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position","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fconfidentialite-position","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F5.confidentialite-position",{"title":145,"path":146,"stem":147,"children":148},"Informatique embarquée et objets connectés","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F0.index",[149,150,154,158],{"title":145,"path":146,"stem":147},{"title":151,"path":152,"stem":153},"Systèmes informatiques embarqués","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002Fsystemes-embarques","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F1.systemes-embarques",{"title":155,"path":156,"stem":157},"Capteurs et actionneurs","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002Fcapteurs-actionneurs","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F2.capteurs-actionneurs",{"title":159,"path":160,"stem":161},"IHM et objets connectés","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002Fihm-objet-connecte","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F3.ihm-objet-connecte",{"title":163,"path":164,"stem":165,"children":166},"Photographie numérique","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F0.index",[167,168,172,176,180],{"title":163,"path":164,"stem":165},{"title":169,"path":170,"stem":171},"Photosites, pixels et résolution","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Fpixels-resolution","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F1.pixels-resolution",{"title":173,"path":174,"stem":175},"Les algorithmes de l'appareil photo","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Falgorithmes-photo","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F2.algorithmes-photo",{"title":177,"path":178,"stem":179},"Les métadonnées EXIF","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Fmetadonnees-exif","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F3.metadonnees-exif",{"title":181,"path":182,"stem":183},"Traiter une image en Python","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Ftraitement-rgb","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F4.traitement-rgb",{"title":185,"path":186,"stem":187,"children":188},"Notions transversales de programmation","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F0.index",[189,190,194,198,202],{"title":185,"path":186,"stem":187},{"title":191,"path":192,"stem":193},"Séquences d'instructions et variables","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Fsequences-affectations","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F1.sequences-affectations",{"title":195,"path":196,"stem":197},"Instructions conditionnelles","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Fconditionnelles","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F2.conditionnelles",{"title":199,"path":200,"stem":201},"Boucles bornées et non bornées","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Fboucles","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F3.boucles",{"title":203,"path":204,"stem":205},"Définitions et appels de fonctions","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Ffonctions","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F4.fonctions",{"title":207,"path":208,"stem":209,"children":210},"Démo des widgets MDC","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F0.index",[211,212,216,220],{"title":207,"path":208,"stem":209},{"title":213,"path":214,"stem":215},"Démo statique — callouts, code, BO, illustration","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002Fstatique","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F1.statique",{"title":217,"path":218,"stem":219},"Démo interactive — self-eval et python-snippet","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002Finteractif","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F2.interactif",{"title":221,"path":222,"stem":223},"Démo · 14 widgets de manipulation NSI","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002Fwidgets-manipulation","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F3.widgets-manipulation",{"title":225,"path":226,"stem":227,"children":228},"NSI — 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deux","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002Fentiers-relatifs","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F2.entiers-relatifs",{"title":271,"path":272,"stem":273},"Nombres flottants et virgule flottante","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002Fflottants","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F3.flottants",{"title":275,"path":276,"stem":277},"Textes et encodages — ASCII, ISO-8859-1, Unicode","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002Ftextes-encodages","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F4.textes-encodages",{"title":279,"path":280,"stem":281},"Valeurs booléennes et opérateurs logiques","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002Fbooleens","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F5.booleens",{"title":283,"path":284,"stem":285,"children":286},"Représentation des données : types construits","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002F0.index",[287,288,292,296,300],{"title":283,"path":284,"stem":285},{"title":289,"path":290,"stem":291},"Tableaux et listes","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002Ftableaux-listes","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002F1.tableaux-listes",{"title":293,"path":294,"stem":295},"Listes en compréhension","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002Fcomprehension","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002F2.comprehension",{"title":297,"path":298,"stem":299},"Tuples et p-uplets nommés","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002Ftuples","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002F3.tuples",{"title":301,"path":302,"stem":303},"Dictionnaires","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002Fdictionnaires","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002F4.dictionnaires",{"title":305,"path":306,"stem":307,"children":308},"Traitement de données en tables","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F0.index",[309,310,314,318,322],{"title":305,"path":306,"stem":307},{"title":311,"path":312,"stem":313},"Tables et CSV","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Ftables-csv","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F1.tables-csv",{"title":315,"path":316,"stem":317},"Recherche et filtrage","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Frecherche","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F2.recherche",{"title":319,"path":320,"stem":321},"Trier une table","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Ftri","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F3.tri",{"title":323,"path":324,"stem":325,"children":326},"Fusion et indexation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Ffusion-indexation","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F4.fusion-indexation",[327],{"title":323,"path":324,"stem":325},{"title":329,"path":330,"stem":331,"children":332},"IHM sur le Web","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F0.index",[333,334,338,342,346,350],{"title":329,"path":330,"stem":331},{"title":335,"path":336,"stem":337},"HTML et CSS — rappel de structure","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fhtml-css-bases","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F1.html-css-bases",{"title":339,"path":340,"stem":341},"Formulaires HTML","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fformulaires","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F2.formulaires",{"title":343,"path":344,"stem":345},"Événements JavaScript","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fevenements-js","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F3.evenements-js",{"title":347,"path":348,"stem":349},"Manipulation du DOM","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fdom-interaction","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F4.dom-interaction",{"title":351,"path":352,"stem":353},"Client, serveur et HTTP","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fclient-serveur-http","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F5.client-serveur-http",{"title":355,"path":356,"stem":357,"children":358},"Architectures matérielles et systèmes d'exploitation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F0.index",[359,360,364,368,372,376],{"title":355,"path":356,"stem":357},{"title":361,"path":362,"stem":363},"Le modèle de von Neumann","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Fvon-neumann","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F1.von-neumann",{"title":365,"path":366,"stem":367},"Périphériques et interface homme-machine","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Fperipheriques-ihm","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F2.peripheriques-ihm",{"title":369,"path":370,"stem":371},"Les systèmes d'exploitation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Fsystemes-exploitation","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F3.systemes-exploitation",{"title":373,"path":374,"stem":375},"Linux et le shell","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Flinux-shell","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F4.linux-shell",{"title":377,"path":378,"stem":379},"Réseaux et protocoles","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Freseaux","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F5.reseaux",{"title":381,"path":382,"stem":383,"children":384},"Langages et programmation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F0.index",[385,386,390,394,398,402,406],{"title":381,"path":382,"stem":383},{"title":387,"path":388,"stem":389},"Diversité et unité des langages de programmation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fdiversite-langages","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F1.diversite-langages",{"title":391,"path":392,"stem":393},"Constructions