{"className":12326},[1481],[1267,12328,12330],{"className":12329,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,12331,12332,12335],{"style":7502},[1267,12333],{"className":12334,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,12336,12338],{"className":12337},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,12339,12341,12344,12347],{"className":12340},[1463,1501],[1267,12342,599],{"className":12343},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,12345,4132],{"className":12346},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,12348,7468],{"className":12349},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,12351,1509],{"className":12352},[1508],[1267,12354,12356],{"className":12355},[1481],[1267,12357,12359],{"className":12358,"style":7530},[1485],[1267,12360],{},[673,12362,3452],{},[658,12364,12365,12367,12369,12401],{},[673,12366,1947],{},[673,12368,12261],{},[673,12370,12371,12372,12400],{},"Génère ",[1267,12373,12375,12388],{"className":12374},[1416],[1267,12376,12378],{"className":12377},[1420],[1422,12379,12380],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,12381,12382,12386],{},[1429,12383,12384],{},[1435,12385,5733],{},[1442,12387,5733],{"encoding":1444},[1267,12389,12391],{"className":12390,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,12392,12394,12397],{"className":12393},[1454],[1267,12395],{"className":12396,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,12398,5733],{"className":12399,"style":5748},[1463,1467]," aléatoire",[673,12402,3452],{},[658,12404,12405,12407,12409,12556],{},[673,12406,2170],{},[673,12408,12261],{},[673,12410,12411,12412],{},"Envoie ",[1267,12413,12415,12449],{"className":12414},[1416],[1267,12416,12418],{"className":12417},[1420],[1422,12419,12420],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,12421,12422,12446],{},[1429,12423,12424,12440,12442,12444],{},[1432,12425,12426,12428],{},[1435,12427,5780],{},[1432,12429,12430,12432],{},[1435,12431,7459],{},[1429,12433,12434,12436,12438],{},[1435,12435,599],{},[1435,12437,4132],{},[1435,12439,7468],{},[2302,12441,4129],{"stretchy":4128},[1435,12443,5733],{},[2302,12445,4141],{"stretchy":4128},[1442,12447,12448],{"encoding":1444},"E_{K_{pub}}(k)",[1267,12450,12452],{"className":12451,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,12453,12455,12458,12547,12550,12553],{"className":12454},[1454],[1267,12456],{"className":12457,"style":7744},[1458],[1267,12459,12461,12464],{"className":12460},[1463],[1267,12462,5780],{"className":12463,"style":5844},[1463,1467],[1267,12465,12467],{"className":12466},[1472],[1267,12468,12470,12539],{"className":12469},[1476,1477],[1267,12471,12473,12536],{"className":12472},[1481],[1267,12474,12476],{"className":12475,"style":7763},[1485],[1267,12477,12478,12481],{"style":5860},[1267,12479],{"className":12480,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,12482,12484],{"className":12483},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,12485,12487],{"className":12486},[1463,1501],[1267,12488,12490,12493],{"className":12489},[1463,1501],[1267,12491,7459],{"className":12492,"style":4773},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,12494,12496],{"className":12495},[1472],[1267,12497,12499,12528],{"className":12498},[1476,1477],[1267,12500,12502,12525],{"className":12501},[1481],[1267,12503,12505],{"className":12504,"style":7793},[1485],[1267,12506,12507,12510],{"style":7796},[1267,12508],{"className":12509,"style":7800},[1493],[1267,12511,12513],{"className":12512},[1498,7804,7805,1501],[1267,12514,12516,12519,12522],{"className":12515},[1463,1501],[1267,12517,599],{"className":12518},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,12520,4132],{"className":12521},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,12523,7468],{"className":12524},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,12526,1509],{"className":12527},[1508],[1267,12529,12531],{"className":12530},[1481],[1267,12532,12534],{"className":12533,"style":7827},[1485],[1267,12535],{},[1267,12537,1509],{"className":12538},[1508],[1267,12540,12542],{"className":12541},[1481],[1267,12543,12545],{"className":12544,"style":7839},[1485],[1267,12546],{},[1267,12548,4129],{"className":12549},[4161],[1267,12551,5733],{"className":12552,"style":5748},[1463,1467],[1267,12554,4141],{"className":12555},[4180],[673,12557,12558],{},[1267,12559,12561,12600],{"className":12560},[1416],[1267,12562,12564],{"className":12563},[1420],[1422,12565,12566],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,12567,12568,12598],{},[1429,12569,12570],{},[1432,12571,12572,12574],{},[1435,12573,7459],{},[1429,12575,12576,12578,12580,12582,12584,12586,12588,12590,12592,12594,12596],{},[1435,12577,599],{},[1435,12579,4132],{},[1435,12581,7468],{},[2302,12583,10267],{},[1435,12585,9520],{},[1435,12587,4541],{},[1435,12589,7565],{},[1435,12591,4138],{},[1435,12593,4541],{},[1435,12595,4132],{},[1435,12597,7565],{},[1442,12599,10723],{"encoding":1444},[1267,12601,12603],{"className":12602,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,12604,12606,12609],{"className":12605},[1454],[1267,12607],{"className":12608,"style":7481},[1458],[1267,12610,12612,12615],{"className":12611},[1463],[1267,12613,7459],{"className":12614,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,12616,12618],{"className":12617},[1472],[1267,12619,12621,12668],{"className":12620},[1476,1477],[1267,12622,12624,12665],{"className":12623},[1481],[1267,12625,12627],{"className":12626,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,12628,12629,12632],{"style":7502},[1267,12630],{"className":12631,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,12633,12635],{"className":12634},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,12636,12638,12641,12644,12647,12650,12653,12656,12659,12662],{"className":12637},[1463,1501],[1267,12639,599],{"className":12640},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,12642,4132],{"className":12643},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,12645,7468],{"className":12646},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,12648,10267],{"className":12649},[4383,1501],[1267,12651,10777],{"className":12652,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,12654,4138],{"className":12655,"style":4176},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,12657,4541],{"className":12658},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,12660,4132],{"className":12661},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,12663,7565],{"className":12664,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,12666,1509],{"className":12667},[1508],[1267,12669,12671],{"className":12670},[1481],[1267,12672,12674],{"className":12673,"style":7530},[1485],[1267,12675],{},[658,12677,12678,12680,12682,12713],{},[673,12679,5349],{},[673,12681,12273],{},[673,12683,12684,12685],{},"Déchiffre et obtient ",[1267,12686,12688,12701],{"className":12687},[1416],[1267,12689,12691],{"className":12690},[1420],[1422,12692,12693],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,12694,12695,12699],{},[1429,12696,12697],{},[1435,12698,5733],{},[1442,12700,5733],{"encoding":1444},[1267,12702,12704],{"className":12703,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,12705,12707,12710],{"className":12706},[1454],[1267,12708],{"className":12709,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,12711,5733],{"className":12712,"style":5748},[1463,1467],[673,12714,12715],{},[1267,12716,12718,12759],{"className":12717},[1416],[1267,12719,12721],{"className":12720},[1420],[1422,12722,12723],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,12724,12725,12757],{},[1429,12726,12727],{},[1432,12728,12729,12731],{},[1435,12730,7459],{},[1429,12732,12733,12735,12737,12739,12741,12743,12745,12747,12749,12751,12753,12755],{},[1435,12734,599],{},[1435,12736,7565],{},[1435,12738,7568],{},[1435,12740,4138],{},[2302,12742,10267],{},[1435,12744,9520],{},[1435,12746,4541],{},[1435,12748,7565],{},[1435,12750,4138],{},[1435,12752,4541],{},[1435,12754,4132],{},[1435,12756,7565],{},[1442,12758,11795],{"encoding":1444},[1267,12760,12762],{"className":12761,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,12763,12765,12768],{"className":12764},[1454],[1267,12766],{"className":12767,"style":7481},[1458],[1267,12769,12771,12774],{"className":12770},[1463],[1267,12772,7459],{"className":12773,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,12775,12777],{"className":12776},[1472],[1267,12778,12780,12830],{"className":12779},[1476,1477],[1267,12781,12783,12827],{"className":12782},[1481],[1267,12784,12786],{"className":12785,"style":7601},[1485],[1267,12787,12788,12791],{"style":7502},[1267,12789],{"className":12790,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,12792,12794],{"className":12793},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,12795,12797,12800,12803,12806,12809,12812,12815,12818,12821,12824],{"className":12796},[1463,1501],[1267,12798,599],{"className":12799},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,12801,7565],{"className":12802,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,12804,7568],{"className":12805},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,12807,4138],{"className":12808,"style":4176},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,12810,10267],{"className":12811},[4383,1501],[1267,12813,10777],{"className":12814,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,12816,4138],{"className":12817,"style":4176},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,12819,4541],{"className":12820},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,12822,4132],{"className":12823},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,12825,7565],{"className":12826,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,12828,1509],{"className":12829},[1508],[1267,12831,12833],{"className":12832},[1481],[1267,12834,12836],{"className":12835,"style":7530},[1485],[1267,12837],{},[658,12839,12840,12842,12845,12848],{},[673,12841,5139],{},[673,12843,12844],{},"Les deux",[673,12846,12847],{},"Communication chiffrée",[673,12849,12850,12878],{},[1267,12851,12853,12866],{"className":12852},[1416],[1267,12854,12856],{"className":12855},[1420],[1422,12857,12858],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,12859,12860,12864],{},[1429,12861,12862],{},[1435,12863,5733],{},[1442,12865,5733],{"encoding":1444},[1267,12867,12869],{"className":12868,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,12870,12872,12875],{"className":12871},[1454],[1267,12873],{"className":12874,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,12876,5733],{"className":12877,"style":5748},[1463,1467]," (symétrique)",[594,12880,911],{"id":910},[599,12882,12883,12884,12916,12917,12920,12921,12923,12924,922],{},"Le mécanisme décrit ici est l'idée centrale. En pratique, TLS 1.3 a\nremplacé l'",[603,12885,12886,12887,12915],{},"envoi direct de ",[1267,12888,12890,12903],{"className":12889},[1416],[1267,12891,12893],{"className":12892},[1420],[1422,12894,12895],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,12896,12897,12901],{},[1429,12898,12899],{},[1435,12900,5733],{},[1442,12902,5733],{"encoding":1444},[1267,12904,12906],{"className":12905,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,12907,12909,12912],{"className":12908},[1454],[1267,12910],{"className":12911,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,12913,5733],{"className":12914,"style":5748},[1463,1467]," chiffré par RSA"," par un ",[603,12918,12919],{},"échange\nDiffie-Hellman"," qui assure la ",[620,12922,12144],{}," : même si la clé\nprivée du serveur fuite plus tard, les communications passées restent\nindéchiffrables. Le principe « asymétrique pour fonder un secret commun\ncourt, symétrique pour le gros du trafic » reste ",[603,12925,12926],{},"strictement le même",[648,12928],{"code":5610},{"title":798,"searchDepth":926,"depth":926,"links":12930},[12931,12932,12933,12934,12935,12936,12937],{"id":596,"depth":926,"text":597},{"id":10567,"depth":926,"text":10568},{"id":10656,"depth":926,"text":10657},{"id":11739,"depth":926,"text":11740},{"id":12148,"depth":926,"text":12149},{"id":12233,"depth":926,"text":12234},{"id":910,"depth":926,"text":911},"Comment HTTPS combine chiffrement asymétrique et symétrique — l'asymétrique pour échanger une clé, le symétrique pour la suite de la communication. Le handshake en version simplifiée, sans entrer dans SSL\u002FTLS.",{},[12941,12943],{"slug":11718,"kind":945,"question":11723,"choices":12942,"correct":793,"multi":947,"explanation":798},[11730,11733,11736],{"slug":12212,"kind":945,"question":12217,"choices":12944,"correct":793,"multi":947,"explanation":798},[12224,12227,12230],{"title":533,"description":12938},"KcN-AaEwhFFJy88jCFCm-a8rDgkk9DJi2Ndl7nxPElU",{"id":12948,"title":499,"bo":12949,"body":12950,"description":13214,"eval":939,"extension":940,"labo":939,"meta":13215,"navigation":942,"path":500,"quizzes":13217,"readingTime":950,"seo":13218,"stem":501,"tp":939,"__hash__":13219},"cours\u002F2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F0.index.md",[589,956,3147,5610],{"type":591,"value":12951,"toc":13210},[12952,12956,12987,12990,13039,13046,13050,13203],[594,12953,12955],{"id":12954},"au-programme","Au programme",[599,12957,12958,12959,12962,12963,12966,12967,12969,12970,12973,12974,12976,12977,12980,12981,12984,12985,922],{},"Le chapitre TC est inhabituel : il ",[603,12960,12961],{},"fusionne trois thèmes"," que l'on traite\nsouvent séparément — l'",[603,12964,12965],{},"architecture matérielle",", le ",[603,12968,970],{},"\net les ",[603,12971,12972],{},"réseaux"," — autour de quatre items seulement. Chacun de ces items est\ncostaud et mérite d'être déplié soigneusement. Vous descendez d'abord au plus\nprès du silicium avec le ",[603,12975,617],{}," (SoC), vous remontez ensuite à\nl'",[603,12978,12979],{},"OS"," qui orchestre les processus sur le matériel, puis vous franchissez la\nmachine pour suivre un paquet sur le ",[603,12982,12983],{},"réseau"," et finalement protéger les\ncommunications par le ",[603,12986,6039],{},[599,12988,12989],{},"Vous y apprenez à :",[805,12991,12992,13001,13013,13027],{},[808,12993,12994,12997,12998,13000],{},[603,12995,12996],{},"identifier les composants d'un SoC"," (microprocesseur, mémoires locales,\ncontrôleurs, accélérateurs) et expliquer les bénéfices de l'intégration en\nvitesse et en consommation (",[648,12999],{"code":589},") ;",[808,13002,13003,13006,13007,13010,13011,13000],{},[603,13004,13005],{},"décrire la vie d'un processus"," sous un OS — sa création, ses états, son\nordonnancement par le noyau — et ",[603,13008,13009],{},"mettre en évidence le risque\nd'interblocage"," via les conditions de Coffman (",[648,13012],{"code":956},[808,13014,13015,13018,13019,13021,13022,13024,13025,13000],{},[603,13016,13017],{},"lire une table de routage"," et suivre un paquet de saut en saut, en\ncomparant le protocole ",[603,13020,3962],{}," (par nombre de sauts) et le protocole ",[603,13023,3965],{},"\n(par coût), explicitement relié aux algorithmes de plus court chemin sur les\ngraphes (",[648,13026],{"code":3147},[808,13028,13029,13032,13033,13036,13037,2936],{},[603,13030,13031],{},"chiffrer une communication"," par clé symétrique partagée puis par paire de\nclés asymétriques (publique\u002Fprivée), et ",[603,13034,13035],{},"décrire le protocole HTTPS"," qui\ncombine les deux : échange de clé symétrique chiffré par la clé publique du\nserveur, puis communication symétrique pour la suite (",[648,13038],{"code":5610},[2253,13040,13043],{"icon":13041,"title":13042},"i-lucide-check","Pré-requis",[599,13044,13045],{},"Le chapitre PF de Première (architectures et OS) et le chapitre PA de Première\n(histoire de l'informatique) posent le décor. Pour OSPF, le chapitre TA\n(graphes) et TE (algorithmes sur graphes, Dijkstra) sont des appuis directs.",[594,13047,13049],{"id":13048},"plan","Plan",[1029,13051,13052,13058,13064,13070,13076,13082,13193,13198],{},[808,13053,13054,13057],{},[603,13055,13056],{},"Système sur puce"," — TC01 — composants intégrés, bénéfices vitesse\u002Fconso.",[808,13059,13060,13063],{},[603,13061,13062],{},"Processus et ordonnancement"," — TC02 — création, états, scheduling.",[808,13065,13066,13069],{},[603,13067,13068],{},"Interblocage"," — TC02 — les quatre conditions de Coffman, exemple des\nphilosophes.",[808,13071,13072,13075],{},[603,13073,13074],{},"Tables et principe du routage"," — TC03 — destination, prochain saut,\ntable de routage.",[808,13077,13078,13081],{},[603,13079,13080],{},"RIP et OSPF"," — TC03 — nombre de sauts vs coût, lien avec Dijkstra.",[808,13083,13084,13086,13087,922],{},[603,13085,525],{}," — TC04 — clé partagée, ",[1267,13088,13090,13117],{"className":13089},[1416],[1267,13091,13093],{"className":13092},[1420],[1422,13094,13095],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,13096,13097,13115],{},[1429,13098,13099,13101,13103,13109,13111,13113],{},[1435,13100,4732],{},[2302,13102,5775],{},[1432,13104,13105,13107],{},[1435,13106,5780],{},[1435,13108,5733],{},[2302,13110,4129],{"stretchy":4128},[1435,13112,5666],{},[2302,13114,4141],{"stretchy":4128},[1442,13116,6288],{"encoding":1444},[1267,13118,13120,13138],{"className":13119,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,13121,13123,13126,13129,13132,13135],{"className":13122},[1454],[1267,13124],{"className":13125,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,13127,4732],{"className":13128,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,13130],{"className":13131,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,13133,5775],{"className":13134},[2393],[1267,13136],{"className":13137,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,13139,13141,13144,13184,13187,13190],{"className":13140},[1454],[1267,13142],{"className":13143,"style":4154},[1458],[1267,13145,13147,13150],{"className":13146},[1463],[1267,13148,5780],{"className":13149,"style":5844},[1463,1467],[1267,13151,13153],{"className":13152},[1472],[1267,13154,13156,13176],{"className":13155},[1476,1477],[1267,13157,13159,13173],{"className":13158},[1481],[1267,13160,13162],{"className":13161,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,13163,13164,13167],{"style":5860},[1267,13165],{"className":13166,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,13168,13170],{"className":13169},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,13171,5733],{"className":13172,"style":5748},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,13174,1509],{"className":13175},[1508],[1267,13177,13179],{"className":13178},[1481],[1267,13180,13182],{"className":13181,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,13183],{},[1267,13185,4129],{"className":13186},[4161],[1267,13188,5666],{"className":13189,"style":5681},[1463,1467],[1267,13191,4141],{"className":13192},[4180],[808,13194,13195,13197],{},[603,13196,529],{}," — TC04 — paire publique\u002Fprivée, idée de RSA.",[808,13199,13200,13202],{},[603,13201,10556],{}," — TC04 — échange de clé symétrique via chiffrement asymétrique.",[599,13204,13205,13206,13209],{},"À la fin du chapitre, une fiche mémo synthétique consolide les trois thèmes et\npropose une auto-évaluation transversale. La source MDC d'évaluation notée\n(",[1065,13207,13208],{},"chapitre.eval.md",") prépare le DS de fin de séquence.",{"title":798,"searchDepth":926,"depth":926,"links":13211},[13212,13213],{"id":12954,"depth":926,"text":12955},{"id":13048,"depth":926,"text":13049},"Un chapitre charnière qui réunit trois thèmes — le système sur puce, le système d'exploitation et les réseaux — pour décrire l'ordinateur depuis le silicium jusqu'au paquet chiffré qui traverse Internet.",{"icon":13216},"i-lucide-cpu",[],{"title":499,"description":13214},"tcIUZUZGkSGSuow6t-CY7QvXUkcdSY4uQfP2XVoaEY4",[13221,13355,13549,14045,14229,15291,16289,18248,19467],{"id":13222,"title":13223,"bo":13224,"body":13225,"description":13348,"eval":939,"extension":940,"labo":939,"meta":13349,"navigation":947,"path":13350,"quizzes":13351,"readingTime":950,"seo":13352,"stem":13353,"tp":939,"__hash__":13354},"coursMemo\u002F2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F1.systeme-sur-puce.memo.md","Le système sur puce — l'essentiel",[589],{"type":591,"value":13226,"toc":13342},[13227,13231,13236,13240,13279,13283,13327,13331],[594,13228,13230],{"id":13229},"en-une-phrase","En une phrase",[599,13232,13233],{},[603,13234,13235],{},"Un SoC (System on Chip) réunit sur un seul morceau de silicium CPU, GPU,\nmémoires, contrôleurs et radios — gagnant en vitesse et en consommation ce\nqu'il perd en modularité.",[594,13237,13239],{"id":13238},"à-mémoriser","À mémoriser",[805,13241,13242,13251,13261,13267,13273],{},[808,13243,13244,13247,13248,13250],{},[603,13245,13246],{},"SoC ≠ CPU"," : le CPU n'est qu'",[603,13249,788],{}," des blocs du SoC.",[808,13252,13253,13254,13257,13258,922],{},"Blocs typiques : CPU, GPU, mémoires locales (caches), contrôleur mémoire,\ninterfaces radio (Wi-Fi, BT, 4G\u002F5G), interfaces filaires (USB, I²C),\ncontrôleur vidéo, accélérateur graphique, ",[603,13255,13256],{},"gestion d'énergie (PMIC)",",\n",[603,13259,13260],{},"réseau sur puce (NoC)",[808,13262,13263,13266],{},[603,13264,13265],{},"Gain vitesse"," : distances courtes entre blocs → moins de latence, plus\nde bande passante.",[808,13268,13269,13272],{},[603,13270,13271],{},"Gain consommation"," : moins de pistes longues + PMIC qui éteint les blocs\ninutilisés.",[808,13274,13275,13278],{},[603,13276,13277],{},"Contre-coup"," : tout est soudé, peu réparable et non extensible.",[594,13280,13282],{"id":13281},"à-savoir-reconnaître","À savoir reconnaître",[652,13284,13285,13295],{},[655,13286,13287],{},[658,13288,13289,13292],{},[661,13290,13291],{},"Situation",[661,13293,13294],{},"Concept",[668,13296,13297,13304,13312,13319],{},[658,13298,13299,13302],{},[673,13300,13301],{},"Téléphone : tout sur une puce de 1 cm²",[673,13303,626],{},[658,13305,13306,13309],{},[673,13307,13308],{},"PC : composants séparés sur une carte mère",[673,13310,13311],{},"architecture classique",[658,13313,13314,13317],{},[673,13315,13316],{},"Bus interne très court reliant les blocs",[673,13318,13260],{},[658,13320,13321,13324],{},[673,13322,13323],{},"Bloc qui distribue les alimentations",[673,13325,13326],{},"PMIC",[594,13328,13330],{"id":13329},"pièges-courants","Pièges courants",[805,13332,13333,13336,13339],{},[808,13334,13335],{},"Croire qu'un SoC, c'est juste un « gros processeur ».",[808,13337,13338],{},"Oublier la gestion d'énergie comme bloc à part entière.",[808,13340,13341],{},"Confondre intégration et empilement (chiplet) — le chiplet est une évolution\nrécente du SoC.",{"title":798,"searchDepth":926,"depth":926,"links":13343},[13344,13345,13346,13347],{"id":13229,"depth":926,"text":13230},{"id":13238,"depth":926,"text":13239},{"id":13281,"depth":926,"text":13282},{"id":13329,"depth":926,"text":13330},"Mémo de révision sur l'architecture intégrée des SoC.",{},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fsysteme-sur-puce.memo",[],{"title":13223,"description":13348},"2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F1.systeme-sur-puce.memo","sEZ9CAs9pMCg9KLs00mi2jXiVVpOQykLUd9ak4JsuSk",{"id":13356,"title":13357,"bo":13358,"body":13359,"description":13542,"eval":939,"extension":940,"labo":939,"meta":13543,"navigation":947,"path":13544,"quizzes":13545,"readingTime":950,"seo":13546,"stem":13547,"tp":939,"__hash__":13548},"coursMemo\u002F2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F2.processus-os.memo.md","Processus et ordonnancement — l'essentiel",[956],{"type":591,"value":13360,"toc":13535},[13361,13363,13368,13370,13421,13423,13465,13469,13516,13518,13532],[594,13362,13230],{"id":13229},[599,13364,13365],{},[603,13366,13367],{},"Un processus est un programme en cours d'exécution ; l'OS l'ordonnance entre\ntrois états (élu, prêt, bloqué) pour partager équitablement le CPU.",[594,13369,13239],{"id":13238},[805,13371,13372,13380,13386,13409,13415],{},[808,13373,13374,13376,13377,13379],{},[603,13375,1004],{}," (fichier) ≠ ",[603,13378,982],{}," (instance en cours, avec un PID).",[808,13381,13382,13385],{},[603,13383,13384],{},"Création"," : allocation mémoire, chargement du code, initialisation,\nattribution du PID, ajout à la file des prêts.",[808,13387,13388,13391,13392],{},[603,13389,13390],{},"3 états canoniques"," :\n",[805,13393,13394,13399,13404],{},[808,13395,13396,13398],{},[603,13397,1112],{}," : occupe le CPU.",[808,13400,13401,13403],{},[603,13402,1123],{}," : prêt à s'exécuter, attend le CPU.",[808,13405,13406,13408],{},[603,13407,1134],{}," : attend un événement (E\u002FS, signal).",[808,13410,13411,13414],{},[603,13412,13413],{},"Ordonnanceur"," : décide quel prêt devient élu — politiques : FIFO, Round\nRobin, par priorités. Linux : CFS \u002F EEVDF.",[808,13416,13417,13420],{},[603,13418,13419],{},"Préemption"," : l'OS interrompt un processus en cours pour donner la main à\nun autre, après un quantum.",[594,13422,13282],{"id":13281},[652,13424,13425,13434],{},[655,13426,13427],{},[658,13428,13429,13431],{},[661,13430,13291],{},[661,13432,13433],{},"État du processus",[668,13435,13436,13443,13450,13457],{},[658,13437,13438,13441],{},[673,13439,13440],{},"Exécute du code en ce moment",[673,13442,1112],{},[658,13444,13445,13448],{},[673,13446,13447],{},"Attend un fichier disque",[673,13449,1134],{},[658,13451,13452,13455],{},[673,13453,13454],{},"Attend son tour de CPU",[673,13456,1123],{},[658,13458,13459,13462],{},[673,13460,13461],{},"Vient d'être créé, pas encore exécuté",[673,13463,13464],{},"Prêt (ou Nouveau)",[594,13466,13468],{"id":13467},"commandes-unix-utiles","Commandes Unix utiles",[1259,13470,13472],{"className":1261,"code":13471,"language":1263,"meta":798,"style":798},"ps aux           # tous les processus\ntop              # vue dynamique\nhtop             # alternative ergonomique\nkill \u003CPID>       # envoyer un signal de fin\n",[1065,13473,13474,13483,13490,13497],{"__ignoreMap":798},[1267,13475,13476,13478,13480],{"class":1269,"line":950},[1267,13477,1273],{"class":1272},[1267,13479,1285],{"class":1284},[1267,13481,13482],{"class":1276},"           # tous les processus\n",[1267,13484,13485,13487],{"class":1269,"line":926},[1267,13486,1293],{"class":1272},[1267,13488,13489],{"class":1276},"              # vue dynamique\n",[1267,13491,13492,13494],{"class":1269,"line":933},[1267,13493,1302],{"class":1272},[1267,13495,13496],{"class":1276},"             # alternative ergonomique\n",[1267,13498,13499,13502,13505,13508,13510,13513],{"class":1269,"line":1299},[1267,13500,13501],{"class":7043},"kill",[1267,13503,13504],{"class":7032}," \u003C",[1267,13506,13507],{"class":1284},"PI",[1267,13509,4737],{"class":7039},[1267,13511,13512],{"class":7032},">",[1267,13514,13515],{"class":1276},"       # envoyer un signal de fin\n",[594,13517,13330],{"id":13329},[805,13519,13520,13523,13529],{},[808,13521,13522],{},"Confondre programme et processus.",[808,13524,13525,13526,13528],{},"Oublier l'état ",[603,13527,1177],{}," (croire qu'un processus est soit élu, soit prêt).",[808,13530,13531],{},"Penser que l'ordonnanceur « choisit » en continu — il agit à chaque\ninterruption d'horloge (quantum).",[1350,13533,13534],{},"html pre.shiki code .snPdu, html code.shiki .snPdu{--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .sIIMD, html code.shiki .sIIMD{--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sCsY4, html code.shiki .sCsY4{--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D}html pre.shiki code .sBjJW, html code.shiki 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.shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}",{"title":798,"searchDepth":926,"depth":926,"links":13536},[13537,13538,13539,13540,13541],{"id":13229,"depth":926,"text":13230},{"id":13238,"depth":926,"text":13239},{"id":13281,"depth":926,"text":13282},{"id":13467,"depth":926,"text":13468},{"id":13329,"depth":926,"text":13330},"Mémo de révision sur la vie d'un processus et l'ordonnancement par l'OS.",{},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fprocessus-os.memo",[],{"title":13357,"description":13542},"2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F2.processus-os.memo","CpO9C6wlHC_E9pbmv70wn_2vLDG1xmWFWIiQlQxMd6c",{"id":13550,"title":13551,"bo":13552,"body":13553,"description":14038,"eval":939,"extension":940,"labo":939,"meta":14039,"navigation":947,"path":14040,"quizzes":14041,"readingTime":950,"seo":14042,"stem":14043,"tp":939,"__hash__":14044},"coursMemo\u002F2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F3.interblocage.memo.md","L'interblocage — l'essentiel",[956],{"type":591,"value":13554,"toc":14030},[13555,13557,13562,13566,13868,13879,13883,13889,13891,13985,13989,14013,14015],[594,13556,13230],{"id":13229},[599,13558,13559],{},[603,13560,13561],{},"Un interblocage (deadlock) est une situation où plusieurs processus\ns'attendent mutuellement et qu'aucun ne peut plus avancer ; il survient quand\nles quatre conditions de Coffman sont simultanément réunies.",[594,13563,13565],{"id":13564},"à-mémoriser-les-4-conditions-de-coffman","À mémoriser — les 4 conditions de Coffman",[1029,13567,13568,13573,13578,13583],{},[808,13569,13570,13572],{},[603,13571,2263],{}," — une ressource ne peut être prise que par un seul.",[808,13574,13575,13577],{},[603,13576,2269],{}," — on garde ce qu'on a en demandant plus.",[808,13579,13580,13582],{},[603,13581,2275],{}," — on ne peut pas reprendre de force.",[808,13584,13585,13587,13588,922],{},[603,13586,2281],{}," — un cycle ",[1267,13589,13591,13636],{"className":13590},[1416],[1267,13592,13594],{"className":13593},[1420],[1422,13595,13596],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,13597,13598,13634],{},[1429,13599,13600,13606,13608,13614,13616,13618,13620,13626,13628],{},[1432,13601,13602,13604],{},[1435,13603,1437],{},[1439,13605,793],{},[2302,13607,2304],{},[1432,13609,13610,13612],{},[1435,13611,1437],{},[1439,13613,874],{},[2302,13615,2304],{},[2302,13617,2315],{},[2302,13619,2304],{},[1432,13621,13622,13624],{},[1435,13623,1437],{},[1435,13625,2324],{},[2302,13627,2304],{},[1432,13629,13630,13632],{},[1435,13631,1437],{},[1439,13633,793],{},[1442,13635,2335],{"encoding":1444},[1267,13637,13639,13694,13749,13767,13822],{"className":13638,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,13640,13642,13645,13685,13688,13691],{"className":13641},[1454],[1267,13643],{"className":13644,"style":1459},[1458],[1267,13646,13648,13651],{"className":13647},[1463],[1267,13649,1437],{"className":13650,"style":1468},[1463,1467],[1267,13652,13654],{"className":13653},[1472],[1267,13655,13657,13677],{"className":13656},[1476,1477],[1267,13658,13660,13674],{"className":13659},[1481],[1267,13661,13663],{"className":13662,"style":1486},[1485],[1267,13664,13665,13668],{"style":1489},[1267,13666],{"className":13667,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,13669,13671],{"className":13670},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,13672,793],{"className":13673},[1463,1501],[1267,13675,1509],{"className":13676},[1508],[1267,13678,13680],{"className":13679},[1481],[1267,13681,13683],{"className":13682,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,13684],{},[1267,13686],{"className":13687,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,13689,2304],{"className":13690},[2393],[1267,13692],{"className":13693,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,13695,13697,13700,13740,13743,13746],{"className":13696},[1454],[1267,13698],{"className":13699,"style":1459},[1458],[1267,13701,13703,13706],{"className":13702},[1463],[1267,13704,1437],{"className":13705,"style":1468},[1463,1467],[1267,13707,13709],{"className":13708},[1472],[1267,13710,13712,13732],{"className":13711},[1476,1477],[1267,13713,13715,13729],{"className":13714},[1481],[1267,13716,13718],{"className":13717,"style":1486},[1485],[1267,13719,13720,13723],{"style":1489},[1267,13721],{"className":13722,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,13724,13726],{"className":13725},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,13727,874],{"className":13728},[1463,1501],[1267,13730,1509],{"className":13731},[1508],[1267,13733,13735],{"className":13734},[1481],[1267,13736,13738],{"className":13737,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,13739],{},[1267,13741],{"className":13742,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,13744,2304],{"className":13745},[2393],[1267,13747],{"className":13748,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,13750,13752,13755,13758,13761,13764],{"className":13751},[1454],[1267,13753],{"className":13754,"style":2458},[1458],[1267,13756,2315],{"className":13757},[2462],[1267,13759],{"className":13760,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,13762,2304],{"className":13763},[2393],[1267,13765],{"className":13766,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,13768,13770,13773,13813,13816,13819],{"className":13769},[1454],[1267,13771],{"className":13772,"style":1459},[1458],[1267,13774,13776,13779],{"className":13775},[1463],[1267,13777,1437],{"className":13778,"style":1468},[1463,1467],[1267,13780,13782],{"className":13781},[1472],[1267,13783,13785,13805],{"className":13784},[1476,1477],[1267,13786,13788,13802],{"className":13787},[1481],[1267,13789,13791],{"className":13790,"style":2496},[1485],[1267,13792,13793,13796],{"style":1489},[1267,13794],{"className":13795,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,13797,13799],{"className":13798},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,13800,2324],{"className":13801},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,13803,1509],{"className":13804},[1508],[1267,13806,13808],{"className":13807},[1481],[1267,13809,13811],{"className":13810,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,13812],{},[1267,13814],{"className":13815,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,13817,2304],{"className":13818},[2393],[1267,13820],{"className":13821,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,13823,13825,13828],{"className":13824},[1454],[1267,13826],{"className":13827,"style":1459},[1458],[1267,13829,13831,13834],{"className":13830},[1463],[1267,13832,1437],{"className":13833,"style":1468},[1463,1467],[1267,13835,13837],{"className":13836},[1472],[1267,13838,13840,13860],{"className":13839},[1476,1477],[1267,13841,13843,13857],{"className":13842},[1481],[1267,13844,13846],{"className":13845,"style":1486},[1485],[1267,13847,13848,13851],{"style":1489},[1267,13849],{"className":13850,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,13852,13854],{"className":13853},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,13855,793],{"className":13856},[1463,1501],[1267,13858,1509],{"className":13859},[1508],[1267,13861,13863],{"className":13862},[1481],[1267,13864,13866],{"className":13865,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,13867],{},[599,13869,13870,13871,13874,13875,13878],{},"Les ",[603,13872,13873],{},"quatre"," sont nécessaires → en briser ",[603,13876,13877],{},"une seule"," empêche\nl'interblocage.",[594,13880,13882],{"id":13881},"exemple-canonique","Exemple canonique",[599,13884,13885,13888],{},[603,13886,13887],{},"Dîner des philosophes"," : 5 philosophes, 5 fourchettes, chaque assiette\nnécessite 2 fourchettes adjacentes. Si tous prennent leur gauche, tous\nbloquent.",[594,13890,13282],{"id":13281},[652,13892,13893,13902],{},[655,13894,13895],{},[658,13896,13897,13899],{},[661,13898,13291],{},[661,13900,13901],{},"Diagnostic",[668,13903,13904,13912,13977],{},[658,13905,13906,13909],{},[673,13907,13908],{},"Deux processus tiennent chacun une ressource attendue par l'autre",[673,13910,13911],{},"Interblocage à 2",[658,13913,13914,13946],{},[673,13915,13916,13917,13945],{},"Cycle de ",[1267,13918,13920,13933],{"className":13919},[1416],[1267,13921,13923],{"className":13922},[1420],[1422,13924,13925],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,13926,13927,13931],{},[1429,13928,13929],{},[1435,13930,2324],{},[1442,13932,2324],{"encoding":1444},[1267,13934,13936],{"className":13935,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,13937,13939,13942],{"className":13938},[1454],[1267,13940],{"className":13941,"style":8491},[1458],[1267,13943,2324],{"className":13944},[1463,1467]," verrous",[673,13947,13948,13949],{},"Interblocage à ",[1267,13950,13952,13965],{"className":13951},[1416],[1267,13953,13955],{"className":13954},[1420],[1422,13956,13957],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,13958,13959,13963],{},[1429,13960,13961],{},[1435,13962,2324],{},[1442,13964,2324],{"encoding":1444},[1267,13966,13968],{"className":13967,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,13969,13971,13974],{"className":13970},[1454],[1267,13972],{"className":13973,"style":8491},[1458],[1267,13975,2324],{"className":13976},[1463,1467],[658,13978,13979,13982],{},[673,13980,13981],{},"Tous attendent un événement extérieur",[673,13983,13984],{},"Famine, pas interblocage",[594,13986,13988],{"id":13987},"stratégies-dévitement","Stratégies d'évitement",[805,13990,13991,13997,14004,14011],{},[808,13992,13993,13996],{},[603,13994,13995],{},"Ordre total d'acquisition"," des ressources (le plus utilisé).",[808,13998,13999,14000,14003],{},"Demander ",[603,14001,14002],{},"tout d'un coup"," ou rien.",[808,14005,14006,14007,14010],{},"Permettre la ",[603,14008,14009],{},"préemption"," (rollback en BDD).",[808,14012,3018],{},[594,14014,13330],{"id":13329},[805,14016,14017,14027],{},[808,14018,14019,14020,14022,14023,14026],{},"Confondre ",[603,14021,1346],{}," (attente mutuelle entre processus) et ",[603,14024,14025],{},"famine","\n(un processus attend indéfiniment une ressource toujours prise par d'autres).",[808,14028,14029],{},"Croire qu'un seul processus peut s'auto-bloquer (par définition l'interblocage\nimplique ≥ 2 processus).",{"title":798,"searchDepth":926,"depth":926,"links":14031},[14032,14033,14034,14035,14036,14037],{"id":13229,"depth":926,"text":13230},{"id":13564,"depth":926,"text":13565},{"id":13881,"depth":926,"text":13882},{"id":13281,"depth":926,"text":13282},{"id":13987,"depth":926,"text":13988},{"id":13329,"depth":926,"text":13330},"Mémo de révision sur le deadlock et les conditions de Coffman.",{},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Finterblocage.memo",[],{"title":13551,"description":14038},"2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F3.interblocage.memo","N8-MlSt-GmTIL-ODN08ce88N1Q6zFqbXW39sog8xIzk",{"id":14046,"title":14047,"bo":14048,"body":14049,"description":14222,"eval":939,"extension":940,"labo":939,"meta":14223,"navigation":947,"path":14224,"quizzes":14225,"readingTime":950,"seo":14226,"stem":14227,"tp":939,"__hash__":14228},"coursMemo\u002F2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F4.routage-principes.memo.md","Principes du routage — l'essentiel",[3147],{"type":591,"value":14050,"toc":14215},[14051,14053,14058,14060,14106,14110,14157,14159,14202,14204],[594,14052,13230],{"id":13229},[599,14054,14055],{},[603,14056,14057],{},"Chaque routeur lit l'adresse de destination d'un paquet, consulte sa table\nde routage, et le transmet au prochain saut — la décision est locale, le\nchemin global émerge.",[594,14059,13239],{"id":13238},[805,14061,14062,14071,14077,14083,14092,14100],{},[808,14063,3188,14064,14066,14067,14070],{},[603,14065,3191],{}," a plusieurs ",[603,14068,14069],{},"interfaces"," ; il interconnecte des\nsous-réseaux.",[808,14072,14073,14074,14076],{},"À chaque saut : lecture de la destination → consultation de la table →\nidentification du ",[603,14075,3222],{}," → émission.",[808,14078,14079,14082],{},[603,14080,14081],{},"Le routeur ne connaît pas le trajet complet"," — il fait un pas.",[808,14084,14085,14086,14088,14089,922],{},"Une ",[603,14087,3173],{}," : lignes ",[1065,14090,14091],{},"(destination, masque, prochain saut, interface, coût)",[808,14093,14094,4110,14097,14099],{},[603,14095,14096],{},"Route par défaut",[1065,14098,3458],{}," : utilisée si aucune entrée plus précise ne\ncorrespond.",[808,14101,14102,14105],{},[603,14103,14104],{},"Préfixe le plus long"," : la route la plus spécifique gagne en cas