élémentaires","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fconstructions-elementaires","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F2.constructions-elementaires",{"title":395,"path":396,"stem":397},"Fonctions","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Ffonctions","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F3.fonctions",{"title":399,"path":400,"stem":401},"Spécification d'une fonction","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fspecification","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F4.specification",{"title":403,"path":404,"stem":405},"Mise au point des programmes","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fmise-au-point","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F5.mise-au-point",{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409},"Utilisation de bibliothèques","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fbibliotheques","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F6.bibliotheques",{"title":411,"path":412,"stem":413,"children":414},"Algorithmique","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F0.index",[415,416,420,424,428,432,436],{"title":411,"path":412,"stem":413},{"title":417,"path":418,"stem":419},"Parcours séquentiel d'un tableau","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fparcours-sequentiel","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F1.parcours-sequentiel",{"title":421,"path":422,"stem":423},"Bases de la complexité","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fcomplexite-bases","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F2.complexite-bases",{"title":425,"path":426,"stem":427},"Tris par sélection et par insertion","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Ftris","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F3.tris",{"title":429,"path":430,"stem":431},"Recherche dichotomique","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fdichotomie","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F4.dichotomie",{"title":433,"path":434,"stem":435},"Algorithmes gloutons","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fgloutons","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F5.gloutons",{"title":437,"path":438,"stem":439},"Les k plus proches voisins (k-NN)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fknn","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F6.knn",{"title":441,"path":442,"stem":443,"children":444},"NSI — Terminale","\u002Fnsi-tale","2.nsi-tale\u002F0.index",[445,446,450,476,498,536,560],{"title":441,"path":442,"stem":443},{"title":447,"path":448,"stem":449},"Review pédagogique — chapitres NSI Terminale (TA, TB, TC, TD, TE)","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Freview","2.nsi-tale\u002FREVIEW",{"title":451,"path":452,"stem":453,"children":454},"Structures de données","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F0.index",[455,456,460,464,468,472],{"title":451,"path":452,"stem":453},{"title":457,"path":458,"stem":459},"Objet, classe, interface","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Finterface-implementation","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F1.interface-implementation",{"title":461,"path":462,"stem":463},"Implémenter une structure — l'exemple de la file 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relationnel","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fmodele-relationnel","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F1.modele-relationnel",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Bases de données relationnelles et anomalies de schéma","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fbase-relationnelle","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F2.base-relationnelle",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Le langage SQL","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fsql","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F3.sql",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Les systèmes de gestion de bases de données","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fsgbd","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F4.sgbd",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501,"children":502},"Architectures matérielles, systèmes d'exploitation et réseaux","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F0.index",[503,504,508,512,516,520,524,528,532],{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},{"title":505,"path":506,"stem":507},"Le système sur puce (SoC)","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fsysteme-sur-puce","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F1.systeme-sur-puce",{"title":509,"path":510,"stem":511},"Processus et ordonnancement par l'OS","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fprocessus-os","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F2.processus-os",{"title":513,"path":514,"stem":515},"L'interblocage (deadlock)","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Finterblocage","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F3.interblocage",{"title":517,"path":518,"stem":519},"Principes du routage","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Froutage-principes","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F4.routage-principes",{"title":521,"path":522,"stem":523},"Protocoles de routage RIP et OSPF","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fprotocoles-rip-ospf","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F5.protocoles-rip-ospf",{"title":525,"path":526,"stem":527},"Chiffrement symétrique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fchiffrement-symetrique","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F6.chiffrement-symetrique",{"title":529,"path":530,"stem":531},"Chiffrement asymétrique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fchiffrement-asymetrique","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F7.chiffrement-asymetrique",{"title":533,"path":534,"stem":535},"HTTPS — l'échange de clé symétrique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fhttps-tls","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F8.https-tls",{"title":381,"path":537,"stem":538,"children":539},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F0.index",[540,541,544,548,552,556],{"title":381,"path":537,"stem":538},{"title":403,"path":542,"stem":543},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fmise-au-point","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F1.mise-au-point",{"title":545,"path":546,"stem":547},"Modularité","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fmodularite","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F2.modularite",{"title":549,"path":550,"stem":551},"Récursivité","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Frecursivite","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F3.recursivite",{"title":553,"path":554,"stem":555},"Paradigmes de programmation","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fparadigmes","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F4.paradigmes",{"title":557,"path":558,"stem":559},"Programme comme donnée — calculabilité et indécidabilité","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fprogramme-comme-donnee","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F5.programme-comme-donnee",{"title":411,"path":561,"stem":562,"children":563},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F0.index",[564,565,569,573,577,581],{"title":411,"path":561,"stem":562},{"title":566,"path":567,"stem":568},"Algorithmes sur les arbres binaires","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Farbres-binaires-algos","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F1.arbres-binaires-algos",{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"Parcours de graphes — DFS, BFS, cycles, chemins","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Fgraphes-parcours","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F2.graphes-parcours",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"Diviser pour régner","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Fdiviser-pour-regner","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F3.diviser-pour-regner",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Programmation dynamique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Fprogrammation-dynamique","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F4.programmation-dynamique",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},"Recherche textuelle — l'algorithme de Boyer-Moore","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Frecherche-textuelle","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F5.recherche-textuelle",{"id":586,"title":525,"bo":587,"body":589,"description":2447,"eval":2448,"extension":2449,"labo":2448,"meta":2450,"navigation":2146,"path":526,"quizzes":2451,"readingTime":2078,"seo":2458,"stem":527,"tp":2448,"__hash__":2459},"cours\u002F2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F6.chiffrement-symetrique.md",[588],"TC04",{"type":590,"value":591,"toc":2439},"minimark",[592,597,630,634,759,994,1293,1628,1698,1702,1708,1769,1849,1986,2062,2065,2240,2261,2285,2289,2304,2315,2318,2322,2366,2374,2385,2401,2422,2426,2433,2435],[593,594,596],"h2",{"id":595},"introduction","Introduction",[598,599,600,601,605,606,609,610,613,614,617,618,621,622,625,626,629],"p",{},"Vous souhaitez envoyer un message confidentiel à quelqu'un. Le message\nvoyage sur un réseau public — Internet — où n'importe qui peut intercepter\nles paquets en transit. Comment garantir que ",[602,603,604],"strong",{},"seul le destinataire","\ncomprend ce que vous écrivez ? C'est la question que résout la\n",[602,607,608],{},"cryptographie",", une discipline ancienne — la machine ",[602,611,612],{},"Enigma"," de\nchiffrement utilisée par l'Allemagne durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale,\ncassée par les équipes alliées dont Alan Turing, en est un jalon célèbre.