de\nconflit.",[594,14107,14109],{"id":14108},"exemple-de-table-de-routage","Exemple de table de routage",[652,14111,14112,14125],{},[655,14113,14114],{},[658,14115,14116,14118,14120,14122],{},[661,14117,4830],{},[661,14119,3351],{},[661,14121,3354],{},[661,14123,14124],{},"Interface",[668,14126,14127,14137,14147],{},[658,14128,14129,14131,14133,14135],{},[673,14130,3369],{},[673,14132,3374],{},[673,14134,3377],{},[673,14136,3382],{},[658,14138,14139,14141,14143,14145],{},[673,14140,3391],{},[673,14142,3374],{},[673,14144,3400],{},[673,14146,3382],{},[658,14148,14149,14151,14153,14155],{},[673,14150,3435],{},[673,14152,3440],{},[673,14154,3445],{},[673,14156,3382],{},[594,14158,13282],{"id":13281},[652,14160,14161,14170],{},[655,14162,14163],{},[658,14164,14165,14167],{},[661,14166,13291],{},[661,14168,14169],{},"Décision",[668,14171,14172,14180,14188,14195],{},[658,14173,14174,14177],{},[673,14175,14176],{},"Destination dans un réseau directement connecté",[673,14178,14179],{},"Émission directe",[658,14181,14182,14185],{},[673,14183,14184],{},"Destination dans la table",[673,14186,14187],{},"Prochain saut indiqué",[658,14189,14190,14193],{},[673,14191,14192],{},"Aucune entrée précise",[673,14194,14096],{},[658,14196,14197,14200],{},[673,14198,14199],{},"Plusieurs entrées correspondent",[673,14201,14104],{},[594,14203,13330],{"id":13329},[805,14205,14206,14209,14212],{},[808,14207,14208],{},"Croire que le routeur connaît le chemin complet — il ne connaît qu'un saut.",[808,14210,14211],{},"Oublier la route par défaut.",[808,14213,14214],{},"Confondre routeur (couche IP) et commutateur\u002Fswitch (couche liaison).",{"title":798,"searchDepth":926,"depth":926,"links":14216},[14217,14218,14219,14220,14221],{"id":13229,"depth":926,"text":13230},{"id":13238,"depth":926,"text":13239},{"id":14108,"depth":926,"text":14109},{"id":13281,"depth":926,"text":13282},{"id":13329,"depth":926,"text":13330},"Mémo de révision sur les tables de routage et le saut par saut.",{},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Froutage-principes.memo",[],{"title":14047,"description":14222},"2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F4.routage-principes.memo","AYDbcA614dzU16IJlfEg-J_DKNFWcHUy1MOCrC5l14s",{"id":14230,"title":14231,"bo":14232,"body":14233,"description":15284,"eval":939,"extension":940,"labo":939,"meta":15285,"navigation":947,"path":15286,"quizzes":15287,"readingTime":950,"seo":15288,"stem":15289,"tp":939,"__hash__":15290},"coursMemo\u002F2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F5.protocoles-rip-ospf.memo.md","Protocoles RIP et OSPF — l'essentiel",[3147],{"type":591,"value":14234,"toc":15277},[14235,14237,14242,14244,14463,14467,14516,14520,15259,15261],[594,14236,13230],{"id":13229},[599,14238,14239],{},[603,14240,14241],{},"RIP compte des sauts (Bellman-Ford distribué, plafond 15), OSPF compare\ndes coûts en appliquant Dijkstra sur le graphe complet du réseau — un lien\ndirect avec les algorithmes de plus court chemin.",[594,14243,13239],{"id":13238},[805,14245,14246,14252,14266,14451,14457],{},[808,14247,14248,14249,14251],{},"Le réseau se modélise comme un ",[603,14250,4081],{}," : sommets = routeurs, arêtes =\nliens, poids = saut ou coût.",[808,14253,14254,14256,14257,14259,14260,14263,14264,922],{},[603,14255,3962],{}," : métrique = ",[603,14258,4202],{},", plafond ",[603,14261,14262],{},"15",", échange de\ndistances avec les voisins, algorithme ",[603,14265,5481],{},[808,14267,14268,14256,14270,4110,14272,14329,14330,14448,14449,922],{},[603,14269,3965],{},[603,14271,4109],{},[1267,14273,14275,14299],{"className":14274},[1416],[1267,14276,14278],{"className":14277},[1420],[1422,14279,14280],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,14281,14282,14296],{},[1429,14283,14284,14286,14288,14290,14292,14294],{},[1435,14285,4125],{},[2302,14287,4129],{"stretchy":4128},[1435,14289,4132],{},[2302,14291,4135],{"separator":1450},[1435,14293,4138],{},[2302,14295,4141],{"stretchy":4128},[1442,14297,14298],{"encoding":1444},"c(u,v)",[1267,14300,14302],{"className":14301,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,14303,14305,14308,14311,14314,14317,14320,14323,14326],{"className":14304},[1454],[1267,14306],{"className":14307,"style":4154},[1458],[1267,14309,4125],{"className":14310},[1463,1467],[1267,14312,4129],{"className":14313},[4161],[1267,14315,4132],{"className":14316},[1463,1467],[1267,14318,4135],{"className":14319},[4168],[1267,14321],{"className":14322,"style":4172},[2388],[1267,14324,4138],{"className":14325,"style":4176},[1463,1467],[1267,14327,4141],{"className":14328},[4180]," (typiquement ",[1267,14331,14333,14364],{"className":14332},[1416],[1267,14334,14336],{"className":14335},[1420],[1422,14337,14338],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,14339,14340,14362],{},[1429,14341,14342,14348,14350],{},[4518,14343,14344,14346],{},[1439,14345,4522],{},[1439,14347,4525],{},[1435,14349,4529],{"mathvariant":4528},[1429,14351,14352,14354,14360],{},[4533,14353,4535],{},[4537,14355,14356,14358],{"accent":1450},[4533,14357,4541],{},[2302,14359,4544],{},[4533,14361,4547],{},[1442,14363,4550],{"encoding":1444},[1267,14365,14367],{"className":14366,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,14368,14370,14373,14376,14405,14408],{"className":14369},[1454],[1267,14371],{"className":14372,"style":4560},[1458],[1267,14374,793],{"className":14375},[1463],[1267,14377,14379,14382],{"className":14378},[1463],[1267,14380,2939],{"className":14381},[1463],[1267,14383,14385],{"className":14384},[1472],[1267,14386,14388],{"className":14387},[1476],[1267,14389,14391],{"className":14390},[1481],[1267,14392,14394],{"className":14393,"style":4582},[1485],[1267,14395,14396,14399],{"style":4585},[1267,14397],{"className":14398,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,14400,14402],{"className":14401},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,14403,4525],{"className":14404},[1463,1501],[1267,14406,4529],{"className":14407},[1463],[1267,14409,14411,14414,14445],{"className":14410},[1463,4601],[1267,14412,4535],{"className":14413},[1463],[1267,14415,14417],{"className":14416},[1463,4608],[1267,14418,14420],{"className":14419},[1476],[1267,14421,14423],{"className":14422},[1481],[1267,14424,14426,14434],{"className":14425,"style":4304},[1485],[1267,14427,14428,14431],{"style":4620},[1267,14429],{"className":14430,"style":4624},[1493],[1267,14432,4541],{"className":14433},[1463],[1267,14435,14436,14439],{"style":4620},[1267,14437],{"className":14438,"style":4624},[1493],[1267,14440,14442],{"className":14441,"style":4637},[4636],[1267,14443,4544],{"className":14444},[1463],[1267,14446,4547],{"className":14447},[1463],"),\nvision complète du réseau, calcul local par ",[603,14450,5484],{},[808,14452,14453,14454,922],{},"OSPF peut préférer une route plus longue en sauts mais ",[603,14455,14456],{},"moins coûteuse",[808,14458,14459,14460,14462],{},"Les deux sont des ",[603,14461,5578],{}," (à l'intérieur d'un domaine).",[594,14464,14466],{"id":14465},"rip-vs-ospf","RIP vs OSPF",[652,14468,14469,14479],{},[655,14470,14471],{},[658,14472,14473,14475,14477],{},[661,14474,5499],{},[661,14476,3962],{},[661,14478,3965],{},[668,14480,14481,14490,14500,14508],{},[658,14482,14483,14485,14488],{},[673,14484,5510],{},[673,14486,14487],{},"Sauts",[673,14489,3360],{},[658,14491,14492,14495,14498],{},[673,14493,14494],{},"Vision",[673,14496,14497],{},"Voisins",[673,14499,5527],{},[658,14501,14502,14504,14506],{},[673,14503,5532],{},[673,14505,5481],{},[673,14507,5484],{},[658,14509,14510,14512,14514],{},[673,14511,5564],{},[673,14513,5567],{},[673,14515,5570],{},[594,14517,14519],{"id":14518},"mini-calcul-ospf","Mini calcul OSPF",[599,14521,14522,14523,14862,14863,14891,14892,14920,14921,14982,14983,14920,15011,15104,15105,14920,15133,15258],{},"Graphe ",[1267,14524,14526,14636],{"className":14525},[1416],[1267,14527,14529],{"className":14528},[1420],[1422,14530,14531],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,14532,14533,14633],{},[1429,14534,14535,14537,14540,14542,14544,14546,14548,14550,14552,14554,14557,14559,14561,14563,14565,14567,14569,14571,14573,14575,14577,14579,14581,14583,14585,14587,14589,14591,14593,14595,14597,14599,14601,14603,14605,14607,14609,14611,14613,14615,14617,14619,14621,14623,14625,14627,14629,14631],{},[1435,14536,1593],{},[4533,14538,14539],{}," ⁣",[2302,14541,10267],{},[4533,14543,14539],{},[1435,14545,1596],{},[2302,14547,4129],{"stretchy":4128},[1439,14549,874],{},[2302,14551,4141],{"stretchy":4128},[2302,14553,4135],{"separator":1450},[4533,14555,14556],{}," ",[1435,14558,1596],{},[4533,14560,14539],{},[2302,14562,10267],{},[4533,14564,14539],{},[1435,14566,4732],{},[2302,14568,4129],{"stretchy":4128},[1439,14570,793],{},[2302,14572,4141],{"stretchy":4128},[2302,14574,4135],{"separator":1450},[4533,14576,14556],{},[1435,14578,1593],{},[4533,14580,14539],{},[2302,14582,10267],{},[4533,14584,14539],{},[1435,14586,4732],{},[2302,14588,4129],{"stretchy":4128},[1439,14590,5349],{},[2302,14592,4141],{"stretchy":4128},[2302,14594,4135],{"separator":1450},[4533,14596,14556],{},[1435,14598,4732],{},[4533,14600,14539],{},[2302,14602,10267],{},[4533,14604,14539],{},[1435,14606,4737],{},[2302,14608,4129],{"stretchy":4128},[1439,14610,1947],{},[2302,14612,4141],{"stretchy":4128},[2302,14614,4135],{"separator":1450},[4533,14616,14556],{},[1435,14618,1596],{},[4533,14620,14539],{},[2302,14622,10267],{},[4533,14624,14539],{},[1435,14626,4737],{},[2302,14628,4129],{"stretchy":4128},[1439,14630,9437],{},[2302,14632,4141],{"stretchy":4128},[1442,14634,14635],{"encoding":1444},"A\\!-\\!B(2),\\ B\\!-\\!C(1),\\ A\\!-\\!C(5),\\ C\\!-\\!D(3),\\ B\\!-\\!D(7)",[1267,14637,14639,14664,14709,14754,14799,14844],{"className":14638,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,14640,14642,14645,14648,14652,14655,14658,14661],{"className":14641},[1454],[1267,14643],{"className":14644,"style":6786},[1458],[1267,14646,1593],{"className":14647},[1463,1467],[1267,14649],{"className":14650,"style":14651},[2388],"margin-right:-0.1667em;",[1267,14653],{"className":14654,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,14656,10267],{"className":14657},[4383],[1267,14659],{"className":14660,"style":14651},[2388],[1267,14662],{"className":14663,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,14665,14667,14670,14673,14676,14679,14682,14685,14688,14691,14694,14697,14700,14703,14706],{"className":14666},[1454],[1267,14668],{"className":14669,"style":4154},[1458],[1267,14671,1596],{"className":14672,"style":4763},[1463,1467],[1267,14674,4129],{"className":14675},[4161],[1267,14677,874],{"className":14678},[1463],[1267,14680,4141],{"className":14681},[4180],[1267,14683,4135],{"className":14684},[4168],[1267,14686,14556],{"className":14687},[2388],[1267,14689],{"className":14690,"style":4172},[2388],[1267,14692,1596],{"className":14693,"style":4763},[1463,1467],[1267,14695],{"className":14696,"style":14651},[2388],[1267,14698],{"className":14699,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,14701,10267],{"className":14702},[4383],[1267,14704],{"className":14705,"style":14651},[2388],[1267,14707],{"className":14708,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,14710,14712,14715,14718,14721,14724,14727,14730,14733,14736,14739,14742,14745,14748,14751],{"className":14711},[1454],[1267,14713],{"className":14714,"style":4154},[1458],[1267,14716,4732],{"className":14717,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,14719,4129],{"className":14720},[4161],[1267,14722,793],{"className":14723},[1463],[1267,14725,4141],{"className":14726},[4180],[1267,14728,4135],{"className":14729},[4168],[1267,14731,14556],{"className":14732},[2388],[1267,14734],{"className":14735,"style":4172},[2388],[1267,14737,1593],{"className":14738},[1463,1467],[1267,14740],{"className":14741,"style":14651},[2388],[1267,14743],{"className":14744,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,14746,10267],{"className":14747},[4383],[1267,14749],{"className":14750,"style":14651},[2388],[1267,14752],{"className":14753,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,14755,14757,14760,14763,14766,14769,14772,14775,14778,14781,14784,14787,14790,14793,14796],{"className":14756},[1454],[1267,14758],{"className":14759,"style":4154},[1458],[1267,14761,4732],{"className":14762,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,14764,4129],{"className":14765},[4161],[1267,14767,5349],{"className":14768},[1463],[1267,14770,4141],{"className":14771},[4180],[1267,14773,4135],{"className":14774},[4168],[1267,14776,14556],{"className":14777},[2388],[1267,14779],{"className":14780,"style":4172},[2388],[1267,14782,4732],{"className":14783,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,14785],{"className":14786,"style":14651},[2388],[1267,14788],{"className":14789,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,14791,10267],{"className":14792},[4383],[1267,14794],{"className":14795,"style":14651},[2388],[1267,14797],{"className":14798,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,14800,14802,14805,14808,14811,14814,14817,14820,14823,14826,14829,14832,14835,14838,14841],{"className":14801},[1454],[1267,14803],{"className":14804,"style":4154},[1458],[1267,14806,4737],{"className":14807,"style":4783},[1463,1467],[1267,14809,4129],{"className":14810},[4161],[1267,14812,1947],{"className":14813},[1463],[1267,14815,4141],{"className":14816},[4180],[1267,14818,4135],{"className":14819},[4168],[1267,14821,14556],{"className":14822},[2388],[1267,14824],{"className":14825,"style":4172},[2388],[1267,14827,1596],{"className":14828,"style":4763},[1463,1467],[1267,14830],{"className":14831,"style":14651},[2388],[1267,14833],{"className":14834,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,14836,10267],{"className":14837},[4383],[1267,14839],{"className":14840,"style":14651},[2388],[1267,14842],{"className":14843,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,14845,14847,14850,14853,14856,14859],{"className":14846},[1454],[1267,14848],{"className":14849,"style":4154},[1458],[1267,14851,4737],{"className":14852,"style":4783},[1463,1467],[1267,14854,4129],{"className":14855},[4161],[1267,14857,9437],{"className":14858},[1463],[1267,14860,4141],{"className":14861},[4180],".\nDepuis ",[1267,14864,14866,14879],{"className":14865},[1416],[1267,14867,14869],{"className":14868},[1420],[1422,14870,14871],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,14872,14873,14877],{},[1429,14874,14875],{},[1435,14876,1593],{},[1442,14878,1593],{"encoding":1444},[1267,14880,14882],{"className":14881,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,14883,14885,14888],{"className":14884},[1454],[1267,14886],{"className":14887,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,14889,1593],{"className":14890},[1463,1467]," : ",[1267,14893,14895,14908],{"className":14894},[1416],[1267,14896,14898],{"className":14897},[1420],[1422,14899,14900],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,14901,14902,14906],{},[1429,14903,14904],{},[1435,14905,1596],{},[1442,14907,1596],{"encoding":1444},[1267,14909,14911],{"className":14910,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,14912,14914,14917],{"className":14913},[1454],[1267,14915],{"className":14916,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,14918,1596],{"className":14919,"style":4763},[1463,1467]," via ",[1267,14922,14924,14946],{"className":14923},[1416],[1267,14925,14927],{"className":14926},[1420],[1422,14928,14929],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,14930,14931,14943],{},[1429,14932,14933,14935,14937,14939,14941],{},[1435,14934,1593],{},[4533,14936,14539],{},[2302,14938,2304],{},[4533,14940,14539],{},[1435,14942,1596],{},[1442,14944,14945],{"encoding":1444},"A\\!\\to\\!B",[1267,14947,14949,14973],{"className":14948,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,14950,14952,14955,14958,14961,14964,14967,14970],{"className":14951},[1454],[1267,14953],{"className":14954,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,14956,1593],{"className":14957},[1463,1467],[1267,14959],{"className":14960,"style":14651},[2388],[1267,14962],{"className":14963,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,14965,2304],{"className":14966},[2393],[1267,14968],{"className":14969,"style":14651},[2388],[1267,14971],{"className":14972,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,14974,14976,14979],{"className":14975},[1454],[1267,14977],{"className":14978,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,14980,1596],{"className":14981,"style":4763},[1463,1467]," (coût 2), ",[1267,14984,14986,14999],{"className":14985},[1416],[1267,14987,14989],{"className":14988},[1420],[1422,14990,14991],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,14992,14993,14997],{},[1429,14994,14995],{},[1435,14996,4732],{},[1442,14998,4732],{"encoding":1444},[1267,15000,15002],{"className":15001,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,15003,15005,15008],{"className":15004},[1454],[1267,15006],{"className":15007,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,15009,4732],{"className":15010,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,15012,15014,15044],{"className":15013},[1416],[1267,15015,15017],{"className":15016},[1420],[1422,15018,15019],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,15020,15021,15041],{},[1429,15022,15023,15025,15027,15029,15031,15033,15035,15037,15039],{},[1435,15024,1593],{},[4533,15026,14539],{},[2302,15028,2304],{},[4533,15030,14539],{},[1435,15032,1596],{},[4533,15034,14539],{},[2302,15036,2304],{},[4533,15038,14539],{},[1435,15040,4732],{},[1442,15042,15043],{"encoding":1444},"A\\!\\to\\!B\\!\\to\\!C",[1267,15045,15047,15071,15095],{"className":15046,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,15048,15050,15053,15056,15059,15062,15065,15068],{"className":15049},[1454],[1267,15051],{"className":15052,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,15054,1593],{"className":15055},[1463,1467],[1267,15057],{"className":15058,"style":14651},[2388],[1267,15060],{"className":15061,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,15063,2304],{"className":15064},[2393],[1267,15066],{"className":15067,"style":14651},[2388],[1267,15069],{"className":15070,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,15072,15074,15077,15080,15083,15086,15089,15092],{"className":15073},[1454],[1267,15075],{"className":15076,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,15078,1596],{"className":15079,"style":4763},[1463,1467],[1267,15081],{"className":15082,"style":14651},[2388],[1267,15084],{"className":15085,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,15087,2304],{"className":15088},[2393],[1267,15090],{"className":15091,"style":14651},[2388],[1267,15093],{"className":15094,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,15096,15098,15101],{"className":15097},[1454],[1267,15099],{"className":15100,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,15102,4732],{"className":15103,"style":4773},[1463,1467],"\n(coût 3), ",[1267,15106,15108,15121],{"className":15107},[1416],[1267,15109,15111],{"className":15110},[1420],[1422,15112,15113],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,15114,15115,15119],{},[1429,15116,15117],{},[1435,15118,4737],{},[1442,15120,4737],{"encoding":1444},[1267,15122,15124],{"className":15123,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,15125,15127,15130],{"className":15126},[1454],[1267,15128],{"className":15129,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,15131,4737],{"className":15132,"style":4783},[1463,1467],[1267,15134,15136,15174],{"className":15135},[1416],[1267,15137,15139],{"className":15138},[1420],[1422,15140,15141],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,15142,15143,15171],{},[1429,15144,15145,15147,15149,15151,15153,15155,15157,15159,15161,15163,15165,15167,15169],{},[1435,15146,1593],{},[4533,15148,14539],{},[2302,15150,2304],{},[4533,15152,14539],{},[1435,15154,1596],{},[4533,15156,14539],{},[2302,15158,2304],{},[4533,15160,14539],{},[1435,15162,4732],{},[4533,15164,14539],{},[2302,15166,2304],{},[4533,15168,14539],{},[1435,15170,4737],{},[1442,15172,15173],{"encoding":1444},"A\\!