\nLa méthode la plus\nclassique, et toujours la plus utilisée pour le gros du trafic, est le\n",[602,615,616],{},"chiffrement symétrique"," : expéditeur et destinataire partagent une ",[602,619,620],{},"même\nclé secrète"," qu'ils utilisent pour chiffrer et déchiffrer. Imagez-la comme\nun ",[602,623,624],{},"cadenas à clé identique"," dont Alice et Bob possèdent chacun un\nexemplaire — n'importe lequel des deux peut fermer ou ouvrir la boîte. Le\nprogramme officiel (",[627,628],"bo-ref",{"code":588},") demande d'en décrire le principe.",[593,631,633],{"id":632},"le-principe-en-deux-fonctions","Le principe en deux fonctions",[598,635,636,637,684,685,688,689,684,719,722,723,754,755,758],{},"Notons ",[638,639,642,664],"span",{"className":640},[641],"katex",[638,643,646],{"className":644},[645],"katex-mathml",[647,648,650],"math",{"xmlns":649},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML",[651,652,653,660],"semantics",{},[654,655,656],"mrow",{},[657,658,659],"mi",{},"M",[661,662,659],"annotation",{"encoding":663},"application\u002Fx-tex",[638,665,669],{"className":666,"ariaHidden":668},[667],"katex-html","true",[638,670,673,678],{"className":671},[672],"base",[638,674],{"className":675,"style":677},[676],"strut","height:0.6833em;",[638,679,659],{"className":680,"style":683},[681,682],"mord","mathnormal","margin-right:0.109em;"," le ",[602,686,687],{},"message clair"," (en clair, lisible) et ",[638,690,692,706],{"className":691},[641],[638,693,695],{"className":694},[645],[647,696,697],{"xmlns":649},[651,698,699,704],{},[654,700,701],{},[657,702,703],{},"C",[661,705,703],{"encoding":663},[638,707,709],{"className":708,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,710,712,715],{"className":711},[672],[638,713],{"className":714,"style":677},[676],[638,716,703],{"className":717,"style":718},[681,682],"margin-right:0.0715em;",[602,720,721],{},"message\nchiffré"," (chiffré, illisible). Soit ",[638,724,726,740],{"className":725},[641],[638,727,729],{"className":728},[645],[647,730,731],{"xmlns":649},[651,732,733,738],{},[654,734,735],{},[657,736,737],{},"k",[661,739,737],{"encoding":663},[638,741,743],{"className":742,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,744,746,750],{"className":745},[672],[638,747],{"className":748,"style":749},[676],"height:0.6944em;",[638,751,737],{"className":752,"style":753},[681,682],"margin-right:0.0315em;"," la ",[602,756,757],{},"clé"," partagée. Le\nchiffrement symétrique repose sur deux fonctions :",[638,760,763],{"className":761},[762],"katex-display",[638,764,766,823],{"className":765},[641],[638,767,769],{"className":768},[645],[647,770,772],{"xmlns":649,"display":771},"block",[651,773,774,820],{},[654,775,776,778,782,790,794,796,799,803,805,807,814,816,818],{},[657,777,703],{},[779,780,781],"mo",{},"=",[783,784,785,788],"msub",{},[657,786,787],{},"E",[657,789,737],{},[779,791,793],{"stretchy":792},"false","(",[657,795,659],{},[779,797,798],{"stretchy":792},")",[800,801],"mspace",{"width":802},"2em",[657,804,659],{},[779,806,781],{},[783,808,809,812],{},[657,810,811],{},"D",[657,813,737],{},[779,815,793],{"stretchy":792},[657,817,703],{},[779,819,798],{"stretchy":792},[661,821,822],{"encoding":663},"C = E_k(M) \\qquad M = D_k(C)",[638,824,826,846,937],{"className":825,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,827,829,832,835,839,843],{"className":828},[672],[638,830],{"className":831,"style":677},[676],[638,833,703],{"className":834,"style":718},[681,682],[638,836],{"className":837,"style":838},[800],"margin-right:0.2778em;",[638,840,781],{"className":841},[842],"mrel",[638,844],{"className":845,"style":838},[800],[638,847,849,853,910,914,917,921,925,928,931,934],{"className":848},[672],[638,850],{"className":851,"style":852},[676],"height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[638,854,856,860],{"className":855},[681],[638,857,787],{"className":858,"style":859},[681,682],"margin-right:0.0576em;",[638,861,864],{"className":862},[863],"msupsub",[638,865,869,901],{"className":866},[867,868],"vlist-t","vlist-t2",[638,870,873,896],{"className":871},[872],"vlist-r",[638,874,878],{"className":875,"style":877},[876],"vlist","height:0.3361em;",[638,879,881,886],{"style":880},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0576em;margin-right:0.05em;",[638,882],{"className":883,"style":885},[884],"pstrut","height:2.7em;",[638,887,893],{"className":888},[889,890,891,892],"sizing","reset-size6","size3","mtight",[638,894,737],{"className":895,"style":753},[681,682,892],[638,897,900],{"className":898},[899],"vlist-s","​",[638,902,904],{"className":903},[872],[638,905,908],{"className":906,"style":907},[876],"height:0.15em;",[638,909],{},[638,911,793],{"className":912},[913],"mopen",[638,915,659],{"className":916,"style":683},[681,682],[638,918,798],{"className":919},[920],"mclose",[638,922],{"className":923,"style":924},[800],"margin-right:2em;",[638,926,659],{"className":927,"style":683},[681,682],[638,929],{"className":930,"style":838},[800],[638,932,781],{"className":933},[842],[638,935],{"className":936,"style":838},[800],[638,938,940,943,985,988,991],{"className":939},[672],[638,941],{"className":942,"style":852},[676],[638,944,946,950],{"className":945},[681],[638,947,811],{"className":948,"style":949},[681,682],"margin-right:0.0278em;",[638,951,953],{"className":952},[863],[638,954,956,977],{"className":955},[867,868],[638,957,959,974],{"className":958},[872],[638,960,962],{"className":961,"style":877},[876],[638,963,965,968],{"style":964},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0278em;margin-right:0.05em;",[638,966],{"className":967,"style":885},[884],[638,969,971],{"className":970},[889,890,891,892],[638,972,737],{"className":973,"style":753},[681,682,892],[638,975,900],{"className":976},[899],[638,978,980],{"className":979},[872],[638,981,983],{"className":982,"style":907},[876],[638,984],{},[638,986,793],{"className":987},[913],[638,989,703],{"className":990,"style":718},[681,682],[638,992,798],{"className":993},[920],[995,996,997,1105,1254],"ul",{},[998,999,1000,1071,1072,1075,1076,1104],"li",{},[638,1001,1003,1021],{"className":1002},[641],[638,1004,1006],{"className":1005},[645],[647,1007,1008],{"xmlns":649},[651,1009,1010,1018],{},[654,1011,1012],{},[783,1013,1014,1016],{},[657,1015,787],{},[657,1017,737],{},[661,1019,1020],{"encoding":663},"E_k",[638,1022,1024],{"className":1023,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,1025,1027,1031],{"className":1026},[672],[638,1028],{"className":1029,"style":1030},[676],"height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[638,1032,1034,1037],{"className":1033},[681],[638,1035,787],{"className":1036,"style":859},[681,682],[638,1038,1040],{"className":1039},[863],[638,1041,1043,1063],{"className":1042},[867,868],[638,1044,1046,1060],{"className":1045},[872],[638,1047,1049],{"className":1048,"style":877},[876],[638,1050,1051,1054],{"style":880},[638,1052],{"className":1053,"style":885},[884],[638,1055,1057],{"className":1056},[889,890,891,892],[638,1058,737],{"className":1059,"style":753},[681,682,892],[638,1061,900],{"className":1062},[899],[638,1064,1066],{"className":1065},[872],[638,1067,1069],{"className":1068,"style":907},[876],[638,1070],{}," est la fonction de ",[602,1073,1074],{},"chiffrement"," paramétrée par la clé ",[638,1077,1079,1092],{"className":1078},[641],[638,1080,1082],{"className":1081},[645],[647,1083,1084],{"xmlns":649},[651,1085,1086,1090],{},[654,1087,1088],{},[657,1089,737],{},[661,1091,737],{"encoding":663},[638,1093,1095],{"className":1094,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,1096,1098,1101],{"className":1097},[672],[638,1099],{"className":1100,"style":749},[676],[638,1102,737],{"className":1103,"style":753},[681,682],".",[998,1106,1107,1071,1177,1180,1181,1184,1185,1104],{},[638,1108,1110,1128],{"className":1109},[641],[638,1111,1113],{"className":1112},[645],[647,1114,1115],{"xmlns":649},[651,1116,1117,1125],{},[654,1118,1119],{},[783,1120,1121,1123],{},[657,1122,811],{},[657,1124,737],{},[661,1126,1127],{"encoding":663},"D_k",[638,1129,1131],{"className":1130,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,1132,1134,1137],{"className":1133},[672],[638,1135],{"className":1136,"style":1030},[676],[638,1138,1140,1143],{"className":1139},[681],[638,1141,811],{"className":1142,"style":949},[681,682],[638,1144,1146],{"className":1145},[863],[638,1147,1149,1169],{"className":1148},[867,868],[638,1150,1152,1166],{"className":1151},[872],[638,1153,1155],{"className":1154,"style":877},[876],[638,1156,1157,1160],{"style":964},[638,1158],{"className":1159,"style":885},[884],[638,1161,1163],{"className":1162},[889,890,891,892],[638,1164,737],{"className":1165,"style":753},[681,682,892],[638,1167,900],{"className":1168},[899],[638,1170,1172],{"className":1171},[872],[638,1173,1175],{"className":1174,"style":907},[876],[638,1176],{},[602,1178,1179],{},"déchiffrement",", l'",[602,1182,1183],{},"inverse"," de ",[638,1186,1188,1205],{"className":1187},[641],[638,1189,1191],{"className":1190},[645],[647,1192,1193],{"xmlns":649},[651,1194,1195,1203],{},[654,1196,1197],{},[783,1198,1199,1201],{},[657,1200,787],{},[657,1202,737],{},[661,1204,1020],{"encoding":663},[638,1206,1208],{"className":1207,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,1209,1211,1214],{"className":1210},[672],[638,1212],{"className":1213,"style":1030},[676],[638,1215,1217,1220],{"className":1216},[681],[638,1218,787],{"className":1219,"style":859},[681,682],[638,1221,1223],{"className":1222},[863],[638,1224,1226,1246],{"className":1225},[867,868],[638,1227,1229,1243],{"className":1228},[872],[638,1230,1232],{"className":1231,"style":877},[876],[638,1233,1234,1237],{"style":880},[638,1235],{"className":1236,"style":885},[884],[638,1238,1240],{"className":1239},[889,890,891,892],[638,1241,737],{"className":1242,"style":753},[681,682,892],[638,1244,900],{"className":1245},[899],[638,1247,1249],{"className":1248},[872],[638,1250,1252],{"className":1251,"style":907},[876],[638,1253],{},[998,1255,1256,1259,1260,1288,1289,1104],{},[602,1257,1258],{},"La