\\to\\!B\\!\\to\\!C\\!\\to\\!D",[1267,15175,15177,15201,15225,15249],{"className":15176,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,15178,15180,15183,15186,15189,15192,15195,15198],{"className":15179},[1454],[1267,15181],{"className":15182,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,15184,1593],{"className":15185},[1463,1467],[1267,15187],{"className":15188,"style":14651},[2388],[1267,15190],{"className":15191,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,15193,2304],{"className":15194},[2393],[1267,15196],{"className":15197,"style":14651},[2388],[1267,15199],{"className":15200,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,15202,15204,15207,15210,15213,15216,15219,15222],{"className":15203},[1454],[1267,15205],{"className":15206,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,15208,1596],{"className":15209,"style":4763},[1463,1467],[1267,15211],{"className":15212,"style":14651},[2388],[1267,15214],{"className":15215,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,15217,2304],{"className":15218},[2393],[1267,15220],{"className":15221,"style":14651},[2388],[1267,15223],{"className":15224,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,15226,15228,15231,15234,15237,15240,15243,15246],{"className":15227},[1454],[1267,15229],{"className":15230,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,15232,4732],{"className":15233,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,15235],{"className":15236,"style":14651},[2388],[1267,15238],{"className":15239,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,15241,2304],{"className":15242},[2393],[1267,15244],{"className":15245,"style":14651},[2388],[1267,15247],{"className":15248,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,15250,15252,15255],{"className":15251},[1454],[1267,15253],{"className":15254,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,15256,4737],{"className":15257,"style":4783},[1463,1467]," (coût 6).",[594,15260,13330],{"id":13329},[805,15262,15263,15268,15274],{},[808,15264,15265,15266,922],{},"Croire qu'OSPF préfère toujours la route avec le moins de sauts — non, il\nminimise le ",[603,15267,4109],{},[808,15269,15270,15271,15273],{},"Oublier le plafond de ",[603,15272,5545],{}," propre à RIP.",[808,15275,15276],{},"Croire que RIP voit l'ensemble du réseau — il ne connaît que ses voisins.",{"title":798,"searchDepth":926,"depth":926,"links":15278},[15279,15280,15281,15282,15283],{"id":13229,"depth":926,"text":13230},{"id":13238,"depth":926,"text":13239},{"id":14465,"depth":926,"text":14466},{"id":14518,"depth":926,"text":14519},{"id":13329,"depth":926,"text":13330},"Mémo de révision sur les deux protocoles de routage du programme.",{},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fprotocoles-rip-ospf.memo",[],{"title":14231,"description":15284},"2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F5.protocoles-rip-ospf.memo","9Ac8RrQHGMNshc9uRoREHmFWexMWTE5vzrD3AHg_LQ8",{"id":15292,"title":15293,"bo":15294,"body":15295,"description":16282,"eval":939,"extension":940,"labo":939,"meta":16283,"navigation":947,"path":16284,"quizzes":16285,"readingTime":950,"seo":16286,"stem":16287,"tp":939,"__hash__":16288},"coursMemo\u002F2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F6.chiffrement-symetrique.memo.md","Chiffrement symétrique — l'essentiel",[5610],{"type":591,"value":15296,"toc":16275},[15297,15299,15546,15548,16114,16118,16216,16219,16221,16256,16258],[594,15298,13230],{"id":13229},[599,15300,15301],{},[603,15302,15303,15304,14891,15332,15438,15439,15545],{},"Dans le chiffrement symétrique, expéditeur et destinataire partagent une\nmême clé secrète ",[1267,15305,15307,15320],{"className":15306},[1416],[1267,15308,15310],{"className":15309},[1420],[1422,15311,15312],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,15313,15314,15318],{},[1429,15315,15316],{},[1435,15317,5733],{},[1442,15319,5733],{"encoding":1444},[1267,15321,15323],{"className":15322,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,15324,15326,15329],{"className":15325},[1454],[1267,15327],{"className":15328,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,15330,5733],{"className":15331,"style":5748},[1463,1467],[1267,15333,15335,15362],{"className":15334},[1416],[1267,15336,15338],{"className":15337},[1420],[1422,15339,15340],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,15341,15342,15360],{},[1429,15343,15344,15346,15348,15354,15356,15358],{},[1435,15345,4732],{},[2302,15347,5775],{},[1432,15349,15350,15352],{},[1435,15351,5780],{},[1435,15353,5733],{},[2302,15355,4129],{"stretchy":4128},[1435,15357,5666],{},[2302,15359,4141],{"stretchy":4128},[1442,15361,6288],{"encoding":1444},[1267,15363,15365,15383],{"className":15364,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,15366,15368,15371,15374,15377,15380],{"className":15367},[1454],[1267,15369],{"className":15370,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,15372,4732],{"className":15373,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,15375],{"className":15376,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,15378,5775],{"className":15379},[2393],[1267,15381],{"className":15382,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,15384,15386,15389,15429,15432,15435],{"className":15385},[1454],[1267,15387],{"className":15388,"style":4154},[1458],[1267,15390,15392,15395],{"className":15391},[1463],[1267,15393,5780],{"className":15394,"style":5844},[1463,1467],[1267,15396,15398],{"className":15397},[1472],[1267,15399,15401,15421],{"className":15400},[1476,1477],[1267,15402,15404,15418],{"className":15403},[1481],[1267,15405,15407],{"className":15406,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,15408,15409,15412],{"style":5860},[1267,15410],{"className":15411,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,15413,15415],{"className":15414},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,15416,5733],{"className":15417,"style":5748},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,15419,1509],{"className":15420},[1508],[1267,15422,15424],{"className":15423},[1481],[1267,15425,15427],{"className":15426,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,15428],{},[1267,15430,4129],{"className":15431},[4161],[1267,15433,5666],{"className":15434,"style":5681},[1463,1467],[1267,15436,4141],{"className":15437},[4180]," pour chiffrer, ",[1267,15440,15442,15469],{"className":15441},[1416],[1267,15443,15445],{"className":15444},[1420],[1422,15446,15447],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,15448,15449,15467],{},[1429,15450,15451,15453,15455,15461,15463,15465],{},[1435,15452,5666],{},[2302,15454,5775],{},[1432,15456,15457,15459],{},[1435,15458,4737],{},[1435,15460,5733],{},[2302,15462,4129],{"stretchy":4128},[1435,15464,4732],{},[2302,15466,4141],{"stretchy":4128},[1442,15468,6454],{"encoding":1444},[1267,15470,15472,15490],{"className":15471,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,15473,15475,15478,15481,15484,15487],{"className":15474},[1454],[1267,15476],{"className":15477,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,15479,5666],{"className":15480,"style":5681},[1463,1467],[1267,15482],{"className":15483,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,15485,5775],{"className":15486},[2393],[1267,15488],{"className":15489,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,15491,15493,15496,15536,15539,15542],{"className":15492},[1454],[1267,15494],{"className":15495,"style":4154},[1458],[1267,15497,15499,15502],{"className":15498},[1463],[1267,15500,4737],{"className":15501,"style":4783},[1463,1467],[1267,15503,15505],{"className":15504},[1472],[1267,15506,15508,15528],{"className":15507},[1476,1477],[1267,15509,15511,15525],{"className":15510},[1481],[1267,15512,15514],{"className":15513,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,15515,15516,15519],{"style":5932},[1267,15517],{"className":15518,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,15520,15522],{"className":15521},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,15523,5733],{"className":15524,"style":5748},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,15526,1509],{"className":15527},[1508],[1267,15529,15531],{"className":15530},[1481],[1267,15532,15534],{"className":15533,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,15535],{},[1267,15537,4129],{"className":15538},[4161],[1267,15540,4732],{"className":15541,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,15543,4141],{"className":15544},[4180]," pour\ndéchiffrer.",[594,15547,13239],{"id":13238},[805,15549,15550,15559,15937,15946,16095,16101,16107],{},[808,15551,15552,15554,15555,15558],{},[603,15553,10593],{}," = ",[603,15556,15557],{},"une seule clé partagée"," entre les deux parties.",[808,15560,15561,15562,2796,15668,15774,15775,922],{},"Notation : ",[1267,15563,15565,15592],{"className":15564},[1416],[1267,15566,15568],{"className":15567},[1420],[1422,15569,15570],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,15571,15572,15590],{},[1429,15573,15574,15576,15578,15584,15586,15588],{},[1435,15575,4732],{},[2302,15577,5775],{},[1432,15579,15580,15582],{},[1435,15581,5780],{},[1435,15583,5733],{},[2302,15585,4129],{"stretchy":4128},[1435,15587,5666],{},[2302,15589,4141],{"stretchy":4128},[1442,15591,6288],{"encoding":1444},[1267,15593,15595,15613],{"className":15594,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,15596,15598,15601,15604,15607,15610],{"className":15597},[1454],[1267,15599],{"className":15600,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,15602,4732],{"className":15603,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,15605],{"className":15606,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,15608,5775],{"className":15609},[2393],[1267,15611],{"className":15612,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,15614,15616,15619,15659,15662,15665],{"className":15615},[1454],[1267,15617],{"className":15618,"style":4154},[1458],[1267,15620,15622,15625],{"className":15621},[1463],[1267,15623,5780],{"className":15624,"style":5844},[1463,1467],[1267,15626,15628],{"className":15627},[1472],[1267,15629,15631,15651],{"className":15630},[1476,1477],[1267,15632,15634,15648],{"className":15633},[1481],[1267,15635,15637],{"className":15636,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,15638,15639,15642],{"style":5860},[1267,15640],{"className":15641,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,15643,15645],{"className":15644},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,15646,5733],{"className":15647,"style":5748},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,15649,1509],{"className":15650},[1508],[1267,15652,15654],{"className":15653},[1481],[1267,15655,15657],{"className":15656,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,15658],{},[1267,15660,4129],{"className":15661},[4161],[1267,15663,5666],{"className":15664,"style":5681},[1463,1467],[1267,15666,4141],{"className":15667},[4180],[1267,15669,15671,15698],{"className":15670},[1416],[1267,15672,15674],{"className":15673},[1420],[1422,15675,15676],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,15677,15678,15696],{},[1429,15679,15680,15682,15684,15690,15692,15694],{},[1435,15681,5666],{},[2302,15683,5775],{},[1432,15685,15686,15688],{},[1435,15687,4737],{},[1435,15689,5733],{},[2302,15691,4129],{"stretchy":4128},[1435,15693,4732],{},[2302,15695,4141],{"stretchy":4128},[1442,15697,6454],{"encoding":1444},[1267,15699,15701,15719],{"className":15700,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,15702,15704,15707,15710,15713,15716],{"className":15703},[1454],[1267,15705],{"className":15706,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,15708,5666],{"className":15709,"style":5681},[1463,1467],[1267,15711],{"className":15712,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,15714,5775],{"className":15715},[2393],[1267,15717],{"className":15718,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,15720,15722,15725,15765,15768,15771],{"className":15721},[1454],[1267,15723],{"className":15724,"style":4154},[1458],[1267,15726,15728,15731],{"className":15727},[1463],[1267,15729,4737],{"className":15730,"style":4783},[1463,1467],[1267,15732,15734],{"className":15733},[1472],[1267,15735,15737,15757],{"className":15736},[1476,1477],[1267,15738,15740,15754],{"className":15739},[1481],[1267,15741,15743],{"className":15742,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,15744,15745,15748],{"style":5932},[1267,15746],{"className":15747,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,15749,15751],{"className":15750},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,15752,5733],{"className":15753,"style":5748},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,15755,1509],{"className":15756},[1508],[1267,15758,15760],{"className":15759},[1481],[1267,15761,15763],{"className":15762,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,15764],{},[1267,15766,4129],{"className":15767},[4161],[1267,15769,4732],{"className":15770,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,15772,4141],{"className":15773},[4180],", avec ",[1267,15776,15778,15811],{"className":15777},[1416],[1267,15779,15781],{"className":15780},[1420],[1422,15782,15783],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,15784,15785,15808],{},[1429,15786,15787,15793,15795],{},[1432,15788,15789,15791],{},[1435,15790,4737],{},[1435,15792,5733],{},[2302,15794,5775],{},[15796,15797,15798,15800,15802],"msubsup",{},[1435,15799,5780],{},[1435,15801,5733],{},[1429,15803,15804,15806],{},[2302,15805,10267],{},[1439,15807,793],{},[1442,15809,15810],{"encoding":1444},"D_k = E_k^{-1}",[1267,15812,15814,15869],{"className":15813,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,15815,15817,15820,15860,15863,15866],{"className":15816},[1454],[1267,15818],{"className":15819,"style":1459},[1458],[1267,15821,15823,15826],{"className":15822},[1463],[1267,15824,4737],{"className":15825,"style":4783},[1463,1467],[1267,15827,15829],{"className":15828},[1472],[1267,15830,15832,15852],{"className":15831},[1476,1477],[1267,15833,15835,15849],{"className":15834},[1481],[1267,15836,15838],{"className":15837,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,15839,15840,15843],{"style":5932},[1267,15841],{"className":15842,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,15844,15846],{"className":15845},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,15847,5733],{"className":15848,"style":5748},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,15850,1509],{"className":15851},[1508],[1267,15853,15855],{"className":15854},[1481],[1267,15856,15858],{"className":15857,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,15859],{},[1267,15861],{"className":15862,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,15864,5775],{"className":15865},[2393],[1267,15867],{"className":15868,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,15870,15872,15876],{"className":15871},[1454],[1267,15873],{"className":15874,"style":15875},[1458],"height:1.1555em;vertical-align:-0.3013em;",[1267,15877,15879,15882],{"className":15878},[1463],[1267,15880,5780],{"className":15881,"style":5844},[1463,1467],[1267,15883,15885],{"className":15884},[1472],[1267,15886,15888,15928],{"className":15887},[1476,1477],[1267,15889,15891,15925],{"className":15890},[1481],[1267,15892,15895,15907],{"className":15893,"style":15894},[1485],"height:0.8542em;",[1267,15896,15898,15901],{"style":15897},"top:-2.3987em;margin-left:-0.0576em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1267,15899],{"className":15900,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,15902,15904],{"className":15903},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,15905,5733],{"className":15906,"style":5748},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,15908,15910,15913],{"style":15909},"top:-3.1031em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1267,15911],{"className":15912,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,15914,15916],{"className":15915},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,15917,15919,15922],{"className":15918},[1463,1501],[1267,15920,10267],{"className":15921},[1463,1501],[1267,15923,793],{"className":15924},[1463,1501],[1267,15926,1509],{"className":15927},[1508],[1267,15929,15931],{"className":15930},[1481],[1267,15932,15935],{"className":15933,"style":15934},[1485],"height:0.3013em;",[1267,15936],{},[808,15938,15939,15942,15943,15945],{},[603,15940,15941],{},"Principe de Kerckhoffs"," : la sécurité repose sur la ",[603,15944,5752],{},", pas sur\nl'algorithme — qui peut être public.",[808,15947,15948,15949,2796,15951,2796,16023,922],{},"Exemple jouet : ",[603,15950,6668],{},[1267,15952,15954,15975],{"className":15953},[1416],[1267,15955,15957],{"className":15956},[1420],[1422,15958,15959],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,15960,15961,15973],{},[1429,15962,15963,15965,15967,15969,15971],{},[1435,15964,4732],{},[2302,15966,5775],{},[1435,15968,5666],{},[2302,15970,6753],{},[1435,15972,5733],{},[1442,15974,6758],{"encoding":1444},[1267,15976,15978,15996,16014],{"className":15977,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,15979,15981,15984,15987,15990,15993],{"className":15980},[1454],[1267,15982],{"className":15983,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,15985,4732],{"className":15986,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,15988],{"className":15989,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,15991,5775],{"className":15992},[2393],[1267,15994],{"className":15995,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,15997,15999,16002,16005,16008,16011],{"className":15998},[1454],[1267,16000],{"className":16001,"style":6786},[1458],[1267,16003,5666],{"className":16004,"style":5681},[1463,1467],[1267,16006],{"className":16007,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,16009,6753],{"className":16010},[4383],[1267,16012],{"className":16013,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,16015,16017,16020],{"className":16016},[1454],[1267,16018],{"className":16019,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,16021,5733],{"className":16022,"style":5748},[1463,1467],[1267,16024,16026,16047],{"className":16025},[1416],[1267,16027,16029],{"className":16028},[1420],[1422,16030,16031],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,16032,16033,16045],{},[1429,16034,16035,16037,16039,16041,16043],{},[1435,16036,5666],{},[2302,16038,5775],{},[1435,16040,4732],{},[2302,16042,6753],{},[1435,16044,5733],{},[1442,16046,6969],{"encoding":1444},[1267,16048,16050,16068,16086],{"className":16049,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,16051,16053,16056,16059,16062,16065],{"className":16052},[1454],[1267,16054],{"className":16055,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,16057,5666],{"className":16058,"style":5681},[1463,1467],[1267,16060],{"className":16061,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,16063,5775],{"className":16064},[2393],[1267,16066],{"className":16067,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,16069,16071,16074,16077,16080,16083],{"className":16070},[1454],[1267,16072],{"className":16073,"style":6786},[1458],[1267,16075,4732],{"className":16076,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,16078],{"className":16079,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,16081,6753],{"className":16082},[4383],[1267,16084],{"className":16085,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,16087,16089,16092],{"className":16088},[1454],[1267,16090],{"className":16091,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,16093,5733],{"className":16094,"style":5748},[1463,1467],[808,16096,16097,16098,16100],{},"Standard industriel : ",[603,16099,7248],{}," (clé 128\u002F192\u002F256 bits, blocs de 128 bits).",[808,16102,16103,16104,16106],{},"Avantage : ",[603,16105,7265],{},", utilisé pour le gros du trafic.",[808,16108,16109,16110,16113],{},"Inconvénient : ",[603,16111,16112],{},"partage de la clé"," difficile sur réseau public.",[594,16115,16117],{"id":16116},"xor-la-propriété-clé","XOR — la propriété clé",[1267,16119,16121],{"className":16120},[5757],[1267,16122,16124,16150],{"className":16123},[1416],[1267,16125,16127],{"className":16126},[1420],[1422,16128,16129],{"xmlns":1424,"display":5766},[1426,16130,16131,16147],{},[1429,16132,16133,16135,16137,16139,16141,16143,16145],{},[1435,16134,5666],{},[2302,16136,6753],{},[1435,16138,5733],{},[2302,16140,6753],{},[1435,16142,5733],{},[2302,16144,5775],{},[1435,16146,5666],{},[1442,16148,16149],{"encoding":1444},"M \\oplus k \\oplus k = M",[1267,16151,16153,16171,16189,16207],{"className":16152,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,16154,16156,16159,16162,16165,16168],{"className":16155},[1454],[1267,16157],{"className":16158,"style":6786},[1458],[1267,16160,5666],{"className":16161,"style":5681},[1463,1467],[1267,16163],{"className":16164,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,16166,6753],{"className":16167},[4383],[1267,16169],{"className":16170,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,16172,16174,16177,16180,16183,16186],{"className":16173},[1454],[1267,16175],{"className":16176,"style":4372},[1458],[1267,16178,5733],{"className":16179,"style":5748},[1463,1467],[1267,16181],{"className":16182,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,16184,6753],{"className":16185},[4383],[1267,16187],{"className":16188,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,16190,16192,16195,16198,16201,16204],{"className":16191},[1454],[1267,16193],{"className":16194,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,16196,5733],{"className":16197,"style":5748},[1463,1467],[1267,16199],{"className":16200,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,16202,5775],{"className":16203},[2393],[1267,16205],{"className":16206,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,16208,16210,16213],{"className":16209},[1454],[1267,16211],{"className":16212,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,16214,5666],{"className":16215,"style":5681},[1463,1467],[599,16217,16218],{},"Appliquer la même clé deux fois annule l'opération.",[594,16220,13282],{"id":13281},[652,16222,16223,16232],{},[655,16224,16225],{},[658,16226,16227,16229],{},[661,16228,13291],{},[661,16230,16231],{},"Mécanisme",[668,16233,16234,16241,16249],{},[658,16235,16236,16239],{},[673,16237,16238],{},"Une seule clé, partagée",[673,16240,525],{},[658,16242,16243,16246],{},[673,16244,16245],{},"Clé aussi longue que le message, jamais réutilisée",[673,16247,16248],{},"Masque jetable (one-time pad)",[658,16250,16251,16254],{},[673,16252,16253],{},"Standard moderne, blocs 128 bits",[673,16255,7248],{},[594,16257,13330],{"id":13329},[805,16259,16260,16263,16272],{},[808,16261,16262],{},"Croire qu'un XOR avec une clé courte répétée est sûr — il se casse.",[808,16264,14019,16265,16268,16269,16271],{},[603,16266,16267],{},"algorithme"," (public) et ",[603,16270,5752],{}," (secrète).",[808,16273,16274],{},"Croire que le chiffrement symétrique résout l'échange de clé — il ne le\nrésout pas (d'où l'asymétrique).",{"title":798,"searchDepth":926,"depth":926,"links":16276},[16277,16278,16279,16280,16281],{"id":13229,"depth":926,"text":13230},{"id":13238,"depth":926,"text":13239},{"id":16116,"depth":926,"text":16117},{"id":13281,"depth":926,"text":13282},{"id":13329,"depth":926,"text":13330},"Mémo de révision sur le chiffrement à clé partagée.",{},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fchiffrement-symetrique.memo",[],{"title":15293,"description":16282},"2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F6.chiffrement-symetrique.memo","picL-_GflK27oJ6d43V-9gkLnIo2kjyS8MH8ihqq_LM",{"id":16290,"title":16291,"bo":16292,"body":16293,"description":18241,"eval":939,"extension":940,"labo":939,"meta":18242,"navigation":947,"path":18243,"quizzes":18244,"readingTime":950,"seo":18245,"stem":18246,"tp":939,"__hash__":18247},"coursMemo\u002F2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F7.chiffrement-asymetrique.memo.md","Chiffrement asymétrique — l'essentiel",[5610],{"type":591,"value":16294,"toc":18234},[16295,16297,16477,16479,17815,17819,18207,18211,18221,18223],[594,16296,13230],{"id":13229},[599,16298,16299],{},[603,16300,16301,16302,16386,16387,16476],{},"Chaque personne a une paire de clés : la publique ",[1267,16303,16305,16328],{"className":16304},[1416],[1267,16306,16308],{"className":16307},[1420],[1422,16309,16310],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,16311,16312,16326],{},[1429,16313,16314],{},[1432,16315,16316,16318],{},[1435,16317,7459],{},[1429,16319,16320,16322,16324],{},[1435,16321,599],{},[1435,16323,4132],{},[1435,16325,7468],{},[1442,16327,7471],{"encoding":1444},[1267,16329,16331],{"className":16330,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,16332,16334,16337],{"className":16333},[1454],[1267,16335],{"className":16336,"style":7481},[1458],[1267,16338,16340,16343],{"className":16339},[1463],[1267,16341,7459],{"className":16342,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,16344,16346],{"className":16345},[1472],[1267,16347,16349,16378],{"className":16348},[1476,1477],[1267,16350,16352,16375],{"className":16351},[1481],[1267,16353,16355],{"className":16354,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,16356,16357,16360],{"style":7502},[1267,16358],{"className":16359,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,16361,16363],{"className":16362},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,16364,16366,16369,16372],{"className":16365},[1463,1501],[1267,16367,599],{"className":16368},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,16370,4132],{"className":16371},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,16373,7468],{"className":16374},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,16376,1509],{"className":16377},[1508],[1267,16379,16381],{"className":16380},[1481],[1267,16382,16384],{"className":16383,"style":7530},[1485],[1267,16385],{}," chiffre, la\nprivée ",[1267,16388,16390,16415],{"className":16389},[1416],[1267,16391,16393],{"className":16392},[1420],[1422,16394,16395],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,16396,16397,16413],{},[1429,16398,16399],{},[1432,16400,16401,16403],{},[1435,16402,7459],{},[1429,16404,16405,16407,16409,16411],{},[1435,16406,599],{},[1435,16408,7565],{},[1435,16410,7568],{},[1435,16412,4138],{},[1442,16414,7573],{"encoding":1444},[1267,16416,16418],{"className":16417,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,16419,16421,16424],{"className":16420},[1454],[1267,16422],{"className":16423,"style":7481},[1458],[1267,16425,16427,16430],{"className":16426},[1463],[1267,16428,7459],{"className":16429,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,16431,16433],{"className":16432},[1472],[1267,16434,16436,16468],{"className":16435},[1476,1477],[1267,16437,16439,16465],{"className":16438},[1481],[1267,16440,16442],{"className":16441,"style":7601},[1485],[1267,16443,16444,16447],{"style":7502},[1267,16445],{"className":16446,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,16448,16450],{"className":16449},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,16451,16453,16456,16459,16462],{"className":16452},[1463,1501],[1267,16454,599],{"className":16455},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,16457,7565],{"className":16458,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,16460,7568],{"className":16461},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,16463,4138],{"className":16464,"style":4176},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,16466,1509],{"className":16467},[1508],[1267,16469,16471],{"className":16470},[1481],[1267,16472,16474],{"className":16473,"style":7530},[1485],[1267,16475],{}," déchiffre — RSA met en œuvre cette idée via le modulo\net l'exponentiation sur un produit de grands nombres premiers.",[594,16478,13239],{"id":13238},[805,16480,16481,16660,17000,17180,17566,17650,17804],{},[808,16482,16483,14891,16486,16570,16571,16271],{},[603,16484,16485],{},"Deux clés par personne",[1267,16487,16489,16512],{"className":16488},[1416],[1267,16490,16492],{"className":16491},[1420],[1422,16493,16494],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,16495,16496,16510],{},[1429,16497,16498],{},[1432,16499,16500,16502],{},[1435,16501,7459],{},[1429,16503,16504,16506,16508],{},[1435,16505,599],{},[1435,16507,4132],{},[1435,16509,7468],{},[1442,16511,7471],{"encoding":1444},[1267,16513,16515],{"className":16514,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,16516,16518,16521],{"className":16517},[1454],[1267,16519],{"className":16520,"style":7481},[1458],[1267,16522,16524,16527],{"className":16523},[1463],[1267,16525,7459],{"className":16526,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,16528,16530],{"className":16529},[1472],[1267,16531,16533,16562],{"className":16532},[1476,1477],[1267,16534,16536,16559],{"className":16535},[1481],[1267,16537,16539],{"className":16538,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,16540,16541,16544],{"style":7502},[1267,16542],{"className":16543,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,16545,16547],{"className":16546},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,16548,16550,16553,16556],{"className":16549},[1463,1501],[1267,16551,599],{"className":16552},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,16554,4132],{"className":16555},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,16557,7468],{"className":16558},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,16560,1509],{"className":16561},[1508],[1267,16563,16565],{"className":16564},[1481],[1267,16566,16568],{"className":16567,"style":7530},[1485],[1267,16569],{}," (publiable), ",[1267,16572,16574,16599],{"className":16573},[1416],[1267,16575,16577],{"className":16576},[1420],[1422,16578,16579],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,16580,16581,16597],{},[1429,16582,16583],{},[1432,16584,16585,16587],{},[1435,16586,7459],{},[1429,16588,16589,16591,16593,16595],{},[1435,16590,599],{},[1435,16592,7565],{},[1435,16594,7568],{},[1435,16596,4138],{},[1442,16598,7573],{"encoding":1444},[1267,16600,16602],{"className":16601,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,16603,16605,16608],{"className":16604},[1454],[1267,16606],{"className":16607,"style":7481},[1458],[1267,16609,16611,16614],{"className":16610},[1463],[1267,16612,7459],{"className":16613,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,16615,16617],{"className":16616},[1472],[1267,16618,16620,16652],{"className":16619},[1476,1477],[1267,16621,16623,16649],{"className":16622},[1481],[1267,16624,16626],{"className":16625,"style":7601},[1485],[1267,16627,16628,16631],{"style":7502},[1267,16629],{"className":16630,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,16632,16634],{"className":16633},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,16635,16637,16640,16643,16646],{"className":16636},[1463,1501],[1267,16638,599],{"className":16639},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,16641,7565],{"className":16642,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,16644,7568],{"className":16645},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,16647,4138],{"className":16648,"style":4176},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,16650,1509],{"className":16651},[1508],[1267,16653,16655],{"className":16654},[1481],[1267,16656,16658],{"className":16657,"style":7530},[1485],[1267,16659],{},[808,16661,16662,15438,16828,16999],{},[1267,16663,16665,16703],{"className":16664},[1416],[1267,16666,16668],{"className":16667},[1420],[1422,16669,16670],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,16671,16672,16700],{},[1429,16673,16674,16676,16678,16694,16696,16698],{},[1435,16675,4732],{},[2302,16677,5775],{},[1432,16679,16680,16682],{},[1435,16681,5780],{},[1432,16683,16684,16686],{},[1435,16685,7459],{},[1429,16687,16688,16690,16692],{},[1435,16689,599],{},[1435,16691,4132],{},[1435,16693,7468],{},[2302,16695,4129],{"stretchy":4128},[1435,16697,5666],{},[2302,16699,4141],{"stretchy":4128},[1442,16701,16702],{"encoding":1444},"C = E_{K_{pub}}(M)",[1267,16704,16706,16724],{"className":16705,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,16707,16709,16712,16715,16718,16721],{"className":16708},[1454],[1267,16710],{"className":16711,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,16713,4732],{"className":16714,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,16716],{"className":16717,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,16719,5775],{"className":16720},[2393],[1267,16722],{"className":16723,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,16725,16727,16730,16819,16822,16825],{"className":16726},[1454],[1267,16728],{"className":16729,"style":7744},[1458],[1267,16731,16733,16736],{"className":16732},[1463],[1267,16734,5780],{"className":16735,"style":5844},[1463,1467],[1267,16737,16739],{"className":16738},[1472],[1267,16740,16742,16811],{"className":16741},[1476,1477],[1267,16743,16745,16808],{"className":16744},[1481],[1267,16746,16748],{"className":16747,"style":7763},[1485],[1267,16749,16750,16753],{"style":5860},[1267,16751],{"className":16752,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,16754,16756],{"className":16755},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,16757,16759],{"className":16758},[1463,1501],[1267,16760,16762,16765],{"className":16761},[1463,1501],[1267,16763,7459],{"className":16764,"style":4773},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,16766,16768],{"className":16767},[1472],[1267,16769,16771,16800],{"className":16770},[1476,1477],[1267,16772,16774,16797],{"className":16773},[1481],[1267,16775,16777],{"className":16776,"style":7793},[1485],[1267,16778,16779,16782],{"style":7796},[1267,16780],{"className":16781,"style":7800},[1493],[1267,16783,16785],{"className":16784},[1498,7804,7805,1501],[1267,16786,16788,16791,16794],{"className":16787},[1463,1501],[1267,16789,599],{"className":16790},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,16792,4132],{"className":16793},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,16795,7468],{"className":16796},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,16798,1509],{"className":16799},[1508],[1267,16801,16803],{"className":16802},[1481],[1267,16804,16806],{"className":16805,"style":7827},[1485],[1267,16807],{},[1267,16809,1509],{"className":16810},[1508],[1267,16812,16814],{"className":16813},[1481],[1267,16815,16817],{"className":16816,"style":7839},[1485],[1267,16818],{},[1267,16820,4129],{"className":16821},[4161],[1267,16823,5666],{"className":16824,"style":5681},[1463,1467],[1267,16826,4141],{"className":16827},[4180],[1267,16829,16831,16871],{"className":16830},[1416],[1267,16832,16834],{"className":16833},[1420],[1422,16835,16836],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,16837,16838,16868],{},[1429,16839,16840,16842,16844,16862,16864,16866],{},[1435,16841,5666],{},[2302,16843,5775],{},[1432,16845,16846,16848],{},[1435,16847,4737],{},[1432,16849,16850,16852],{},[1435,16851,7459],{},[1429,16853,16854,16856,16858,16860],{},[1435,16855,599],{},[1435,16857,7565],{},[1435,16859,7568],{},[1435,16861,4138],{},[2302,16863,4129],{"stretchy":4128},[1435,16865,4732],{},[2302,16867,4141],{"stretchy":4128},[1442,16869,16870],{"encoding":1444},"M = D_{K_{priv}}(C)",[1267,16872,16874,16892],{"className":16873,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,16875,16877,16880,16883,16886,16889],{"className":16876},[1454],[1267,16878],{"className":16879,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,16881,5666],{"className":16882,"style":5681},[1463,1467],[1267,16884],{"className":16885,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,16887,5775],{"className":16888},[2393],[1267,16890],{"className":16891,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,16893,16895,16898,16990,16993,16996],{"className":16894},[1454],[1267,16896],{"className":16897,"style":7872},[1458],[1267,16899,16901,16904],{"className":16900},[1463],[1267,16902,4737],{"className":16903,"style":4783},[1463,1467],[1267,16905,16907],{"className":16906},[1472],[1267,16908,16910,16982],{"className":16909},[1476,1477],[1267,16911,16913,16979],{"className":16912},[1481],[1267,16914,16916],{"className":16915,"style":7763},[1485],[1267,16917,16918,16921],{"style":5932},[1267,16919],{"className":16920,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,16922,16924],{"className":16923},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,16925,16927],{"className":16926},[1463,1501],[1267,16928,16930,16933],{"className":16929},[1463,1501],[1267,16931,7459],{"className":16932,"style":4773},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,16934,16936],{"className":16935},[1472],[1267,16937,16939,16971],{"className":16938},[1476,1477],[1267,16940,16942,16968],{"className":16941},[1481],[1267,16943,16945],{"className":16944,"style":7920},[1485],[1267,16946,16947,16950],{"style":7923},[1267,16948],{"className":16949,"style":7800},[1493],[1267,16951,16953],{"className":16952},[1498,7804,7805,1501],[1267,16954,16956,16959,16962,16965],{"className":16955},[1463,1501],[1267,16957,599],{"className":16958},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,16960,7565],{"className":16961,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,16963,7568],{"className":16964},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,16966,4138],{"className":16967,"style":4176},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,16969,1509],{"className":16970},[1508],[1267,16972,16974],{"className":16973},[1481],[1267,16975,16977],{"className":16976,"style":7954},[1485],[1267,16978],{},[1267,16980,1509],{"className":16981},[1508],[1267,16983,16985],{"className":16984},[1481],[1267,16986,16988],{"className":16987,"style":7966},[1485],[1267,16989],{},[1267,16991,4129],{"className":16992},[4161],[1267,16994,4732],{"className":16995,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,16997,4141],{"className":16998},[4180]," pour déchiffrer.",[808,17001,17002,17003,17006,17007,6148,17096,922],{},"Calculatoirement ",[603,17004,17005],{},"impossible"," de déduire 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n",[1267,17351,17353,17371,17428],{"className":17352,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,17354,17356,17359,17362,17365,17368],{"className":17355},[1454],[1267,17357],{"className":17358,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,17360,4732],{"className":17361,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,17363],{"className":17364,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,17366,5775],{"className":17367},[2393],[1267,17369],{"className":17370,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,17372,17374,17377,17407,17410,17413,17422,17425],{"className":17373},[1454],[1267,17375],{"className":17376,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,17378,17380,17383],{"className":17379},[1463],[1267,17381,5666],{"className":17382,"style":5681},[1463,1467],[1267,17384,17386],{"className":17385},[1472],[1267,17387,17389],{"className":17388},[1476],[1267,17390,17392],{"className":17391},[1481],[1267,17393,17396],{"className":17394,"style":17395},[1485],"height:0.6644em;",[1267,17397,17398,17401],{"style":4585},[1267,17399],{"className":17400,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,17402,17404],{"className":17403},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,17405,4541],{"className":17406},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,17408],{"className":17409,"style":8933},[2388],[1267,17411],{"className":17412,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,17414,17416],{"className":17415},[4383],[1267,17417,17419],{"className":17418},[1463],[1267,17420,8947],{"className":17421},[1463,8946],[1267,17423],{"className":17424,"style":8933},[2388],[1267,17426],{"className":17427,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,17429,17431,17434],{"className":17430},[1454],[1267,17432],{"className":17433,"style":8491},[1458],[1267,17435,2324],{"className":17436},[1463,1467],", déchiffrement ",[1267,17439,17441,17479],{"className":17440},[1416],[1267,17442,17444],{"className":17443},[1420],[1422,17445,17446],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,17447,17448,17476],{},[1429,17449,17450,17452,17454,17460,17462,17472,17474],{},[1435,17451,5666],{},[2302,17453,5775],{},[4518,17455,17456,17458],{},[1435,17457,4732],{},[1435,17459,4535],{},[4533,17461,8848],{},[2302,17463,17464],{"lspace":8851,"rspace":8851},[1429,17465,17466,17468,17470],{},[1435,17467,8856],{"mathvariant":4528},[1435,17469,8859],{"mathvariant":4528},[1435,17471,4535],{"mathvariant":4528},[4533,17473,8848],{},[1435,17475,2324],{},[1442,17477,17478],{"encoding":1444},"M = C^d \\bmod n",[1267,17480,17482,17500,17557],{"className":17481,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,17483,17485,17488,17491,17494,17497],{"className":17484},[1454],[1267,17486],{"className":17487,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,17489,5666],{"className":17490,"style":5681},[1463,1467],[1267,17492],{"className":17493,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,17495,5775],{"className":17496},[2393],[1267,17498],{"className":17499,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,17501,17503,17507,17536,17539,17542,17551,17554],{"className":17502},[1454],[1267,17504],{"className":17505,"style":17506},[1458],"height:0.8491em;",[1267,17508,17510,17513],{"className":17509},[1463],[1267,17511,4732],{"className":17512,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,17514,17516],{"className":17515},[1472],[1267,17517,17519],{"className":17518},[1476],[1267,17520,17522],{"className":17521},[1481],[1267,17523,17525],{"className":17524,"style":17506},[1485],[1267,17526,17527,17530],{"style":4585},[1267,17528],{"className":17529,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,17531,17533],{"className":17532},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,17534,4535],{"className":17535},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,17537],{"className":17538,"style":8933},[2388],[1267,17540],{"className":17541,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,17543,17545],{"className":17544},[4383],[1267,17546,17548],{"className":17547},[1463],[1267,17549,8947],{"className":17550},[1463,8946],[1267,17552],{"className":17553,"style":8933},[2388],[1267,17555],{"className":17556,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,17558,17560,17563],{"className":17559},[1454],[1267,17561],{"className":17562,"style":8491},[1458],[1267,17564,2324],{"className":17565},[1463,1467],[808,17567,17568,17569,4110,17572,9134,17600,922],{},"Sécurité 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Python : ",[1065,17654,17655],{},"pow(base, expo, mod)"," calcule ",[1267,17658,17660,17712],{"className":17659},[1416],[1267,17661,17663],{"className":17662},[1420],[1422,17664,17665],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,17666,17667,17709],{},[1429,17668,17669,17671,17673,17675,17689,17691,17701,17703,17705,17707],{},[1435,17670,7468],{},[1435,17672,9517],{},[1435,17674,9520],{},[4518,17676,17677,17679],{},[1435,17678,4541],{},[1429,17680,17681,17683,17685,17687],{},[1435,17682,4541],{},[1435,17684,9531],{},[1435,17686,599],{},[1435,17688,8859],{},[4533,17690,8848],{},[2302,17692,17693],{"lspace":8851,"rspace":8851},[1429,17694,17695,17697,17699],{},[1435,17696,8856],{"mathvariant":4528},[1435,17698,8859],{"mathvariant":4528},[1435,17700,4535],{"mathvariant":4528},[4533,17702,8848],{},[1435,17704,8856],{},[1435,17706,8859],{},[1435,17708,4535],{},[1442,17710,17711],{"encoding":1444},"base^{expo} \\bmod mod",[1267,17713,17715,17789],{"className":17714,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,17716,17718,17721,17724,17727,17768,17771,17774,17783,17786],{"className":17717},[1454],[1267,17719],{"className":17720,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,17722,9587],{"className":17723},[1463,1467],[1267,17725,9520],{"className":17726},[1463,1467],[1267,17728,17730,17733],{"className":17729},[1463],[1267,17731,4541],{"className":17732},[1463,1467],[1267,17734,17736],{"className":17735},[1472],[1267,17737,17739],{"className":17738},[1476],[1267,17740,17742],{"className":17741},[1481],[1267,17743,17745],{"className":17744,"style":17395},[1485],[1267,17746,17747,17750],{"style":4585},[1267,17748],{"className":17749,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,17751,17753],{"className":17752},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,17754,17756,17759,17762,17765],{"className":17755},[1463,1501],[1267,17757,4541],{"className":17758},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,17760,9531],{"className":17761},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,17763,599],{"className":17764},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,17766,8859],{"className":17767},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,17769],{"className":17770,"style":8933},[2388],[1267,17772],{"className":17773,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,17775,17777],{"className":17776},[4383],[1267,17778,17780],{"className":17779},[1463],[1267,17781,8947],{"className":17782},[1463,8946],[1267,17784],{"className":17785,"style":8933},[2388],[1267,17787],{"className":17788,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,17790,17792,17795,17798,17801],{"className":17791},[1454],[1267,17793],{"className":17794,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,17796,8856],{"className":17797},[1463,1467],[1267,17799,8859],{"className":17800},[1463,1467],[1267,17802,4535],{"className":17803},[1463,1467],[808,17805,17806,17808,17809,17811,17812,922],{},[603,17807,10621],{}," : on ne chiffre ",[603,17810,3157],{}," les longs messages avec — on s'en sert\npour échanger une ",[603,17813,17814],{},"clé symétrique",[594,17816,17818],{"id":17817},"deux-usages","Deux usages",[652,17820,17821,17835],{},[655,17822,17823],{},[658,17824,17825,17827,17830,17833],{},[661,17826,9723],{},[661,17828,17829],{},"Chiffre avec",[661,17831,17832],{},"Déchiffre avec",[661,17834,9732],{},[668,17836,17837,18022],{},[658,17838,17839,17841,17928,18019],{},[673,17840,9741],{},[673,17842,17843,17927],{},[1267,17844,17846,17869],{"className":17845},[1416],[1267,17847,17849],{"className":17848},[1420],[1422,17850,17851],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,17852,17853,17867],{},[1429,17854,17855],{},[1432,17856,17857,17859],{},[1435,17858,7459],{},[1429,17860,17861,17863,17865],{},[1435,17862,599],{},[1435,17864,4132],{},[1435,17866,7468],{},[1442,17868,7471],{"encoding":1444},[1267,17870,17872],{"className":17871,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,17873,17875,17878],{"className":17874},[1454],[1267,17876],{"className":17877,"style":7481},[1458],[1267,17879,17881,17884],{"className":17880},[1463],[1267,17882,7459],{"className":17883,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,17885,17887],{"className":17886},[1472],[1267,17888,17890,17919],{"className":17889},[1476,1477],[1267,17891,17893,17916],{"className":17892},[1481],[1267,17894,17896],{"className":17895,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,17897,17898,17901],{"style":7502},[1267,17899],{"className":17900,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,17902,17904],{"className":17903},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,17905,17907,17910,17913],{"className":17906},[1463,1501],[1267,17908,599],{"className":17909},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,17911,4132],{"className":17912},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,17914,7468],{"className":17915},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,17917,1509],{"className":17918},[1508],[1267,17920,17922],{"className":17921},[1481],[1267,17923,17925],{"className":17924,"style":7530},[1485],[1267,17926],{}," destinataire",[673,17929,17930,17927],{},[1267,17931,17933,17958],{"className":17932},[1416],[1267,17934,17936],{"className":17935},[1420],[1422,17937,17938],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,17939,17940,17956],{},[1429,17941,17942],{},[1432,17943,17944,17946],{},[1435,17945,7459],{},[1429,17947,17948,17950,17952,17954],{},[1435,17949,599],{},[1435,17951,7565],{},[1435,17953,7568],{},[1435,17955,4138],{},[1442,17957,7573],{"encoding":1444},[1267,17959,17961],{"className":17960,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,17962,17964,17967],{"className":17963},[1454],[1267,17965],{"className":17966,"style":7481},[1458],[1267,17968,17970,17973],{"className":17969},[1463],[1267,17971,7459],{"className":17972,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,17974,17976],{"className":17975},[1472],[1267,17977,17979,18011],{"className":17978},[1476,1477],[1267,17980,17982,18008],{"className":17981},[1481],[1267,17983,17985],{"className":17984,"style":7601},[1485],[1267,17986,17987,17990],{"style":7502},[1267,17988],{"className":17989,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,17991,17993],{"className":17992},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,17994,17996,17999,18002,18005],{"className":17995},[1463,1501],[1267,17997,599],{"className":17998},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18000,7565],{"className":18001,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18003,7568],{"className":18004},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18006,4138],{"className":18007,"style":4176},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18009,1509],{"className":18010},[1508],[1267,18012,18014],{"className":18013},[1481],[1267,18015,18017],{"className":18016,"style":7530},[1485],[1267,18018],{},[673,18020,18021],{},"Lecture restreinte",[658,18023,18024,18026,18118,18204],{},[673,18025,9929],{},[673,18027,18028,18117],{},[1267,18029,18031,18056],{"className":18030},[1416],[1267,18032,18034],{"className":18033},[1420],[1422,18035,18036],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,18037,18038,18054],{},[1429,18039,18040],{},[1432,18041,18042,18044],{},[1435,18043,7459],{},[1429,18045,18046,18048,18050,18052],{},[1435,18047,599],{},[1435,18049,7565],{},[1435,18051,7568],{},[1435,18053,4138],{},[1442,18055,7573],{"encoding":1444},[1267,18057,18059],{"className":18058,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,18060,18062,18065],{"className":18061},[1454],[1267,18063],{"className":18064,"style":7481},[1458],[1267,18066,18068,18071],{"className":18067},[1463],[1267,18069,7459],{"className":18070,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,18072,18074],{"className":18073},[1472],[1267,18075,18077,18109],{"className":18076},[1476,1477],[1267,18078,18080,18106],{"className":18079},[1481],[1267,18081,18083],{"className":18082,"style":7601},[1485],[1267,18084,18085,18088],{"style":7502},[1267,18086],{"className":18087,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,18089,18091],{"className":18090},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,18092,18094,18097,18100,18103],{"className":18093},[1463,1501],[1267,18095,599],{"className":18096},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18098,7565],{"className":18099,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18101,7568],{"className":18102},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18104,4138],{"className":18105,"style":4176},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18107,1509],{"className":18108},[1508],[1267,18110,18112],{"className":18111},[1481],[1267,18113,18115],{"className":18114,"style":7530},[1485],[1267,18116],{}," expéditeur",[673,18119,18120,18117],{},[1267,18121,18123,18146],{"className":18122},[1416],[1267,18124,18126],{"className":18125},[1420],[1422,18127,18128],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,18129,18130,18144],{},[1429,18131,18132],{},[1432,18133,18134,18136],{},[1435,18135,7459],{},[1429,18137,18138,18140,18142],{},[1435,18139,599],{},[1435,18141,4132],{},[1435,18143,7468],{},[1442,18145,7471],{"encoding":1444},[1267,18147,18149],{"className":18148,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,18150,18152,18155],{"className":18151},[1454],[1267,18153],{"className":18154,"style":7481},[1458],[1267,18156,18158,18161],{"className":18157},[1463],[1267,18159,7459],{"className":18160,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,18162,18164],{"className":18163},[1472],[1267,18165,18167,18196],{"className":18166},[1476,1477],[1267,18168,18170,18193],{"className":18169},[1481],[1267,18171,18173],{"className":18172,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,18174,18175,18178],{"style":7502},[1267,18176],{"className":18177,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,18179,18181],{"className":18180},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,18182,18184,18187,18190],{"className":18183},[1463,1501],[1267,18185,599],{"className":18186},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18188,4132],{"className":18189},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18191,7468],{"className":18192},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18194,1509],{"className":18195},[1508],[1267,18197,18199],{"className":18198},[1481],[1267,18200,18202],{"className":18201,"style":7530},[1485],[1267,18203],{},[673,18205,18206],{},"Preuve d'identité",[594,18208,18210],{"id":18209},"analogie","Analogie",[599,18212,18213,18216,18217,18220],{},[603,18214,18215],{},"Cadenas ouverts distribués par Bob"," = clés publiques. ",[603,18218,18219],{},"Clé de la\nserrure restée chez Bob"," = clé privée.",[594,18222,13330],{"id":13329},[805,18224,18225,18228,18231],{},[808,18226,18227],{},"Croire que la clé qui chiffre est aussi celle qui déchiffre — non, ce\nserait symétrique.",[808,18229,18230],{},"Croire qu'on chiffre toute une communication HTTPS en asymétrique — non,\ntrop lent ; on s'en sert pour échanger une clé symétrique.",[808,18232,18233],{},"Inverser les rôles dans la signature.",{"title":798,"searchDepth":926,"depth":926,"links":18235},[18236,18237,18238,18239,18240],{"id":13229,"depth":926,"text":13230},{"id":13238,"depth":926,"text":13239},{"id":17817,"depth":926,"text":17818},{"id":18209,"depth":926,"text":18210},{"id":13329,"depth":926,"text":13330},"Mémo de révision sur la paire clé publique \u002F clé privée et l'idée de RSA.",{},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fchiffrement-asymetrique.memo",[],{"title":16291,"description":18241},"2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F7.chiffrement-asymetrique.memo","5ElPs4_DmTbiLaIOAxvWQgrDMrb8kKYu6-fqafDYu7o",{"id":18249,"title":18250,"bo":18251,"body":18252,"description":19460,"eval":939,"extension":940,"labo":939,"meta":19461,"navigation":947,"path":19462,"quizzes":19463,"readingTime":950,"seo":19464,"stem":19465,"tp":939,"__hash__":19466},"coursMemo\u002F2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F8.https-tls.memo.md","HTTPS — l'essentiel",[5610],{"type":591,"value":18253,"toc":19452},[18254,18256,18261,18263,18863,18867,19232,19234,19396,19398,19441,19445],[594,18255,13230],{"id":13229},[599,18257,18258],{},[603,18259,18260],{},"HTTPS combine asymétrique et symétrique : l'asymétrique sert à\ntransmettre une clé symétrique fraîche ; la suite de la communication\nest chiffrée symétriquement avec cette clé.",[594,18262,13239],{"id":13238},[805,18264,18265,18268,18302,18576,18826,18858],{},[808,18266,18267],{},"HTTPS = HTTP + chiffrement.",[808,18269,18270,18271,4110,18273,18301],{},"Le client génère une ",[603,18272,17814],{},[1267,18274,18276,18289],{"className":18275},[1416],[1267,18277,18279],{"className":18278},[1420],[1422,18280,18281],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,18282,18283,18287],{},[1429,18284,18285],{},[1435,18286,5733],{},[1442,18288,5733],{"encoding":1444},[1267,18290,18292],{"className":18291,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,18293,18295,18298],{"className":18294},[1454],[1267,18296],{"className":18297,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,18299,5733],{"className":18300,"style":5748},[1463,1467]," (clé de session).",[808,18303,10840,18304,18332,18333,13391,18336,922],{},[1267,18305,18307,18320],{"className":18306},[1416],[1267,18308,18310],{"className":18309},[1420],[1422,18311,18312],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,18313,18314,18318],{},[1429,18315,18316],{},[1435,18317,5733],{},[1442,18319,5733],{"encoding":1444},[1267,18321,18323],{"className":18322,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,18324,18326,18329],{"className":18325},[1454],[1267,18327],{"className":18328,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,18330,5733],{"className":18331,"style":5748},[1463,1467]," avec la ",[603,18334,18335],{},"clé publique du serveur",[1267,18337,18339,18396],{"className":18338},[1416],[1267,18340,18342],{"className":18341},[1420],[1422,18343,18344],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,18345,18346,18394],{},[1429,18347,18348,18354,18356,18388,18390,18392],{},[1432,18349,18350,18352],{},[1435,18351,4732],{},[1435,18353,5733],{},[2302,18355,5775],{},[1432,18357,18358,18360],{},[1435,18359,5780],{},[1432,18361,18362,18364],{},[1435,18363,7459],{},[1429,18365,18366,18368,18370,18372,18374,18376,18378,18380,18382,18384,18386],{},[1435,18367,599],{},[1435,18369,4132],{},[1435,18371,7468],{},[2302,18373,10267],{},[1435,18375,9520],{},[1435,18377,4541],{},[1435,18379,7565],{},[1435,18381,4138],{},[1435,18383,4541],{},[1435,18385,4132],{},[1435,18387,7565],{},[2302,18389,4129],{"stretchy":4128},[1435,18391,5733],{},[2302,18393,4141],{"stretchy":4128},[1442,18395,10933],{"encoding":1444},[1267,18397,18399,18454],{"className":18398,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,18400,18402,18405,18445,18448,18451],{"className":18401},[1454],[1267,18403],{"className":18404,"style":1459},[1458],[1267,18406,18408,18411],{"className":18407},[1463],[1267,18409,4732],{"className":18410,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,18412,18414],{"className":18413},[1472],[1267,18415,18417,18437],{"className":18416},[1476,1477],[1267,18418,18420,18434],{"className":18419},[1481],[1267,18421,18423],{"className":18422,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,18424,18425,18428],{"style":7502},[1267,18426],{"className":18427,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,18429,18431],{"className":18430},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,18432,5733],{"className":18433,"style":5748},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18435,1509],{"className":18436},[1508],[1267,18438,18440],{"className":18439},[1481],[1267,18441,18443],{"className":18442,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,18444],{},[1267,18446],{"className":18447,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,18449,5775],{"className":18450},[2393],[1267,18452],{"className":18453,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,18455,18457,18460,18567,18570,18573],{"className":18456},[1454],[1267,18458],{"className":18459,"style":7744},[1458],[1267,18461,18463,18466],{"className":18462},[1463],[1267,18464,5780],{"className":18465,"style":5844},[1463,1467],[1267,18467,18469],{"className":18468},[1472],[1267,18470,18472,18559],{"className":18471},[1476,1477],[1267,18473,18475,18556],{"className":18474},[1481],[1267,18476,18478],{"className":18477,"style":7763},[1485],[1267,18479,18480,18483],{"style":5860},[1267,18481],{"className":18482,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,18484,18486],{"className":18485},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,18487,18489],{"className":18488},[1463,1501],[1267,18490,18492,18495],{"className":18491},[1463,1501],[1267,18493,7459],{"className":18494,"style":4773},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18496,18498],{"className":18497},[1472],[1267,18499,18501,18548],{"className":18500},[1476,1477],[1267,18502,18504,18545],{"className":18503},[1481],[1267,18505,18507],{"className":18506,"style":7793},[1485],[1267,18508,18509,18512],{"style":7796},[1267,18510],{"className":18511,"style":7800},[1493],[1267,18513,18515],{"className":18514},[1498,7804,7805,1501],[1267,18516,18518,18521,18524,18527,18530,18533,18536,18539,18542],{"className":18517},[1463,1501],[1267,18519,599],{"className":18520},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18522,4132],{"className":18523},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18525,7468],{"className":18526},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18528,10267],{"className":18529},[4383,1501],[1267,18531,10777],{"className":18532,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18534,4138],{"className":18535,"style":4176},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18537,4541],{"className":18538},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18540,4132],{"className":18541},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18543,7565],{"className":18544,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18546,1509],{"className":18547},[1508],[1267,18549,18551],{"className":18550},[1481],[1267,18552,18554],{"className":18553,"style":7827},[1485],[1267,18555],{},[1267,18557,1509],{"className":18558},[1508],[1267,18560,18562],{"className":18561},[1481],[1267,18563,18565],{"className":18564,"style":7839},[1485],[1267,18566],{},[1267,18568,4129],{"className":18569},[4161],[1267,18571,5733],{"className":18572,"style":5748},[1463,1467],[1267,18574,4141],{"className":18575},[4180],[808,18577,18578,18579,14891,18581,922],{},"Le