même clé"," ",[638,1261,1263,1276],{"className":1262},[641],[638,1264,1266],{"className":1265},[645],[647,1267,1268],{"xmlns":649},[651,1269,1270,1274],{},[654,1271,1272],{},[657,1273,737],{},[661,1275,737],{"encoding":663},[638,1277,1279],{"className":1278,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,1280,1282,1285],{"className":1281},[672],[638,1283],{"className":1284,"style":749},[676],[638,1286,737],{"className":1287,"style":753},[681,682]," est utilisée des deux côtés — d'où le qualificatif\n",[1290,1291,1292],"em",{},"symétrique",[598,1294,1295,1296,1403,1404,1432,1433,1461,1462,1569,1570,1598,1599,1627],{},"L'expéditeur calcule ",[638,1297,1299,1327],{"className":1298},[641],[638,1300,1302],{"className":1301},[645],[647,1303,1304],{"xmlns":649},[651,1305,1306,1324],{},[654,1307,1308,1310,1312,1318,1320,1322],{},[657,1309,703],{},[779,1311,781],{},[783,1313,1314,1316],{},[657,1315,787],{},[657,1317,737],{},[779,1319,793],{"stretchy":792},[657,1321,659],{},[779,1323,798],{"stretchy":792},[661,1325,1326],{"encoding":663},"C = E_k(M)",[638,1328,1330,1348],{"className":1329,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,1331,1333,1336,1339,1342,1345],{"className":1332},[672],[638,1334],{"className":1335,"style":677},[676],[638,1337,703],{"className":1338,"style":718},[681,682],[638,1340],{"className":1341,"style":838},[800],[638,1343,781],{"className":1344},[842],[638,1346],{"className":1347,"style":838},[800],[638,1349,1351,1354,1394,1397,1400],{"className":1350},[672],[638,1352],{"className":1353,"style":852},[676],[638,1355,1357,1360],{"className":1356},[681],[638,1358,787],{"className":1359,"style":859},[681,682],[638,1361,1363],{"className":1362},[863],[638,1364,1366,1386],{"className":1365},[867,868],[638,1367,1369,1383],{"className":1368},[872],[638,1370,1372],{"className":1371,"style":877},[876],[638,1373,1374,1377],{"style":880},[638,1375],{"className":1376,"style":885},[884],[638,1378,1380],{"className":1379},[889,890,891,892],[638,1381,737],{"className":1382,"style":753},[681,682,892],[638,1384,900],{"className":1385},[899],[638,1387,1389],{"className":1388},[872],[638,1390,1392],{"className":1391,"style":907},[876],[638,1393],{},[638,1395,793],{"className":1396},[913],[638,1398,659],{"className":1399,"style":683},[681,682],[638,1401,798],{"className":1402},[920]," et envoie ",[638,1405,1407,1420],{"className":1406},[641],[638,1408,1410],{"className":1409},[645],[647,1411,1412],{"xmlns":649},[651,1413,1414,1418],{},[654,1415,1416],{},[657,1417,703],{},[661,1419,703],{"encoding":663},[638,1421,1423],{"className":1422,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,1424,1426,1429],{"className":1425},[672],[638,1427],{"className":1428,"style":677},[676],[638,1430,703],{"className":1431,"style":718},[681,682],". Le destinataire reçoit\n",[638,1434,1436,1449],{"className":1435},[641],[638,1437,1439],{"className":1438},[645],[647,1440,1441],{"xmlns":649},[651,1442,1443,1447],{},[654,1444,1445],{},[657,1446,703],{},[661,1448,703],{"encoding":663},[638,1450,1452],{"className":1451,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,1453,1455,1458],{"className":1454},[672],[638,1456],{"className":1457,"style":677},[676],[638,1459,703],{"className":1460,"style":718},[681,682]," et calcule ",[638,1463,1465,1493],{"className":1464},[641],[638,1466,1468],{"className":1467},[645],[647,1469,1470],{"xmlns":649},[651,1471,1472,1490],{},[654,1473,1474,1476,1478,1484,1486,1488],{},[657,1475,659],{},[779,1477,781],{},[783,1479,1480,1482],{},[657,1481,811],{},[657,1483,737],{},[779,1485,793],{"stretchy":792},[657,1487,703],{},[779,1489,798],{"stretchy":792},[661,1491,1492],{"encoding":663},"M = D_k(C)",[638,1494,1496,1514],{"className":1495,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,1497,1499,1502,1505,1508,1511],{"className":1498},[672],[638,1500],{"className":1501,"style":677},[676],[638,1503,659],{"className":1504,"style":683},[681,682],[638,1506],{"className":1507,"style":838},[800],[638,1509,781],{"className":1510},[842],[638,1512],{"className":1513,"style":838},[800],[638,1515,1517,1520,1560,1563,1566],{"className":1516},[672],[638,1518],{"className":1519,"style":852},[676],[638,1521,1523,1526],{"className":1522},[681],[638,1524,811],{"className":1525,"style":949},[681,682],[638,1527,1529],{"className":1528},[863],[638,1530,1532,1552],{"className":1531},[867,868],[638,1533,1535,1549],{"className":1534},[872],[638,1536,1538],{"className":1537,"style":877},[876],[638,1539,1540,1543],{"style":964},[638,1541],{"className":1542,"style":885},[884],[638,1544,1546],{"className":1545},[889,890,891,892],[638,1547,737],{"className":1548,"style":753},[681,682,892],[638,1550,900],{"className":1551},[899],[638,1553,1555],{"className":1554},[872],[638,1556,1558],{"className":1557,"style":907},[876],[638,1559],{},[638,1561,793],{"className":1562},[913],[638,1564,703],{"className":1565,"style":718},[681,682],[638,1567,798],{"className":1568},[920],". Tout intercepteur qui ne connaît pas ",[638,1571,1573,1586],{"className":1572},[641],[638,1574,1576],{"className":1575},[645],[647,1577,1578],{"xmlns":649},[651,1579,1580,1584],{},[654,1581,1582],{},[657,1583,737],{},[661,1585,737],{"encoding":663},[638,1587,1589],{"className":1588,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,1590,1592,1595],{"className":1591},[672],[638,1593],{"className":1594,"style":749},[676],[638,1596,737],{"className":1597,"style":753},[681,682]," ne\nvoit que ",[638,1600,1602,1615],{"className":1601},[641],[638,1603,1605],{"className":1604},[645],[647,1606,1607],{"xmlns":649},[651,1608,1609,1613],{},[654,1610,1611],{},[657,1612,703],{},[661,1614,703],{"encoding":663},[638,1616,1618],{"className":1617,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,1619,1621,1624],{"className":1620},[672],[638,1622],{"className":1623,"style":677},[676],[638,1625,703],{"className":1626,"style":718},[681,682],", illisible.",[1629,1630,1631],"note",{},[598,1632,1633,1664,1665,1693,1694,1697],{},[602,1634,1635,1636,1104],{},"Le secret repose entièrement sur ",[638,1637,1639,1652],{"className":1638},[641],[638,1640,1642],{"className":1641},[645],[647,1643,1644],{"xmlns":649},[651,1645,1646,1650],{},[654,1647,1648],{},[657,1649,737],{},[661,1651,737],{"encoding":663},[638,1653,1655],{"className":1654,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,1656,1658,1661],{"className":1657},[672],[638,1659],{"className":1660,"style":749},[676],[638,1662,737],{"className":1663,"style":753},[681,682]," L'algorithme ",[638,1666,1668,1681],{"className":1667},[641],[638,1669,1671],{"className":1670},[645],[647,1672,1673],{"xmlns":649},[651,1674,1675,1679],{},[654,1676,1677],{},[657,1678,787],{},[661,1680,787],{"encoding":663},[638,1682,1684],{"className":1683,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,1685,1687,1690],{"className":1686},[672],[638,1688],{"className":1689,"style":677},[676],[638,1691,787],{"className":1692,"style":859},[681,682]," est public —\ntout le monde sait comment il fonctionne. Ce qui doit rester secret,\nc'est la clé. C'est le ",[602,1695,1696],{},"principe de Kerckhoffs",", posé en 1883.",[593,1699,1701],{"id":1700},"un-exemple-illustratif-le-xor-bit-à-bit","Un exemple illustratif : le XOR bit à bit",[598,1703,1704,1705,1104],{},"Pour saisir le principe sans entrer dans les détails d'un vrai chiffrement\nmoderne, voici un mécanisme jouet utilisable en classe : le ",[602,1706,1707],{},"XOR bit à bit",[598,1709,1710,1711,1739,1740,1768],{},"Soit le message clair ",[638,1712,1714,1727],{"className":1713},[641],[638,1715,1717],{"className":1716},[645],[647,1718,1719],{"xmlns":649},[651,1720,1721,1725],{},[654,1722,1723],{},[657,1724,659],{},[661,1726,659],{"encoding":663},[638,1728,1730],{"className":1729,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,1731,1733,1736],{"className":1732},[672],[638,1734],{"className":1735,"style":677},[676],[638,1737,659],{"className":1738,"style":683},[681,682]," codé en binaire et une clé ",[638,1741,1743,1756],{"className":1742},[641],[638,1744,1746],{"className":1745},[645],[647,1747,1748],{"xmlns":649},[651,1749,1750,1754],{},[654,1751,1752],{},[657,1753,737],{},[661,1755,737],{"encoding":663},[638,1757,1759],{"className":1758,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,1760,1762,1765],{"className":1761},[672],[638,1763],{"className":1764,"style":749},[676],[638,1766,737],{"className":1767,"style":753},[681,682]," de même longueur\n(également binaire). Le chiffrement est :",[638,1770,1772],{"className":1771},[762],[638,1773,1775,1798],{"className":1774},[641],[638,1776,1778],{"className":1777},[645],[647,1779,1780],{"xmlns":649,"display":771},[651,1781,1782,1795],{},[654,1783,1784,1786,1788,1790,1793],{},[657,1785,703],{},[779,1787,781],{},[657,1789,659],{},[779,1791,1792],{},"⊕",[657,1794,737],{},[661,1796,1797],{"encoding":663},"C = M \\oplus k",[638,1799,1801,1819,1840],{"className":1800,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,1802,1804,1807,1810,1813,1816],{"className":1803},[672],[638,1805],{"className":1806,"style":677},[676],[638,1808,703],{"className":1809,"style":718},[681,682],[638,1811],{"className":1812,"style":838},[800],[638,1814,781],{"className":1815},[842],[638,1817],{"className":1818,"style":838},[800],[638,1820,1822,1826,1829,1833,1837],{"className":1821},[672],[638,1823],{"className":1824,"style":1825},[676],"height:0.7667em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[638,1827,659],{"className":1828,"style":683},[681,682],[638,1830],{"className":1831,"style":1832},[800],"margin-right:0.2222em;",[638,1834,1792],{"className":1835},[1836],"mbin",[638,1838],{"className":1839,"style":1832},[800],[638,1841,1843,1846],{"className":1842},[672],[638,1844],{"className":1845,"style":749},[676],[638,1847,737],{"className":1848,"style":753},[681,682],[598,1850,1851,1852,1882,1883,1886,1887,1985],{},"où ",[638,1853,1855,1869],{"className":1854},[641],[638,1856,1858],{"className":1857},[645],[647,1859,1860],{"xmlns":649},[651,1861,1862,1866],{},[654,1863,1864],{},[779,1865,1792],{},[661,1867,1868],{"encoding":663},"\\oplus",[638,1870,1872],{"className":1871,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,1873,1875,1879],{"className":1874},[672],[638,1876],{"className":1877,"style":1878},[676],"height:0.6667em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[638,1880,1792],{"className":1881},[681]," est l'opérateur ",[602,1884,1885],{},"OU exclusif"," (XOR). La propriété magique du\nXOR est que ",[638,1888,1890,1917],{"className":1889},[641],[638,1891,1893],{"className":1892},[645],[647,1894,1895],{"xmlns":649},[651,1896,1897,1914],{},[654,1898,1899,1902,1904,1906,1908,1910,1912],{},[657,1900,1901],{},"X",[779,1903,1792],{},[657,1905,737],{},[779,1907,1792],{},[657,1909,737],{},[779,1911,781],{},[657,1913,1901],{},[661,1915,1916],{"encoding":663},"X \\oplus k \\oplus k = X",[638,1918,1920,1939,1958,1976],{"className":1919,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,1921,1923,1926,1930,1933,1936],{"className":1922},[672],[638,1924],{"className":1925,"style":1825},[676],[638,1927,1901],{"className":1928,"style":1929},[681,682],"margin-right:0.0785em;",[638,1931],{"className":1932,"style":1832},[800],[638,1934,1792],{"className":1935},[1836],[638,1937],{"className":1938,"style":1832},[800],[638,1940,1942,1946,1949,1952,1955],{"className":1941},[672],[638,1943],{"className":1944,"style":1945},[676],"height:0.7778em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[638,1947,737],{"className":1948,"style":753},[681,682],[638,1950],{"className":1951,"style":1832},[800],[638,1953,1792],{"className":1954},[1836],[638,1956],{"className":1957,"style":1832},[800],[638,1959,1961,1964,1967,1970,1973],{"className":1960},[672],[638,1962],{"className":1963,"style":749},[676],[638,1965,737],{"className":1966,"style":753},[681,682],[638,1968],{"className":1969,"style":838},[800],[638,1971,781],{"className":1972},[842],[638,1974],{"className":1975,"style":838},[800],[638,1977,1979,1982],{"className":1978},[672],[638,1980],{"className":1981,"style":677},[676],[638,1983,1901],{"className":1984,"style":1929},[681,682]," — appliquer la même clé deux fois\nannule l'opération. Donc :",[638,1987,1989],{"className":1988},[762],[638,1990,1992,2014],{"className":1991},[641],[638,1993,1995],{"className":1994},[645],[647,1996,1997],{"xmlns":649,"display":771},[651,1998,1999,2011],{},[654,2000,2001,2003,2005,2007,2009],{},[657,2002,659],{},[779,2004,781],{},[657,2006,703],{},[779,2008,1792],{},[657,2010,737],{},[661,2012,2013],{"encoding":663},"M = C \\oplus k",[638,2015,2017,2035,2053],{"className":2016,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,2018,2020,2023,2026,2029,2032],{"className":2019},[672],[638,2021],{"className":2022,"style":677},[676],[638,2024,659],{"className":2025,"style":683},[681,682],[638,2027],{"className":2028,"style":838},[800],[638,2030,781],{"className":2031},[842],[638,2033],{"className":2034,"style":838},[800],[638,2036,2038,2041,2044,2047,2050],{"className":2037},[672],[638,2039],{"className":2040,"style":1825},[676],[638,2042,703],{"className":2043,"style":718},[681,682],[638,2045],{"className":2046,"style":1832},[800],[638,2048,1792],{"className":2049},[1836],[638,2051],{"className":2052,"style":1832},[800],[638,2054,2056,2059],{"className":2055},[672],[638,2057],{"className":2058,"style":749},[676],[638,2060,737],{"className":2061,"style":753},[681,682],[598,2063,2064],{},"Le déchiffrement utilise exactement la même opération que le chiffrement.",[2066,2067,2072],"pre",{"className":2068,"code":2069,"language":2070,"meta":2071,"style":2071},"language-python shiki shiki-themes github-light github-light github-dark","def chiffrer_xor(message: bytes, cle: bytes) -> bytes:\n    return bytes(m ^ k for m, k in zip(message, cle))\n\ncle = b\"\\x5a\\x5a\\x5a\\x5a\"\nclair = b\"\\x48\\x49\\x21\\x21\"      # 'HI!!'\nchiffre = chiffrer_xor(clair, cle)\nprint(chiffre)                    # b'\\x12\\x13\\x7b\\x7b'\n\ndechiffre = chiffrer_xor(chiffre, cle)\nprint(dechiffre)                  # b'HI!!'\n","python","",[2073,2074,2075,2108,2141,2148,2169,2190,2201,2213,2218,2229],"code",{"__ignoreMap":2071},[638,2076,2079,2083,2087,2091,2095,2098,2100,2103,2105],{"class":2077,"line":2078},"line",1,[638,2080,2082],{"class":2081},"s8jYJ","def",[638,2084,2086],{"class":2085},"snPdu"," chiffrer_xor",[638,2088,2090],{"class":2089},"sxrX7","(message: ",[638,2092,2094],{"class":2093},"sBjJW","bytes",[638,2096,2097],{"class":2089},", cle: ",[638,2099,2094],{"class":2093},[638,2101,2102],{"class":2089},") -> ",[638,2104,2094],{"class":2093},[638,2106,2107],{"class":2089},":\n",[638,2109,2111,2114,2117,2120,2123,2126,2129,2132,2135,2138],{"class":2077,"line":2110},2,[638,2112,2113],{"class":2081},"    return",[638,2115,2116],{"class":2093}," bytes",[638,2118,2119],{"class":2089},"(m ",[638,2121,2122],{"class":2081},"^",[638,2124,2125],{"class":2089}," k ",[638,2127,2128],{"class":2081},"for",[638,2130,2131],{"class":2089}," m, k ",[638,2133,2134],{"class":2081},"in",[638,2136,2137],{"class":2093}," zip",[638,2139,2140],{"class":2089},"(message, cle))\n",[638,2142,2144],{"class":2077,"line":2143},3,[638,2145,2147],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":2146},true,"\n",[638,2149,2151,2154,2156,2159,2163,2166],{"class":2077,"line":2150},4,[638,2152,2153],{"class":2089},"cle ",[638,2155,781],{"class":2081},[638,2157,2158],{"class":2081}," b",[638,2160,2162],{"class":2161},"sIIMD","\"",[638,2164,2165],{"class":2093},"\\x5a\\x5a\\x5a\\x5a",[638,2167,2168],{"class":2161},"\"\n",[638,2170,2172,2175,2177,2179,2181,2184,2186],{"class":2077,"line":2171},5,[638,2173,2174],{"class":2089},"clair ",[638,2176,781],{"class":2081},[638,2178,2158],{"class":2081},[638,2180,2162],{"class":2161},[638,2182,2183],{"class":2093},"\\x48\\x49\\x21\\x21",[638,2185,2162],{"class":2161},[638,2187,2189],{"class":2188},"sCsY4","      # 'HI!!'\n",[638,2191,2193,2196,2198],{"class":2077,"line":2192},6,[638,2194,2195],{"class":2089},"chiffre ",[638,2197,781],{"class":2081},[638,2199,2200],{"class":2089}," chiffrer_xor(clair, cle)\n",[638,2202,2204,2207,2210],{"class":2077,"line":2203},7,[638,2205,2206],{"class":2093},"print",[638,2208,2209],{"class":2089},"(chiffre)                    ",[638,2211,2212],{"class":2188},"# b'\\x12\\x13\\x7b\\x7b'\n",[638,2214,2216],{"class":2077,"line":2215},8,[638,2217,2147],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":2146},[638,2219,2221,2224,2226],{"class":2077,"line":2220},9,[638,2222,2223],{"class":2089},"dechiffre ",[638,2225,781],{"class":2081},[638,2227,2228],{"class":2089}," chiffrer_xor(chiffre, cle)\n",[638,2230,2232,2234,2237],{"class":2077,"line":2231},10,[638,2233,2206],{"class":2093},[638,2235,2236],{"class":2089},"(dechiffre)                  ",[638,2238,2239],{"class":2188},"# b'HI!!'\n",[2241,2242,2243],"warning",{},[598,2244,2245,2248,2249,2252,2253,2256,2257,2260],{},[602,2246,2247],{},"Ne prenez pas le XOR comme un chiffrement réel."," Avec une clé courte\nréutilisée, il se casse trivialement par analyse statistique. Il n'est\nrobuste que si la clé est ",[602,2250,2251],{},"aussi longue que le message"," et ",[602,2254,2255],{},"utilisée\nune seule fois"," (",[1290,2258,2259],{},"one-time pad",") — schéma théoriquement parfait mais\nimpraticable à grande échelle.",[2262,2263,2266,2272],"self-eval-qcm",{"correct":2264,"slug":2265},"1","chiffrement-symetrique-c1",[2267,2268,2269],"template",{"v-slot:question":2071},[598,2270,2271],{},"En chiffrement symétrique, l'expéditeur et le destinataire utilisent…",[2267,2273,2274],{"v-slot:choices":2071},[995,2275,2276,2279,2282],{},[998,2277,2278],{},"deux clés différentes",[998,2280,2281],{},"la même clé secrète",[998,2283,2284],{},"aucune clé",[593,2286,2288],{"id":2287},"les-chiffrements-réels-aes-en-mention","Les chiffrements réels — AES en mention",[598,2290,2291,2292,2295,2296,2299,2300,2303],{},"Les chiffrements symétriques utilisés aujourd'hui ne reposent pas sur un\nsimple XOR. Ils combinent des ",[602,2293,2294],{},"substitutions"," (remplacement d'octets\nselon une table) et des ",[602,2297,2298],{},"permutations"," (mélange de positions), répétées\nsur plusieurs ",[602,2301,2302],{},"tours",". Le représentant emblématique est :",[995,2305,2306],{},[998,2307,2308,2256,2311,2314],{},[602,2309,2310],{},"AES",[1290,2312,2313],{},"Advanced Encryption Standard","), adopté en 2001 par le NIST,\nutilise des clés de 128, 192 ou 256 bits, et opère sur des blocs de 128\nbits. C'est aujourd'hui le standard de fait — utilisé dans HTTPS, Wi-Fi\nWPA2\u002F3, le chiffrement de disque, les messageries sécurisées.",[598,2316,2317],{},"Vous n'avez pas à mémoriser l'algorithme interne d'AES — savoir qu'il\nexiste, qu'il chiffre par blocs avec une clé symétrique de 128\u002F256 bits,\net qu'il est considéré comme sûr (avec les bons modes d'opération) suffit\nau niveau Terminale.",[593,2319,2321],{"id":2320},"le-problème-partager-la-clé","Le problème : partager la clé",[598,2323,2324,2325,2328,2329,2332,2333,2365],{},"Le chiffrement symétrique est ",[602,2326,2327],{},"rapide",", ",[602,2330,2331],{},"efficace",", et utilisé pour\nchiffrer le gros des communications. Mais il pose un problème pratique\ndécisif : ",[602,2334,2335,2336,2364],{},"comment Alice et Bob se mettent-ils d'accord sur la clé ",[638,2337,2339,2352],{"className":2338},[641],[638,2340,2342],{"className":2341},[645],[647,2343,2344],{"xmlns":649},[651,2345,2346,2350],{},[654,2347,2348],{},[657,2349,737],{},[661,2351,737],{"encoding":663},[638,2353,2355],{"className":2354,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,2356,2358,2361],{"className":2357},[672],[638,2359],{"className":2360,"style":749},[676],[638,2362,737],{"className":2363,"style":753},[681,682],"\nsans qu'un espion