serveur déchiffre avec sa ",[603,18580,7542],{},[1267,18582,18584,18643],{"className":18583},[1416],[1267,18585,18587],{"className":18586},[1420],[1422,18588,18589],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,18590,18591,18641],{},[1429,18592,18593,18595,18597,18631,18633,18639],{},[1435,18594,5733],{},[2302,18596,5775],{},[1432,18598,18599,18601],{},[1435,18600,4737],{},[1432,18602,18603,18605],{},[1435,18604,7459],{},[1429,18606,18607,18609,18611,18613,18615,18617,18619,18621,18623,18625,18627,18629],{},[1435,18608,599],{},[1435,18610,7565],{},[1435,18612,7568],{},[1435,18614,4138],{},[2302,18616,10267],{},[1435,18618,9520],{},[1435,18620,4541],{},[1435,18622,7565],{},[1435,18624,4138],{},[1435,18626,4541],{},[1435,18628,4132],{},[1435,18630,7565],{},[2302,18632,4129],{"stretchy":4128},[1432,18634,18635,18637],{},[1435,18636,4732],{},[1435,18638,5733],{},[2302,18640,4141],{"stretchy":4128},[1442,18642,11326],{"encoding":1444},[1267,18644,18646,18664],{"className":18645,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,18647,18649,18652,18655,18658,18661],{"className":18648},[1454],[1267,18650],{"className":18651,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,18653,5733],{"className":18654,"style":5748},[1463,1467],[1267,18656],{"className":18657,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,18659,5775],{"className":18660},[2393],[1267,18662],{"className":18663,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,18665,18667,18670,18780,18783,18823],{"className":18666},[1454],[1267,18668],{"className":18669,"style":7872},[1458],[1267,18671,18673,18676],{"className":18672},[1463],[1267,18674,4737],{"className":18675,"style":4783},[1463,1467],[1267,18677,18679],{"className":18678},[1472],[1267,18680,18682,18772],{"className":18681},[1476,1477],[1267,18683,18685,18769],{"className":18684},[1481],[1267,18686,18688],{"className":18687,"style":7763},[1485],[1267,18689,18690,18693],{"style":5932},[1267,18691],{"className":18692,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,18694,18696],{"className":18695},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,18697,18699],{"className":18698},[1463,1501],[1267,18700,18702,18705],{"className":18701},[1463,1501],[1267,18703,7459],{"className":18704,"style":4773},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18706,18708],{"className":18707},[1472],[1267,18709,18711,18761],{"className":18710},[1476,1477],[1267,18712,18714,18758],{"className":18713},[1481],[1267,18715,18717],{"className":18716,"style":7920},[1485],[1267,18718,18719,18722],{"style":7923},[1267,18720],{"className":18721,"style":7800},[1493],[1267,18723,18725],{"className":18724},[1498,7804,7805,1501],[1267,18726,18728,18731,18734,18737,18740,18743,18746,18749,18752,18755],{"className":18727},[1463,1501],[1267,18729,599],{"className":18730},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18732,7565],{"className":18733,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18735,7568],{"className":18736},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18738,4138],{"className":18739,"style":4176},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18741,10267],{"className":18742},[4383,1501],[1267,18744,10777],{"className":18745,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18747,4138],{"className":18748,"style":4176},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18750,4541],{"className":18751},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18753,4132],{"className":18754},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18756,7565],{"className":18757,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18759,1509],{"className":18760},[1508],[1267,18762,18764],{"className":18763},[1481],[1267,18765,18767],{"className":18766,"style":7954},[1485],[1267,18768],{},[1267,18770,1509],{"className":18771},[1508],[1267,18773,18775],{"className":18774},[1481],[1267,18776,18778],{"className":18777,"style":7966},[1485],[1267,18779],{},[1267,18781,4129],{"className":18782},[4161],[1267,18784,18786,18789],{"className":18785},[1463],[1267,18787,4732],{"className":18788,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,18790,18792],{"className":18791},[1472],[1267,18793,18795,18815],{"className":18794},[1476,1477],[1267,18796,18798,18812],{"className":18797},[1481],[1267,18799,18801],{"className":18800,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,18802,18803,18806],{"style":7502},[1267,18804],{"className":18805,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,18807,18809],{"className":18808},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,18810,5733],{"className":18811,"style":5748},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18813,1509],{"className":18814},[1508],[1267,18816,18818],{"className":18817},[1481],[1267,18819,18821],{"className":18820,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,18822],{},[1267,18824,4141],{"className":18825},[4180],[808,18827,18828,18829,18857],{},"Ensuite, toute la communication est chiffrée avec ",[1267,18830,18832,18845],{"className":18831},[1416],[1267,18833,18835],{"className":18834},[1420],[1422,18836,18837],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,18838,18839,18843],{},[1429,18840,18841],{},[1435,18842,5733],{},[1442,18844,5733],{"encoding":1444},[1267,18846,18848],{"className":18847,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,18849,18851,18854],{"className":18850},[1454],[1267,18852],{"className":18853,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,18855,5733],{"className":18856,"style":5748},[1463,1467]," (AES en général).",[808,18859,3188,18860,18862],{},[603,18861,12208],{}," signé par une autorité authentifie le serveur.",[594,18864,18866],{"id":18865},"le-handshake-en-6-étapes","Le handshake en 6 étapes",[652,18868,18869,18877],{},[655,18870,18871],{},[658,18872,18873,18875],{},[661,18874,12243],{},[661,18876,12249],{},[668,18878,18879,18886,18977,19012,19162,19197],{},[658,18880,18881,18883],{},[673,18882,793],{},[673,18884,18885],{},"Client ouvre la connexion",[658,18887,18888,18890],{},[673,18889,874],{},[673,18891,18892,18893,4141],{},"Serveur envoie son certificat (",[1267,18894,18896,18919],{"className":18895},[1416],[1267,18897,18899],{"className":18898},[1420],[1422,18900,18901],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,18902,18903,18917],{},[1429,18904,18905],{},[1432,18906,18907,18909],{},[1435,18908,7459],{},[1429,18910,18911,18913,18915],{},[1435,18912,599],{},[1435,18914,4132],{},[1435,18916,7468],{},[1442,18918,7471],{"encoding":1444},[1267,18920,18922],{"className":18921,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,18923,18925,18928],{"className":18924},[1454],[1267,18926],{"className":18927,"style":7481},[1458],[1267,18929,18931,18934],{"className":18930},[1463],[1267,18932,7459],{"className":18933,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,18935,18937],{"className":18936},[1472],[1267,18938,18940,18969],{"className":18939},[1476,1477],[1267,18941,18943,18966],{"className":18942},[1481],[1267,18944,18946],{"className":18945,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,18947,18948,18951],{"style":7502},[1267,18949],{"className":18950,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,18952,18954],{"className":18953},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,18955,18957,18960,18963],{"className":18956},[1463,1501],[1267,18958,599],{"className":18959},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18961,4132],{"className":18962},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18964,7468],{"className":18965},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,18967,1509],{"className":18968},[1508],[1267,18970,18972],{"className":18971},[1481],[1267,18973,18975],{"className":18974,"style":7530},[1485],[1267,18976],{},[658,18978,18979,18981],{},[673,18980,1947],{},[673,18982,18983,18984,12400],{},"Client génère ",[1267,18985,18987,19000],{"className":18986},[1416],[1267,18988,18990],{"className":18989},[1420],[1422,18991,18992],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,18993,18994,18998],{},[1429,18995,18996],{},[1435,18997,5733],{},[1442,18999,5733],{"encoding":1444},[1267,19001,19003],{"className":19002,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,19004,19006,19009],{"className":19005},[1454],[1267,19007],{"className":19008,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,19010,5733],{"className":19011,"style":5748},[1463,1467],[658,19013,19014,19016],{},[673,19015,2170],{},[673,19017,19018,19019],{},"Client envoie ",[1267,19020,19022,19055],{"className":19021},[1416],[1267,19023,19025],{"className":19024},[1420],[1422,19026,19027],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,19028,19029,19053],{},[1429,19030,19031,19047,19049,19051],{},[1432,19032,19033,19035],{},[1435,19034,5780],{},[1432,19036,19037,19039],{},[1435,19038,7459],{},[1429,19040,19041,19043,19045],{},[1435,19042,599],{},[1435,19044,4132],{},[1435,19046,7468],{},[2302,19048,4129],{"stretchy":4128},[1435,19050,5733],{},[2302,19052,4141],{"stretchy":4128},[1442,19054,12448],{"encoding":1444},[1267,19056,19058],{"className":19057,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,19059,19061,19064,19153,19156,19159],{"className":19060},[1454],[1267,19062],{"className":19063,"style":7744},[1458],[1267,19065,19067,19070],{"className":19066},[1463],[1267,19068,5780],{"className":19069,"style":5844},[1463,1467],[1267,19071,19073],{"className":19072},[1472],[1267,19074,19076,19145],{"className":19075},[1476,1477],[1267,19077,19079,19142],{"className":19078},[1481],[1267,19080,19082],{"className":19081,"style":7763},[1485],[1267,19083,19084,19087],{"style":5860},[1267,19085],{"className":19086,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,19088,19090],{"className":19089},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,19091,19093],{"className":19092},[1463,1501],[1267,19094,19096,19099],{"className":19095},[1463,1501],[1267,19097,7459],{"className":19098,"style":4773},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,19100,19102],{"className":19101},[1472],[1267,19103,19105,19134],{"className":19104},[1476,1477],[1267,19106,19108,19131],{"className":19107},[1481],[1267,19109,19111],{"className":19110,"style":7793},[1485],[1267,19112,19113,19116],{"style":7796},[1267,19114],{"className":19115,"style":7800},[1493],[1267,19117,19119],{"className":19118},[1498,7804,7805,1501],[1267,19120,19122,19125,19128],{"className":19121},[1463,1501],[1267,19123,599],{"className":19124},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,19126,4132],{"className":19127},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,19129,7468],{"className":19130},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,19132,1509],{"className":19133},[1508],[1267,19135,19137],{"className":19136},[1481],[1267,19138,19140],{"className":19139,"style":7827},[1485],[1267,19141],{},[1267,19143,1509],{"className":19144},[1508],[1267,19146,19148],{"className":19147},[1481],[1267,19149,19151],{"className":19150,"style":7839},[1485],[1267,19152],{},[1267,19154,4129],{"className":19155},[4161],[1267,19157,5733],{"className":19158,"style":5748},[1463,1467],[1267,19160,4141],{"className":19161},[4180],[658,19163,19164,19166],{},[673,19165,5349],{},[673,19167,19168,19169],{},"Serveur déchiffre et obtient ",[1267,19170,19172,19185],{"className":19171},[1416],[1267,19173,19175],{"className":19174},[1420],[1422,19176,19177],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,19178,19179,19183],{},[1429,19180,19181],{},[1435,19182,5733],{},[1442,19184,5733],{"encoding":1444},[1267,19186,19188],{"className":19187,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,19189,19191,19194],{"className":19190},[1454],[1267,19192],{"className":19193,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,19195,5733],{"className":19196,"style":5748},[1463,1467],[658,19198,19199,19201],{},[673,19200,5139],{},[673,19202,19203,19204],{},"Communication chiffrée avec ",[1267,19205,19207,19220],{"className":19206},[1416],[1267,19208,19210],{"className":19209},[1420],[1422,19211,19212],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,19213,19214,19218],{},[1429,19215,19216],{},[1435,19217,5733],{},[1442,19219,5733],{"encoding":1444},[1267,19221,19223],{"className":19222,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,19224,19226,19229],{"className":19225},[1454],[1267,19227],{"className":19228,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,19230,5733],{"className":19231,"style":5748},[1463,1467],[594,19233,11740],{"id":11739},[805,19235,19236,19362,19393],{},[808,19237,19238,19361],{},[1267,19239,19241,19282],{"className":19240},[1416],[1267,19242,19244],{"className":19243},[1420],[1422,19245,19246],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,19247,19248,19280],{},[1429,19249,19250],{},[1432,19251,19252,19254],{},[1435,19253,7459],{},[1429,19255,19256,19258,19260,19262,19264,19266,19268,19270,19272,19274,19276,19278],{},[1435,19257,599],{},[1435,19259,7565],{},[1435,19261,7568],{},[1435,19263,4138],{},[2302,19265,10267],{},[1435,19267,9520],{},[1435,19269,4541],{},[1435,19271,7565],{},[1435,19273,4138],{},[1435,19275,4541],{},[1435,19277,4132],{},[1435,19279,7565],{},[1442,19281,11795],{"encoding":1444},[1267,19283,19285],{"className":19284,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,19286,19288,19291],{"className":19287},[1454],[1267,19289],{"className":19290,"style":7481},[1458],[1267,19292,19294,19297],{"className":19293},[1463],[1267,19295,7459],{"className":19296,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,19298,19300],{"className":19299},[1472],[1267,19301,19303,19353],{"className":19302},[1476,1477],[1267,19304,19306,19350],{"className":19305},[1481],[1267,19307,19309],{"className":19308,"style":7601},[1485],[1267,19310,19311,19314],{"style":7502},[1267,19312],{"className":19313,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,19315,19317],{"className":19316},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,19318,19320,19323,19326,19329,19332,19335,19338,19341,19344,19347],{"className":19319},[1463,1501],[1267,19321,599],{"className":19322},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,19324,7565],{"className":19325,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,19327,7568],{"className":19328},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,19330,4138],{"className":19331,"style":4176},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,19333,10267],{"className":19334},[4383,1501],[1267,19336,10777],{"className":19337,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,19339,4138],{"className":19340,"style":4176},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,19342,4541],{"className":19343},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,19345,4132],{"className":19346},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,19348,7565],{"className":19349,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,19351,1509],{"className":19352},[1508],[1267,19354,19356],{"className":19355},[1481],[1267,19357,19359],{"className":19358,"style":7530},[1485],[1267,19360],{}," ne sort jamais du serveur.",[808,19363,19364,19392],{},[1267,19365,19367,19380],{"className":19366},[1416],[1267,19368,19370],{"className":19369},[1420],[1422,19371,19372],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,19373,19374,19378],{},[1429,19375,19376],{},[1435,19377,5733],{},[1442,19379,5733],{"encoding":1444},[1267,19381,19383],{"className":19382,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,19384,19386,19389],{"className":19385},[1454],[1267,19387],{"className":19388,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,19390,5733],{"className":19391,"style":5748},[1463,1467]," ne circule jamais en clair.",[808,19394,19395],{},"Le certificat évite l'usurpation.",[594,19397,13330],{"id":13329},[805,19399,19400,19406,19438],{},[808,19401,19402,19403,19405],{},"Croire qu'HTTPS est entièrement asymétrique — non, asymétrique\n",[603,19404,10639],{}," pour l'échange de clé.",[808,19407,19408,19409,19437],{},"Croire que la clé publique sert à déchiffrer les pages HTML — non, elle\nsert à chiffrer ",[1267,19410,19412,19425],{"className":19411},[1416],[1267,19413,19415],{"className":19414},[1420],[1422,19416,19417],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,19418,19419,19423],{},[1429,19420,19421],{},[1435,19422,5733],{},[1442,19424,5733],{"encoding":1444},[1267,19426,19428],{"className":19427,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,19429,19431,19434],{"className":19430},[1454],[1267,19432],{"className":19433,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,19435,5733],{"className":19436,"style":5748},[1463,1467]," vers le serveur.",[808,19439,19440],{},"Confondre certificat et clé privée — la clé privée reste sur le serveur.",[594,19442,19444],{"id":19443},"hors-programme","Hors programme",[599,19446,19447,19448,19451],{},"Détails de TLS (versions, cipher suites, ServerHello…) ",[603,19449,19450],{},"hors BO"," —\nsavoir que ce sont des détails de négociation, pas plus.",{"title":798,"searchDepth":926,"depth":926,"links":19453},[19454,19455,19456,19457,19458,19459],{"id":13229,"depth":926,"text":13230},{"id":13238,"depth":926,"text":13239},{"id":18865,"depth":926,"text":18866},{"id":11739,"depth":926,"text":11740},{"id":13329,"depth":926,"text":13330},{"id":19443,"depth":926,"text":19444},"Mémo de révision sur le handshake HTTPS simplifié.",{},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fhttps-tls.memo",[],{"title":18250,"description":19460},"2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F8.https-tls.memo","dOZTa2h_18COZr98vPXAz6DTMdwONHsqdqOleQM8MtY",{"id":19468,"title":19469,"bo":19470,"body":19471,"description":20356,"eval":939,"extension":940,"labo":939,"meta":20357,"navigation":947,"path":20359,"quizzes":20360,"readingTime":950,"seo":20386,"stem":20387,"tp":939,"__hash__":20388},"coursMemo\u002F2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fchapitre.memo.md","Architectures, OS et réseaux — synthèse",[589,956,3147,5610],{"type":591,"value":19472,"toc":20351},[19473,19477,19484,19502,19547,19582,19940,19947,19951,20022,20026,20050,20074,20098,20120,20130,20151,20266,20297,20324],[594,19474,19476],{"id":19475},"vue-densemble","Vue d'ensemble",[599,19478,19479,19480,19483],{},"Ce chapitre vous a fait parcourir l'ordinateur ",[603,19481,19482],{},"depuis le silicium jusqu'au\npaquet chiffré qui traverse Internet",". Quatre thèmes l'organisent, chacun\nadossé à un item BO, et leurs liens tissent une cohérence qui dépasse la\nsimple juxtaposition.",[599,19485,19486,19487,1214,19489,19491,19492,19494,19495,19498,19499,922],{},"Tout commence avec le ",[603,19488,617],{},[648,19490],{"code":589},") : sur un\ntéléphone moderne, presque tout — CPU, GPU, mémoires, radios, contrôleurs\n— tient sur quelques millimètres carrés de silicium. Cette intégration\nextrême apporte de la ",[603,19493,630],{}," et économise de l'",[603,19496,19497],{},"énergie"," au prix\nde la modularité. C'est l'échelle matérielle : on regarde ce qu'il y a\n",[603,19500,19501],{},"sous l'OS",[599,19503,19504,19505,19507,19508,1214,19510,19512,19513,19515,19516,19518,19519,19521,19522,1519,19525,19528,19529,19532,19533,19535,19536,19538,19539,19542,19543,19546],{},"Au-dessus du matériel, le ",[603,19506,970],{}," orchestre des\n",[603,19509,982],{},[648,19511],{"code":956},") : chaque programme en exécution est un\nprocessus avec son contexte mémoire, ses fichiers ouverts, son état\ncanonique — ",[603,19514,1112],{}," (utilise le CPU), ",[603,19517,1123],{}," (en attente du CPU),\n",[603,19520,1134],{}," (en attente d'un événement externe), plus les états\nencadrants ",[603,19523,19524],{},"Nouveau",[603,19526,19527],{},"Terminé",". Le ",[603,19530,19531],{},"noyau"," alterne ces\nprocessus par ",[603,19534,986],{},", donnant l'illusion du parallélisme.