l'intercepte"," ?",[995,2367,2368,2371],{},[998,2369,2370],{},"S'ils se rencontrent physiquement, pas de souci — ils se passent la clé\nen main propre.",[998,2372,2373],{},"Sur Internet, entre deux machines qui ne se sont jamais vues, c'est le\ncœur du problème.",[598,2375,2376,2377,2380,2381,2384],{},"Cette question — l'",[602,2378,2379],{},"échange de clé"," — est résolue par le ",[602,2382,2383],{},"chiffrement\nasymétrique",", vu au cours suivant. HTTPS combine en réalité les deux :\nasymétrique pour échanger une clé, symétrique pour la suite de la\ncommunication.",[2386,2387,2388],"tip",{},[598,2389,2390,2393,2394,2397,2398,1104],{},[602,2391,2392],{},"Activité débranchée"," : distribuez à deux élèves Alice et Bob une carte\nclé identique (par exemple ",[2073,2395,2396],{},"01010101","). Donnez à Alice un mot binaire à\nchiffrer par XOR avec la clé. Transmettez le chiffré en main. Bob applique\nla même clé pour retrouver le mot. Un troisième élève « espion » voit\npasser le chiffré mais ne peut rien en faire sans la clé. L'activité\nillustre à la fois la robustesse du XOR avec clé suffisante et la\n",[602,2399,2400],{},"difficulté d'échanger la clé sans contact préalable",[2262,2402,2404,2409],{"correct":2264,"slug":2403},"chiffrement-symetrique-c2",[2267,2405,2406],{"v-slot:question":2071},[598,2407,2408],{},"Le principe de Kerckhoffs dit que…",[2267,2410,2411],{"v-slot:choices":2071},[995,2412,2413,2416,2419],{},[998,2414,2415],{},"l’algorithme doit être secret",[998,2417,2418],{},"la clé doit être secrète, l’algorithme peut être public",[998,2420,2421],{},"la clé et l’algorithme doivent être secrets",[593,2423,2425],{"id":2424},"pour-aller-plus-loin","Pour aller plus loin",[598,2427,2428,2429,2432],{},"Au-delà d'AES, les modes d'opération (CBC, GCM, CTR) déterminent comment\nle chiffrement par blocs s'applique à un message long. Le mode GCM, en\nparticulier, fournit en plus de la confidentialité une ",[602,2430,2431],{},"authentification","\ndu message — il garantit que le contenu n'a pas été modifié. C'est ce que\nHTTPS utilise en pratique aujourd'hui.",[627,2434],{"code":588},[2436,2437,2438],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .s8jYJ, html code.shiki .s8jYJ{--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .snPdu, html code.shiki .snPdu{--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .sxrX7, html code.shiki .sxrX7{--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sBjJW, html code.shiki .sBjJW{--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sIIMD, html code.shiki .sIIMD{--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sCsY4, html code.shiki .sCsY4{--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}",{"title":2071,"searchDepth":2110,"depth":2110,"links":2440},[2441,2442,2443,2444,2445,2446],{"id":595,"depth":2110,"text":596},{"id":632,"depth":2110,"text":633},{"id":1700,"depth":2110,"text":1701},{"id":2287,"depth":2110,"text":2288},{"id":2320,"depth":2110,"text":2321},{"id":2424,"depth":2110,"text":2425},"Une clé secrète partagée entre les deux parties, la même pour chiffrer et déchiffrer — du XOR illustratif à AES en mention, le socle du chiffrement classique.",null,"md",{},[2452,2456],{"slug":2265,"kind":2453,"question":2271,"choices":2454,"correct":2264,"multi":2455,"explanation":2071},"qcm",[2278,2281,2284],false,{"slug":2403,"kind":2453,"question":2408,"choices":2457,"correct":2264,"multi":2455,"explanation":2071},[2415,2418,2421],{"title":525,"description":2447},"hAP1pJLYhIlN8QEvxAv_H0f7med0-6fkZMhWhRd4FO8",{"id":2461,"title":2462,"bo":2463,"body":2464,"description":3471,"eval":2448,"extension":2449,"labo":2448,"meta":3472,"navigation":2455,"path":3473,"quizzes":3474,"readingTime":2078,"seo":3475,"stem":3476,"tp":2448,"__hash__":3477},"coursMemo\u002F2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F6.chiffrement-symetrique.memo.md","Chiffrement symétrique — l'essentiel",[588],{"type":590,"value":2465,"toc":3464},[2466,2470,2718,2722,3291,3295,3393,3396,3400,3442,3446],[593,2467,2469],{"id":2468},"en-une-phrase","En une phrase",[598,2471,2472],{},[602,2473,2474,2475,2503,2504,2610,2611,2717],{},"Dans le chiffrement symétrique, expéditeur et destinataire partagent une\nmême clé secrète ",[638,2476,2478,2491],{"className":2477},[641],[638,2479,2481],{"className":2480},[645],[647,2482,2483],{"xmlns":649},[651,2484,2485,2489],{},[654,2486,2487],{},[657,2488,737],{},[661,2490,737],{"encoding":663},[638,2492,2494],{"className":2493,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,2495,2497,2500],{"className":2496},[672],[638,2498],{"className":2499,"style":749},[676],[638,2501,737],{"className":2502,"style":753},[681,682]," : ",[638,2505,2507,2534],{"className":2506},[641],[638,2508,2510],{"className":2509},[645],[647,2511,2512],{"xmlns":649},[651,2513,2514,2532],{},[654,2515,2516,2518,2520,2526,2528,2530],{},[657,2517,703],{},[779,2519,781],{},[783,2521,2522,2524],{},[657,2523,787],{},[657,2525,737],{},[779,2527,793],{"stretchy":792},[657,2529,659],{},[779,2531,798],{"stretchy":792},[661,2533,1326],{"encoding":663},[638,2535,2537,2555],{"className":2536,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,2538,2540,2543,2546,2549,2552],{"className":2539},[672],[638,2541],{"className":2542,"style":677},[676],[638,2544,703],{"className":2545,"style":718},[681,682],[638,2547],{"className":2548,"style":838},[800],[638,2550,781],{"className":2551},[842],[638,2553],{"className":2554,"style":838},[800],[638,2556,2558,2561,2601,2604,2607],{"className":2557},[672],[638,2559],{"className":2560,"style":852},[676],[638,2562,2564,2567],{"className":2563},[681],[638,2565,787],{"className":2566,"style":859},[681,682],[638,2568,2570],{"className":2569},[863],[638,2571,2573,2593],{"className":2572},[867,868],[638,2574,2576,2590],{"className":2575},[872],[638,2577,2579],{"className":2578,"style":877},[876],[638,2580,2581,2584],{"style":880},[638,2582],{"className":2583,"style":885},[884],[638,2585,2587],{"className":2586},[889,890,891,892],[638,2588,737],{"className":2589,"style":753},[681,682,892],[638,2591,900],{"className":2592},[899],[638,2594,2596],{"className":2595},[872],[638,2597,2599],{"className":2598,"style":907},[876],[638,2600],{},[638,2602,793],{"className":2603},[913],[638,2605,659],{"className":2606,"style":683},[681,682],[638,2608,798],{"className":2609},[920]," pour chiffrer, ",[638,2612,2614,2641],{"className":2613},[641],[638,2615,2617],{"className":2616},[645],[647,2618,2619],{"xmlns":649},[651,2620,2621,2639],{},[654,2622,2623,2625,2627,2633,2635,2637],{},[657,2624,659],{},[779,2626,781],{},[783,2628,2629,2631],{},[657,2630,811],{},[657,2632,737],{},[779,2634,793],{"stretchy":792},[657,2636,703],{},[779,2638,798],{"stretchy":792},[661,2640,1492],{"encoding":663},[638,2642,2644,2662],{"className":2643,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,2645,2647,2650,2653,2656,2659],{"className":2646},[672],[638,2648],{"className":2649,"style":677},[676],[638,2651,659],{"className":2652,"style":683},[681,682],[638,2654],{"className":2655,"style":838},[800],[638,2657,781],{"className":2658},[842],[638,2660],{"className":2661,"style":838},[800],[638,2663,2665,2668,2708,2711,2714],{"className":2664},[672],[638,2666],{"className":2667,"style":852},[676],[638,2669,2671,2674],{"className":2670},[681],[638,2672,811],{"className":2673,"style":949},[681,682],[638,2675,2677],{"className":2676},[863],[638,2678,2680,2700],{"className":2679},[867,868],[638,2681,2683,2697],{"className":2682},[872],[638,2684,2686],{"className":2685,"style":877},[876],[638,2687,2688,2691],{"style":964},[638,2689],{"className":2690,"style":885},[884],[638,2692,2694],{"className":2693},[889,890,891,892],[638,2695,737],{"className":2696,"style":753},[681,682,892],[638,2698,900],{"className":2699},[899],[638,2701,2703],{"className":2702},[872],[638,2704,2706],{"className":2705,"style":907},[876],[638,2707],{},[638,2709,793],{"className":2710},[913],[638,2712,703],{"className":2713,"style":718},[681,682],[638,2715,798],{"className":2716},[920]," pour\ndéchiffrer.",[593,2719,2721],{"id":2720},"à-mémoriser","À mémoriser",[995,2723,2724,2734,3114,3123,3272,3278,3284],{},[998,2725,2726,2729,2730,2733],{},[602,2727,2728],{},"Symétrique"," = ",[602,2731,2732],{},"une seule clé partagée"," entre les deux parties.",[998,2735,2736,2737,2328,2843,2949,2950,1104],{},"Notation : ",[638,2738,2740,2767],{"className":2739},[641],[638,2741,2743],{"className":2742},[645],[647,2744,2745],{"xmlns":649},[651,2746,2747,2765],{},[654,2748,2749,2751,2753,2759,2761,2763],{},[657,2750,703],{},[779,2752,781],{},[783,2754,2755,2757],{},[657,2756,787],{},[657,2758,737],{},[779,2760,793],{"stretchy":792},[657,2762,659],{},[779,2764,798],{"stretchy":792},[661,2766,1326],{"encoding":663},[638,2768,2770,2788],{"className":2769,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,2771,2773,2776,2779,2782,2785],{"className":2772},[672],[638,2774],{"className":2775,"style":677},[676],[638,2777,703],{"className":2778,"style":718},[681,682],[638,2780],{"className":2781,"style":838},[800],[638,2783,781],{"className":2784},[842],[638,2786],{"className":2787,"style":838},[800],[638,2789,2791,2794,2834,2837,2840],{"className":2790},[672],[638,2792],{"className":2793,"style":852},[676],[638,2795,2797,2800],{"className":2796},[681],[638,2798,787],{"className":2799,"style":859},[681,682],[638,2801,2803],{"className":2802},[863],[638,2804,2806,2826],{"className":2805},[867,868],[638,2807,2809,2823],{"className":2808},[872],[638,2810,2812],{"className":2811,"style":877},[876],[638,2813,2814,2817],{"style":880},[638,2815],{"className":2816,"style":885},[884],[638,2818,2820],{"className":2819},[889,890,891,892],[638,2821,737],{"className":2822,"style":753},[681,682,892],[638,2824,900],{"className":2825},[899],[638,2827,2829],{"className":2828},[872],[638,2830,2832],{"className":2831,"style":907},[876],[638,2833],{},[638,2835,793],{"className":2836},[913],[638,2838,659],{"className":2839,"style":683},[681,682],[638,2841,798],{"className":2842},[920],[638,2844,2846,2873],{"className":2845},[641],[638,2847,2849],{"className":2848},[645],[647,2850,2851],{"xmlns":649},[651,2852,2853,2871],{},[654,2854,2855,2857,2859,2865,2867,2869],{},[657,2856,659],{},[779,2858,781],{},[783,2860,2861,2863],{},[657,2862,811],{},[657,2864,737],{},[779,2866,793],{"stretchy":792},[657,2868,703],{},[779,2870,798],{"stretchy":792},[661,2872,1492],{"encoding":663},[638,2874,2876,2894],{"className":2875,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,2877,2879,2882,2885,2888,2891],{"className":2878},[672],[638,2880],{"className":2881,"style":677},[676],[638,2883,659],{"className":2884,"style":683},[681,682],[638,2886],{"className":2887,"style":838},[800],[638,2889,781],{"className":2890},[842],[638,2892],{"className":2893,"style":838},[800],[638,2895,2897,2900,2940,2943,2946],{"className":2896},[672],[638,2898],{"className":2899,"style":852},[676],[638,2901,2903,2906],{"className":2902},[681],[638,2904,811],{"className":2905,"style":949},[681,682],[638,2907,2909],{"className":2908},[863],[638,2910,2912,2932],{"className":2911},[867,868],[638,2913,2915,2929],{"className":2914},[872],[638,2916,2918],{"className":2917,"style":877},[876],[638,2919,2920,2923],{"style":964},[638,2921],{"className":2922,"style":885},[884],[638,2924,2926],{"className":2925},[889,890,891,892],[638,2927,737],{"className":2928,"style":753},[681,682,892],[638,2930,900],{"className":2931},[899],[638,2933,2935],{"className":2934},[872],[638,2936,2938],{"className":2937,"style":907},[876],[638,2939],{},[638,2941,793],{"className":2942},[913],[638,2944,703],{"className":2945,"style":718},[681,682],[638,2947,798],{"className":2948},[920],", avec ",[638,2951,2953,2988],{"className":2952},[641],[638,2954,2956],{"className":2955},[645],[647,2957,2958],{"xmlns":649},[651,2959,2960,2985],{},[654,2961,2962,2968,2970],{},[783,2963,2964,2966],{},[657,2965,811],{},[657,2967,737],{},[779,2969,781],{},[2971,2972,2973,2975,2977],"msubsup",{},[657,2974,787],{},[657,2976,737],{},[654,2978,2979,2982],{},[779,2980,2981],{},"−",[2983,2984,2264],"mn",{},[661,2986,2987],{"encoding":663},"D_k = E_k^{-1}",[638,2989,2991,3046],{"className":2990,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,2992,2994,2997,3037,3040,3043],{"className":2993},[672],[638,2995],{"className":2996,"style":1030},[676],[638,2998,3000,3003],{"className":2999},[681],[638,3001,811],{"className":3002,"style":949},[681,682],[638,3004,3006],{"className":3005},[863],[638,3007,3009,3029],{"className":3008},[867,868],[638,3010,3012,3026],{"className":3011},[872],[638,3013,3015],{"className":3014,"style":877},[876],[638,3016,3017,3020],{"style":964},[638,3018],{"className":3019,"style":885},[884],[638,3021,3023],{"className":3022},[889,890,891,892],[638,3024,737],{"className":3025,"style":753},[681,682,892],[638,3027,900],{"className":3028},[899],[638,3030,3032],{"className":3031},[872],[638,3033,3035],{"className":3034,"style":907},[876],[638,3036],{},[638,3038],{"className":3039,"style":838},[800],[638,3041,781],{"className":3042},[842],[638,3044],{"className":3045,"style":838},[800],[638,3047,3049,3053],{"className":3048},[672],[638,3050],{"className":3051,"style":3052},[676],"height:1.1555em;vertical-align:-0.3013em;",[638,3054,3056,3059],{"className":3055},[681],[638,3057,787],{"className":3058,"style":859},[681,682],[638,3060,3062],{"className":3061},[863],[638,3063,3065,3105],{"className":3064},[867,868],[638,3066,3068,3102],{"className":3067},[872],[638,3069,3072,3084],{"className":3070,"style":3071},[876],"height:0.8542em;",[638,3073,3075,3078],{"style":3074},"top:-2.3987em;margin-left:-0.0576em;margin-right:0.05em;",[638,3076],{"className":3077,"style":885},[884],[638,3079,3081],{"className":3080},[889,890,891,892],[638,3082,737],{"className":3083,"style":753},[681,682,892],[638,3085,3087,3090],{"style":3086},"top:-3.1031em;margin-right:0.05em;",[638,3088],{"className":3089,"style":885},[884],[638,3091,3093],{"className":3092},[889,890,891,892],[638,3094,3096,3099],{"className":3095},[681,892],[638,3097,2981],{"className":3098},[681,892],[638,3100,2264],{"className":3101},[681,892],[638,3103,900],{"className":3104},[899],[638,3106,3108],{"className":3107},[872],[638,3109,3112],{"className":3110,"style":3111},[876],"height:0.3013em;",[638,3113],{},[998,3115,3116,3119,3120,3122],{},[602,3117,3118],{},"Principe de Kerckhoffs"," : la sécurité repose sur la ",[602,3121,757],{},", pas sur\nl'algorithme — qui peut être public.",[998,3124,3125,3126,2328,3128,2328,3200,1104],{},"Exemple jouet : ",[602,3127,1707],{},[638,3129,3131,3152],{"className":3130},[641],[638,3132,3134],{"className":3133},[645],[647,3135,3136],{"xmlns":649},[651,3137,3138,3150],{},[654,3139,3140,3142,3144,3146,3148],{},[657,3141,703],{},[779,3143,781],{},[657,3145,659],{},[779,3147,1792],{},[657,3149,737],{},[661,3151,1797],{"encoding":663},[638,3153,3155,3173,3191],{"className":3154,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,3156,3158,3161,3164,3167,3170],{"className":3157},[672],[638,3159],{"className":3160,"style":677},[676],[638,3162,703],{"className":3163,"style":718},[681,682],[638,3165],{"className":3166,"style":838},[800],[638,3168,781],{"className":3169},[842],[638,3171],{"className":3172,"style":838},[800],[638,3174,3176,3179,3182,3185,3188],{"className":3175},[672],[638,3177],{"className":3178,"style":1825},[676],[638,3180,659],{"className":3181,"style":683},[681,682],[638,3183],{"className":3184,"style":1832},[800],[638,3186,1792],{"className":3187},[1836],[638,3189],{"className":3190,"style":1832},[800],[638,3192,3194,3197],{"className":3193},[672],[638,3195],{"className":3196,"style":749},[676],[638,3198,737],{"className":3199,"style":753},[681,682],[638,3201,3203,3224],{"className":3202},[641],[638,3204,3206],{"className":3205},[645],[647,3207,3208],{"xmlns":649},[651,3209,3210,3222],{},[654,3211,3212,3214,3216,3218,3220],{},[657,3213,659],{},[779,3215,781],{},[657,3217,703],{},[779,3219,1792],{},[657,3221,737],{},[661,3223,2013],{"encoding":663},[638,3225,3227,3245,3263],{"className":3226,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,3228,3230,3233,3236,3239,3242],{"className":3229},[672],[638,3231],{"className":3232,"style":677},[676],[638,3234,659],{"className":3235,"style":683},[681,682],[638,3237],{"className":3238,"style":838},[800],[638,3240,781],{"className":3241},[842],[638,3243],{"className":3244,"style":838},[800],[638,3246,3248,3251,3254,3257,3260],{"className":3247},[672],[638,3249],{"className":3250,"style":1825},[676],[638,3252,703],{"className":3253,"style":718},[681,682],[638,3255],{"className":3256,"style":1832},[800],[638,3258,1792],{"className":3259},[1836],[638,3261],{"className":3262,"style":1832},[800],[638,3264,3266,3269],{"className":3265},[672],[638,3267],{"className":3268,"style":749},[676],[638,3270,737],{"className":3271,"style":753},[681,682],[998,3273,3274,3275,3277],{},"Standard industriel : ",[602,3276,2310],{}," (clé 128\u002F192\u002F256 bits, blocs de 128 bits).",[998,3279,3280,3281,3283],{},"Avantage : ",[602,3282,2327],{},", utilisé pour le gros du trafic.",[998,3285,3286,3287,3290],{},"Inconvénient : ",[602,3288,3289],{},"partage de la clé"," difficile sur réseau public.",[593,3292,3294],{"id":3293},"xor-la-propriété-clé","XOR — la propriété clé",[638,3296,3298],{"className":3297},[762],[638,3299,3301,3327],{"className":3300},[641],[638,3302,3304],{"className":3303},[645],[647,3305,3306],{"xmlns":649,"display":771},[651,3307,3308,3324],{},[654,3309,3310,3312,3314,3316,3318,3320,3322],{},[657,3311,659],{},[779,3313,1792],{},[657,3315,737],{},[779,3317,1792],{},[657,3319,737],{},[779,3321,781],{},[657,3323,659],{},[661,3325,3326],{"encoding":663},"M \\oplus k \\oplus k = M",[638,3328,3330,3348,3366,3384],{"className":3329,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,3331,3333,3336,3339,3342,3345],{"className":3332},[672],[638,3334],{"className":3335,"style":1825},[676],[638,3337,659],{"className":3338,"style":683},[681,682],[638,3340],{"className":3341,"style":1832},[800],[638,3343,1792],{"className":3344},[1836],[638,3346],{"className":3347,"style":1832},[800],[638,3349,3351,3354,3357,3360,3363],{"className":3350},[672],[638,3352],{"className":3353,"style":1945},[676],[638,3355,737],{"className":3356,"style":753},[681,682],[638,3358],{"className":3359,"style":1832},[800],[638,3361,1792],{"className":3362},[1836],[638,3364],{"className":3365,"style":1832},[800],[638,3367,3369,3372,3375,3378,3381],{"className":3368},[672],[638,3370],{"className":3371,"style":749},[676],[638,3373,737],{"className":3374,"style":753},[681,682],[638,3376],{"className":3377,"style":838},[800],[638,3379,781],{"className":3380},[842],[638,3382],{"className":3383,"style":838},[800],[638,3385,3387,3390],{"className":3386},[672],[638,3388],{"className":3389,"style":677},[676],[638,3391,659],{"className":3392,"style":683},[681,682],[598,3394,3395],{},"Appliquer la même clé deux fois annule l'opération.",[593,3397,3399],{"id":3398},"à-savoir-reconnaître","À savoir reconnaître",[3401,3402,3403,3416],"table",{},[3404,3405,3406],"thead",{},[3407,3408,3409,3413],"tr",{},[3410,3411,3412],"th",{},"Situation",[3410,3414,3415],{},"Mécanisme",[3417,3418,3419,3427,3435],"tbody",{},[3407,3420,3421,3425],{},[3422,3423,3424],"td",{},"Une seule clé, partagée",[3422,3426,525],{},[3407,3428,3429,3432],{},[3422,3430,3431],{},"Clé aussi longue que le message, jamais réutilisée",[3422,3433,3434],{},"Masque jetable (one-time pad)",[3407,3436,3437,3440],{},[3422,3438,3439],{},"Standard moderne, blocs 128 bits",[3422,3441,2310],{},[593,3443,3445],{"id":3444},"pièges-courants","Pièges courants",[995,3447,3448,3451,3461],{},[998,3449,3450],{},"Croire qu'un XOR avec une clé courte répétée est sûr — il se casse.",[998,3452,3453,3454,3457,3458,3460],{},"Confondre ",[602,3455,3456],{},"algorithme"," (public) et ",[602,3459,757],{}," (secrète).",[998,3462,3463],{},"Croire que le chiffrement symétrique résout l'échange de clé — il ne le\nrésout