\nQuand des processus se bloquent mutuellement sur des ressources\npartagées, on parle d'",[603,19537,1346],{}," : les quatre conditions de\n",[603,19540,19541],{},"Coffman"," permettent de le détecter, le problème des ",[603,19544,19545],{},"philosophes","\nde l'illustrer.",[599,19548,19549,19550,19553,19554,19556,19557,19559,19560,19562,19563,19565,19566,19569,19570,19572,19573,19575,19576,19578,19579,19581],{},"Au-delà de la machine, les paquets voyagent par ",[603,19551,19552],{},"routage","\n(",[648,19555],{"code":3147},"). Chaque routeur lit l'adresse de destination,\nconsulte sa ",[603,19558,3173],{},", transmet au ",[603,19561,3222],{},". Les\ndeux protocoles emblématiques sont ",[603,19564,3962],{},", qui compte les ",[603,19567,19568],{},"sauts","\n(Bellman-Ford distribué, plafonné à 15), et ",[603,19571,3965],{},", qui pondère les\nliens par un ",[603,19574,4109],{}," et applique ",[603,19577,5484],{}," sur le graphe complet —\nlien direct avec votre chapitre ",[648,19580],{"code":4070}," sur les algorithmes de\ngraphes.",[599,19583,19584,19585,19553,19588,19590,19591,19593,19594,13257,19622,19728,19729,19757,19758,19761,19762,19846,19847,19936,19937,19939],{},"Enfin, comme Internet est public, il faut ",[603,19586,19587],{},"sécuriser",[648,19589],{"code":5610},"). Le ",[603,19592,5632],{}," (clé partagée ",[1267,19595,19597,19610],{"className":19596},[1416],[1267,19598,19600],{"className":19599},[1420],[1422,19601,19602],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,19603,19604,19608],{},[1429,19605,19606],{},[1435,19607,5733],{},[1442,19609,5733],{"encoding":1444},[1267,19611,19613],{"className":19612,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,19614,19616,19619],{"className":19615},[1454],[1267,19617],{"className":19618,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,19620,5733],{"className":19621,"style":5748},[1463,1467],[1267,19623,19625,19652],{"className":19624},[1416],[1267,19626,19628],{"className":19627},[1420],[1422,19629,19630],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,19631,19632,19650],{},[1429,19633,19634,19636,19638,19644,19646,19648],{},[1435,19635,4732],{},[2302,19637,5775],{},[1432,19639,19640,19642],{},[1435,19641,5780],{},[1435,19643,5733],{},[2302,19645,4129],{"stretchy":4128},[1435,19647,5666],{},[2302,19649,4141],{"stretchy":4128},[1442,19651,6288],{"encoding":1444},[1267,19653,19655,19673],{"className":19654,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,19656,19658,19661,19664,19667,19670],{"className":19657},[1454],[1267,19659],{"className":19660,"style":3733},[1458],[1267,19662,4732],{"className":19663,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,19665],{"className":19666,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,19668,5775],{"className":19669},[2393],[1267,19671],{"className":19672,"style":2389},[2388],[1267,19674,19676,19679,19719,19722,19725],{"className":19675},[1454],[1267,19677],{"className":19678,"style":4154},[1458],[1267,19680,19682,19685],{"className":19681},[1463],[1267,19683,5780],{"className":19684,"style":5844},[1463,1467],[1267,19686,19688],{"className":19687},[1472],[1267,19689,19691,19711],{"className":19690},[1476,1477],[1267,19692,19694,19708],{"className":19693},[1481],[1267,19695,19697],{"className":19696,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,19698,19699,19702],{"style":5860},[1267,19700],{"className":19701,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,19703,19705],{"className":19704},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,19706,5733],{"className":19707,"style":5748},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,19709,1509],{"className":19710},[1508],[1267,19712,19714],{"className":19713},[1481],[1267,19715,19717],{"className":19716,"style":1516},[1485],[1267,19718],{},[1267,19720,4129],{"className":19721},[4161],[1267,19723,5666],{"className":19724,"style":5681},[1463,1467],[1267,19726,4141],{"className":19727},[4180],") est rapide mais demande d'avoir échangé ",[1267,19730,19732,19745],{"className":19731},[1416],[1267,19733,19735],{"className":19734},[1420],[1422,19736,19737],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,19738,19739,19743],{},[1429,19740,19741],{},[1435,19742,5733],{},[1442,19744,5733],{"encoding":1444},[1267,19746,19748],{"className":19747,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,19749,19751,19754],{"className":19750},[1454],[1267,19752],{"className":19753,"style":4304},[1458],[1267,19755,5733],{"className":19756,"style":5748},[1463,1467]," au préalable.\nLe ",[603,19759,19760],{},"chiffrement asymétrique"," (paire ",[1267,19763,19765,19788],{"className":19764},[1416],[1267,19766,19768],{"className":19767},[1420],[1422,19769,19770],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,19771,19772,19786],{},[1429,19773,19774],{},[1432,19775,19776,19778],{},[1435,19777,7459],{},[1429,19779,19780,19782,19784],{},[1435,19781,599],{},[1435,19783,4132],{},[1435,19785,7468],{},[1442,19787,7471],{"encoding":1444},[1267,19789,19791],{"className":19790,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,19792,19794,19797],{"className":19793},[1454],[1267,19795],{"className":19796,"style":7481},[1458],[1267,19798,19800,19803],{"className":19799},[1463],[1267,19801,7459],{"className":19802,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,19804,19806],{"className":19805},[1472],[1267,19807,19809,19838],{"className":19808},[1476,1477],[1267,19810,19812,19835],{"className":19811},[1481],[1267,19813,19815],{"className":19814,"style":5857},[1485],[1267,19816,19817,19820],{"style":7502},[1267,19818],{"className":19819,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,19821,19823],{"className":19822},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,19824,19826,19829,19832],{"className":19825},[1463,1501],[1267,19827,599],{"className":19828},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,19830,4132],{"className":19831},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,19833,7468],{"className":19834},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,19836,1509],{"className":19837},[1508],[1267,19839,19841],{"className":19840},[1481],[1267,19842,19844],{"className":19843,"style":7530},[1485],[1267,19845],{}," \u002F ",[1267,19848,19850,19875],{"className":19849},[1416],[1267,19851,19853],{"className":19852},[1420],[1422,19854,19855],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,19856,19857,19873],{},[1429,19858,19859],{},[1432,19860,19861,19863],{},[1435,19862,7459],{},[1429,19864,19865,19867,19869,19871],{},[1435,19866,599],{},[1435,19868,7565],{},[1435,19870,7568],{},[1435,19872,4138],{},[1442,19874,7573],{"encoding":1444},[1267,19876,19878],{"className":19877,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,19879,19881,19884],{"className":19880},[1454],[1267,19882],{"className":19883,"style":7481},[1458],[1267,19885,19887,19890],{"className":19886},[1463],[1267,19888,7459],{"className":19889,"style":4773},[1463,1467],[1267,19891,19893],{"className":19892},[1472],[1267,19894,19896,19928],{"className":19895},[1476,1477],[1267,19897,19899,19925],{"className":19898},[1481],[1267,19900,19902],{"className":19901,"style":7601},[1485],[1267,19903,19904,19907],{"style":7502},[1267,19905],{"className":19906,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,19908,19910],{"className":19909},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,19911,19913,19916,19919,19922],{"className":19912},[1463,1501],[1267,19914,599],{"className":19915},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,19917,7565],{"className":19918,"style":4783},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,19920,7568],{"className":19921},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,19923,4138],{"className":19924,"style":4176},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,19926,1509],{"className":19927},[1508],[1267,19929,19931],{"className":19930},[1481],[1267,19932,19934],{"className":19933,"style":7530},[1485],[1267,19935],{},", RSA,\nmodulo et exponentiation) résout l'échange mais reste lent. ",[603,19938,10556],{},"\ncombine les deux : la clé symétrique de session est transmise chiffrée\npar la clé publique du serveur, puis toute la communication est\nchiffrée symétriquement.",[599,19941,19942,19943,19946],{},"Le fil rouge ? ",[603,19944,19945],{},"Chaque thème apporte une compétence transposable"," :\nl'intégration matérielle inspire la pensée système, l'ordonnancement\nprépare au parallélisme, le routage révèle les graphes en action, la\ncryptographie illustre l'algèbre modulaire. Vous repartez avec une\ncarte mentale cohérente de l'ordinateur connecté — du circuit\nintégré jusqu'aux paquets qu'il échange en sécurité.",[594,19948,19950],{"id":19949},"carte-des-notions","Carte des notions",[652,19952,19953,19969],{},[655,19954,19955],{},[658,19956,19957,19960,19963,19966],{},[661,19958,19959],{},"Item BO",[661,19961,19962],{},"Thème",[661,19964,19965],{},"Concept central",[661,19967,19968],{},"Lien transversal",[668,19970,19971,19984,19996,20009],{},[658,19972,19973,19975,19978,19981],{},[673,19974,589],{},[673,19976,19977],{},"Architecture",[673,19979,19980],{},"Système sur puce, intégration",[673,19982,19983],{},"Hardware sous l'OS",[658,19985,19986,19988,19990,19993],{},[673,19987,956],{},[673,19989,12979],{},[673,19991,19992],{},"Processus, ordonnancement, interblocage",[673,19994,19995],{},"Programmation système",[658,19997,19998,20000,20003,20006],{},[673,19999,3147],{},[673,20001,20002],{},"Réseaux",[673,20004,20005],{},"Routage, RIP, OSPF",[673,20007,20008],{},"Graphes (TE), Dijkstra",[658,20010,20011,20013,20016,20019],{},[673,20012,5610],{},[673,20014,20015],{},"Sécurité",[673,20017,20018],{},"Chiffrement symétrique\u002Fasymétrique, HTTPS",[673,20020,20021],{},"Algèbre modulaire, structures",[594,20023,20025],{"id":20024},"auto-évaluation","Auto-évaluation",[791,20027,20029,20034],{"correct":793,"slug":20028},"tc-archi-os-reseaux-1-q1",[796,20030,20031],{"v-slot:question":798},[599,20032,20033],{},"Sur un SoC de smartphone, le microprocesseur (CPU) est :",[796,20035,20036],{"v-slot:choices":798},[805,20037,20038,20041,20044,20047],{},[808,20039,20040],{},"l'unique composant intégré",[808,20042,20043],{},"un bloc parmi d'autres (GPU, mémoires, radios, PMIC…)",[808,20045,20046],{},"une carte externe soudée",[808,20048,20049],{},"équivalent à la carte mère",[791,20051,20053,20058],{"correct":874,"slug":20052},"tc-archi-os-reseaux-1-q2",[796,20054,20055],{"v-slot:question":798},[599,20056,20057],{},"Quelle situation correspond à un interblocage ?",[796,20059,20060],{"v-slot:choices":798},[805,20061,20062,20065,20068,20071],{},[808,20063,20064],{},"Un processus consomme tout le CPU",[808,20066,20067],{},"Un processus accède à un fichier protégé",[808,20069,20070],{},"Plusieurs processus se bloquent mutuellement sur des ressources",[808,20072,20073],{},"Un processus écrit dans un buffer plein",[791,20075,20077,20082],{"correct":793,"slug":20076},"tc-archi-os-reseaux-1-q3",[796,20078,20079],{"v-slot:question":798},[599,20080,20081],{},"La métrique principale du protocole RIP est :",[796,20083,20084],{"v-slot:choices":798},[805,20085,20086,20089,20092,20095],{},[808,20087,20088],{},"le coût pondéré du lien",[808,20090,20091],{},"le nombre de sauts",[808,20093,20094],{},"la latence en millisecondes",[808,20096,20097],{},"la bande passante disponible",[791,20099,20101,20106],{"correct":2939,"slug":20100},"tc-archi-os-reseaux-1-q4",[796,20102,20103],{"v-slot:question":798},[599,20104,20105],{},"Quel algorithme OSPF applique-t-il localement après avoir reconstruit la\ncarte du réseau ?",[796,20107,20108],{"v-slot:choices":798},[805,20109,20110,20112,20114,20117],{},[808,20111,5484],{},[808,20113,429],{},[808,20115,20116],{},"Tri par fusion",[808,20118,20119],{},"Parcours en profondeur",[20121,20122,20125],"self-eval-free-text",{"answer":20123,"case-sensitive":4128,"slug":20124},"Kerckhoffs","tc-archi-os-reseaux-1-q5",[796,20126,20127],{"v-slot:question":798},[599,20128,20129],{},"Quel principe historique énonce que la sécurité doit reposer sur la clé,\net non sur le secret de l'algorithme ? (Donnez le nom propre.)",[791,20131,20133,20138],{"correct":793,"slug":20132},"tc-archi-os-reseaux-1-q6",[796,20134,20135],{"v-slot:question":798},[599,20136,20137],{},"En chiffrement asymétrique, si Alice veut envoyer un message confidentiel\nà Bob, elle chiffre avec :",[796,20139,20140],{"v-slot:choices":798},[805,20141,20142,20144,20146,20148],{},[808,20143,10462],{},[808,20145,10465],{},[808,20147,10468],{},[808,20149,20150],{},"une clé partagée préalablement",[20121,20152,20155],{"answer":20153,"case-sensitive":4128,"slug":20154},"pow","tc-archi-os-reseaux-1-q7",[796,20156,20157],{"v-slot:question":798},[599,20158,20159,20160,20265],{},"Quelle fonction Python calcule efficacement ",[1267,20161,20163,20197],{"className":20162},[1416],[1267,20164,20166],{"className":20165},[1420],[1422,20167,20168],{"xmlns":1424},[1426,20169,20170,20194],{},[1429,20171,20172,20178,20180,20190,20192],{},[4518,20173,20174,20176],{},[1435,20175,9517],{},[1435,20177,7468],{},[4533,20179,8848],{},[2302,20181,20182],{"lspace":8851,"rspace":8851},[1429,20183,20184,20186,20188],{},[1435,20185,8856],{"mathvariant":4528},[1435,20187,8859],{"mathvariant":4528},[1435,20189,4535],{"mathvariant":4528},[4533,20191,8848],{},[1435,20193,2324],{},[1442,20195,20196],{"encoding":1444},"a^b \\bmod n",[1267,20198,20200,20256],{"className":20199,"ariaHidden":1450},[1449],[1267,20201,20203,20206,20235,20238,20241,20250,20253],{"className":20202},[1454],[1267,20204],{"className":20205,"style":17506},[1458],[1267,20207,20209,20212],{"className":20208},[1463],[1267,20210,9517],{"className":20211},[1463,1467],[1267,20213,20215],{"className":20214},[1472],[1267,20216,20218],{"className":20217},[1476],[1267,20219,20221],{"className":20220},[1481],[1267,20222,20224],{"className":20223,"style":17506},[1485],[1267,20225,20226,20229],{"style":4585},[1267,20227],{"className":20228,"style":1494},[1493],[1267,20230,20232],{"className":20231},[1498,1499,1500,1501],[1267,20233,7468],{"className":20234},[1463,1467,1501],[1267,20236],{"className":20237,"style":8933},[2388],[1267,20239],{"className":20240,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,20242,20244],{"className":20243},[4383],[1267,20245,20247],{"className":20246},[1463],[1267,20248,8947],{"className":20249},[1463,8946],[1267,20251],{"className":20252,"style":8933},[2388],[1267,20254],{"className":20255,"style":4379},[2388],[1267,20257,20259,20262],{"className":20258},[1454],[1267,20260],{"className":20261,"style":8491},[1458],[1267,20263,2324],{"className":20264},[1463,1467]," ? (Donnez le\nnom de la fonction, sans parenthèses.)",[20267,20268,20270,20275],"self-eval-ordering",{"slug":20269},"tc-archi-os-reseaux-1-q8",[796,20271,20272],{"v-slot:question":798},[599,20273,20274],{},"Remettez dans l'ordre les étapes simplifiées du handshake HTTPS.",[796,20276,20277],{"v-slot:items":798},[805,20278,20279,20282,20285,20288,20291,20294],{},[808,20280,20281],{},"Le client ouvre la connexion vers le serveur",[808,20283,20284],{},"Le serveur envoie son certificat contenant sa clé publique",[808,20286,20287],{},"Le client génère une clé symétrique aléatoire k",[808,20289,20290],{},"Le client chiffre k avec la clé publique du serveur et l'envoie",[808,20292,20293],{},"Le serveur déchiffre avec sa clé privée et obtient k",[808,20295,20296],{},"Client et serveur échangent les données chiffrées avec k symétrique",[791,20298,20300,20309],{"correct":793,"slug":20299},"tc-archi-os-reseaux-1-q9",[796,20301,20302],{"v-slot:question":798},[599,20303,20304,20305,20308],{},"Dans HTTPS, la ",[603,20306,20307],{},"majeure partie"," d'une communication est chiffrée :",[796,20310,20311],{"v-slot:choices":798},[805,20312,20313,20315,20318,20321],{},[808,20314,12224],{},[808,20316,20317],{},"avec la clé symétrique de session",[808,20319,20320],{},"avec la clé privée du serveur",[808,20322,20323],{},"en clair après authentification",[791,20325,20327,20335],{"correct":874,"slug":20326},"tc-archi-os-reseaux-1-q10",[796,20328,20329],{"v-slot:question":798},[599,20330,20331,20332,7302],{},"Lequel de ces énoncés est ",[603,20333,20334],{},"faux",[796,20336,20337],{"v-slot:choices":798},[805,20338,20339,20342,20345,20348],{},[808,20340,20341],{},"OSPF peut préférer une route plus longue en sauts si elle est moins coûteuse",[808,20343,20344],{},"RIP utilise une variante distribuée de Bellman-Ford",[808,20346,20347],{},"AES est un algorithme de chiffrement asymétrique",[808,20349,20350],{},"La clé privée d'un serveur HTTPS ne sort jamais du serveur",{"title":798,"searchDepth":926,"depth":926,"links":20352},[20353,20354,20355],{"id":19475,"depth":926,"text":19476},{"id":19949,"depth":926,"text":19950},{"id":20024,"depth":926,"text":20025},"Vue d'ensemble du chapitre TC, des points-clés des quatre items et auto-évaluation transversale.",{"self_eval_slug":20358},"nsi-tale-tc-archi-os-reseaux","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fchapitre.memo",[20361,20363,20365,20367,20369,20373,20375,20377,20380,20383],{"slug":20028,"kind":945,"question":20033,"choices":20362,"correct":793,"multi":947,"explanation":798},[20040,20043,20046,20049],{"slug":20052,"kind":945,"question":20057,"choices":20364,"correct":874,"multi":947,"explanation":798},[20064,20067,20070,20073],{"slug":20076,"kind":945,"question":20081,"choices":20366,"correct":793,"multi":947,"explanation":798},[20088,20091,20094,20097],{"slug":20100,"kind":945,"question":20105,"choices":20368,"correct":2939,"multi":947,"explanation":798},[5484,429,20116,20119],{"slug":20124,"kind":20370,"question":20129,"answer":20123,"caseSensitive":947,"tolerance":20371,"inputType":20372,"explanation":798},"free_text",0,"string",{"slug":20132,"kind":945,"question":20137,"choices":20374,"correct":793,"multi":947,"explanation":798},[10462,10465,10468,20150],{"slug":20154,"kind":20370,"question":20376,"answer":20153,"caseSensitive":947,"tolerance":20371,"inputType":20372,"explanation":798},"Quelle fonction Python calcule efficacement ab mod na^b \\bmod nabmodn ? (Donnez le\nnom de la fonction, sans parenthèses.)",{"slug":20269,"kind":20378,"question":20274,"items":20379,"explanation":798},"ordering",[20281,20284,20287,20290,20293,20296],{"slug":20299,"kind":945,"question":20381,"choices":20382,"correct":793,"multi":947,"explanation":798},"Dans HTTPS, la majeure partie d'une communication est chiffrée :",[12224,20317,20320,20323],{"slug":20326,"kind":945,"question":20384,"choices":20385,"correct":874,"multi":947,"explanation":798},"Lequel de ces énoncés est faux ?",[20341,20344,20347,20350],{"title":19469,"description":20356},"2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fchapitre.memo","xUoI-SXhpvijtXY936L0xGk87xMqXvupP8tJVitY3S4",1788035588315]