pas (d'où l'asymétrique).",{"title":2071,"searchDepth":2110,"depth":2110,"links":3465},[3466,3467,3468,3469,3470],{"id":2468,"depth":2110,"text":2469},{"id":2720,"depth":2110,"text":2721},{"id":3293,"depth":2110,"text":3294},{"id":3398,"depth":2110,"text":3399},{"id":3444,"depth":2110,"text":3445},"Mémo de révision sur le chiffrement à clé partagée.",{},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fchiffrement-symetrique.memo",[],{"title":2462,"description":3471},"2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F6.chiffrement-symetrique.memo","picL-_GflK27oJ6d43V-9gkLnIo2kjyS8MH8ihqq_LM",{"id":3479,"title":3480,"body":3481,"description":4390,"extension":2449,"meta":4391,"navigation":2455,"path":4392,"seo":4393,"stem":4394,"__hash__":4395},"coursSlides\u002F2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F6.chiffrement-symetrique.slides.md","Chiffrement symétrique — diapositives",{"type":590,"value":3482,"toc":4388},[3483,3487,3490,3493,3497,3508,3510,3514,3907,3909,3913,3918,3921,3923,3927,4073,4170,4177,4179,4183,4273,4275,4279,4302,4304,4308,4328,4330,4334,4368,4375,4377,4381,4386],[3484,3485,525],"h1",{"id":3486},"chiffrement-symétrique",[598,3488,3489],{},"TC04 — Une seule clé secrète, partagée.",[3491,3492],"hr",{},[3484,3494,3496],{"id":3495},"le-problème","Le problème",[995,3498,3499,3502,3505],{},[998,3500,3501],{},"Envoyer un message confidentiel sur Internet.",[998,3503,3504],{},"N'importe qui peut intercepter les paquets.",[998,3506,3507],{},"Comment ne le rendre lisible qu'au destinataire ?",[3491,3509],{},[3484,3511,3513],{"id":3512},"le-principe","Le principe",[995,3515,3516,3548,3657,3766],{},[998,3517,3518,3519,3547],{},"Une clé ",[638,3520,3522,3535],{"className":3521},[641],[638,3523,3525],{"className":3524},[645],[647,3526,3527],{"xmlns":649},[651,3528,3529,3533],{},[654,3530,3531],{},[657,3532,737],{},[661,3534,737],{"encoding":663},[638,3536,3538],{"className":3537,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,3539,3541,3544],{"className":3540},[672],[638,3542],{"className":3543,"style":749},[676],[638,3545,737],{"className":3546,"style":753},[681,682]," partagée entre les deux parties.",[998,3549,3550,3656],{},[638,3551,3553,3580],{"className":3552},[641],[638,3554,3556],{"className":3555},[645],[647,3557,3558],{"xmlns":649},[651,3559,3560,3578],{},[654,3561,3562,3564,3566,3572,3574,3576],{},[657,3563,703],{},[779,3565,781],{},[783,3567,3568,3570],{},[657,3569,787],{},[657,3571,737],{},[779,3573,793],{"stretchy":792},[657,3575,659],{},[779,3577,798],{"stretchy":792},[661,3579,1326],{"encoding":663},[638,3581,3583,3601],{"className":3582,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,3584,3586,3589,3592,3595,3598],{"className":3585},[672],[638,3587],{"className":3588,"style":677},[676],[638,3590,703],{"className":3591,"style":718},[681,682],[638,3593],{"className":3594,"style":838},[800],[638,3596,781],{"className":3597},[842],[638,3599],{"className":3600,"style":838},[800],[638,3602,3604,3607,3647,3650,3653],{"className":3603},[672],[638,3605],{"className":3606,"style":852},[676],[638,3608,3610,3613],{"className":3609},[681],[638,3611,787],{"className":3612,"style":859},[681,682],[638,3614,3616],{"className":3615},[863],[638,3617,3619,3639],{"className":3618},[867,868],[638,3620,3622,3636],{"className":3621},[872],[638,3623,3625],{"className":3624,"style":877},[876],[638,3626,3627,3630],{"style":880},[638,3628],{"className":3629,"style":885},[884],[638,3631,3633],{"className":3632},[889,890,891,892],[638,3634,737],{"className":3635,"style":753},[681,682,892],[638,3637,900],{"className":3638},[899],[638,3640,3642],{"className":3641},[872],[638,3643,3645],{"className":3644,"style":907},[876],[638,3646],{},[638,3648,793],{"className":3649},[913],[638,3651,659],{"className":3652,"style":683},[681,682],[638,3654,798],{"className":3655},[920]," pour chiffrer.",[998,3658,3659,3765],{},[638,3660,3662,3689],{"className":3661},[641],[638,3663,3665],{"className":3664},[645],[647,3666,3667],{"xmlns":649},[651,3668,3669,3687],{},[654,3670,3671,3673,3675,3681,3683,3685],{},[657,3672,659],{},[779,3674,781],{},[783,3676,3677,3679],{},[657,3678,811],{},[657,3680,737],{},[779,3682,793],{"stretchy":792},[657,3684,703],{},[779,3686,798],{"stretchy":792},[661,3688,1492],{"encoding":663},[638,3690,3692,3710],{"className":3691,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,3693,3695,3698,3701,3704,3707],{"className":3694},[672],[638,3696],{"className":3697,"style":677},[676],[638,3699,659],{"className":3700,"style":683},[681,682],[638,3702],{"className":3703,"style":838},[800],[638,3705,781],{"className":3706},[842],[638,3708],{"className":3709,"style":838},[800],[638,3711,3713,3716,3756,3759,3762],{"className":3712},[672],[638,3714],{"className":3715,"style":852},[676],[638,3717,3719,3722],{"className":3718},[681],[638,3720,811],{"className":3721,"style":949},[681,682],[638,3723,3725],{"className":3724},[863],[638,3726,3728,3748],{"className":3727},[867,868],[638,3729,3731,3745],{"className":3730},[872],[638,3732,3734],{"className":3733,"style":877},[876],[638,3735,3736,3739],{"style":964},[638,3737],{"className":3738,"style":885},[884],[638,3740,3742],{"className":3741},[889,890,891,892],[638,3743,737],{"className":3744,"style":753},[681,682,892],[638,3746,900],{"className":3747},[899],[638,3749,3751],{"className":3750},[872],[638,3752,3754],{"className":3753,"style":907},[876],[638,3755],{},[638,3757,793],{"className":3758},[913],[638,3760,703],{"className":3761,"style":718},[681,682],[638,3763,798],{"className":3764},[920]," pour déchiffrer.",[998,3767,3768,3837,3838,1104],{},[638,3769,3771,3788],{"className":3770},[641],[638,3772,3774],{"className":3773},[645],[647,3775,3776],{"xmlns":649},[651,3777,3778,3786],{},[654,3779,3780],{},[783,3781,3782,3784],{},[657,3783,811],{},[657,3785,737],{},[661,3787,1127],{"encoding":663},[638,3789,3791],{"className":3790,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,3792,3794,3797],{"className":3793},[672],[638,3795],{"className":3796,"style":1030},[676],[638,3798,3800,3803],{"className":3799},[681],[638,3801,811],{"className":3802,"style":949},[681,682],[638,3804,3806],{"className":3805},[863],[638,3807,3809,3829],{"className":3808},[867,868],[638,3810,3812,3826],{"className":3811},[872],[638,3813,3815],{"className":3814,"style":877},[876],[638,3816,3817,3820],{"style":964},[638,3818],{"className":3819,"style":885},[884],[638,3821,3823],{"className":3822},[889,890,891,892],[638,3824,737],{"className":3825,"style":753},[681,682,892],[638,3827,900],{"className":3828},[899],[638,3830,3832],{"className":3831},[872],[638,3833,3835],{"className":3834,"style":907},[876],[638,3836],{}," est l'inverse de ",[638,3839,3841,3858],{"className":3840},[641],[638,3842,3844],{"className":3843},[645],[647,3845,3846],{"xmlns":649},[651,3847,3848,3856],{},[654,3849,3850],{},[783,3851,3852,3854],{},[657,3853,787],{},[657,3855,737],{},[661,3857,1020],{"encoding":663},[638,3859,3861],{"className":3860,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,3862,3864,3867],{"className":3863},[672],[638,3865],{"className":3866,"style":1030},[676],[638,3868,3870,3873],{"className":3869},[681],[638,3871,787],{"className":3872,"style":859},[681,682],[638,3874,3876],{"className":3875},[863],[638,3877,3879,3899],{"className":3878},[867,868],[638,3880,3882,3896],{"className":3881},[872],[638,3883,3885],{"className":3884,"style":877},[876],[638,3886,3887,3890],{"style":880},[638,3888],{"className":3889,"style":885},[884],[638,3891,3893],{"className":3892},[889,890,891,892],[638,3894,737],{"className":3895,"style":753},[681,682,892],[638,3897,900],{"className":3898},[899],[638,3900,3902],{"className":3901},[872],[638,3903,3905],{"className":3904,"style":907},[876],[638,3906],{},[3491,3908],{},[3484,3910,3912],{"id":3911},"le-principe-de-kerckhoffs","Le principe de Kerckhoffs",[598,3914,3915],{},[602,3916,3917],{},"L'algorithme peut être public — la clé doit rester secrète.",[598,3919,3920],{},"Conséquence : on publie les standards (AES, ChaCha20), on garde les clés.",[3491,3922],{},[3484,3924,3926],{"id":3925},"xor-exemple-jouet","XOR — exemple jouet",[598,3928,3929,2328,4001],{},[638,3930,3932,3953],{"className":3931},[641],[638,3933,3935],{"className":3934},[645],[647,3936,3937],{"xmlns":649},[651,3938,3939,3951],{},[654,3940,3941,3943,3945,3947,3949],{},[657,3942,703],{},[779,3944,781],{},[657,3946,659],{},[779,3948,1792],{},[657,3950,737],{},[661,3952,1797],{"encoding":663},[638,3954,3956,3974,3992],{"className":3955,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,3957,3959,3962,3965,3968,3971],{"className":3958},[672],[638,3960],{"className":3961,"style":677},[676],[638,3963,703],{"className":3964,"style":718},[681,682],[638,3966],{"className":3967,"style":838},[800],[638,3969,781],{"className":3970},[842],[638,3972],{"className":3973,"style":838},[800],[638,3975,3977,3980,3983,3986,3989],{"className":3976},[672],[638,3978],{"className":3979,"style":1825},[676],[638,3981,659],{"className":3982,"style":683},[681,682],[638,3984],{"className":3985,"style":1832},[800],[638,3987,1792],{"className":3988},[1836],[638,3990],{"className":3991,"style":1832},[800],[638,3993,3995,3998],{"className":3994},[672],[638,3996],{"className":3997,"style":749},[676],[638,3999,737],{"className":4000,"style":753},[681,682],[638,4002,4004,4025],{"className":4003},[641],[638,4005,4007],{"className":4006},[645],[647,4008,4009],{"xmlns":649},[651,4010,4011,4023],{},[654,4012,4013,4015,4017,4019,4021],{},[657,4014,659],{},[779,4016,781],{},[657,4018,703],{},[779,4020,1792],{},[657,4022,737],{},[661,4024,2013],{"encoding":663},[638,4026,4028,4046,4064],{"className":4027,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,4029,4031,4034,4037,4040,4043],{"className":4030},[672],[638,4032],{"className":4033,"style":677},[676],[638,4035,659],{"className":4036,"style":683},[681,682],[638,4038],{"className":4039,"style":838},[800],[638,4041,781],{"className":4042},[842],[638,4044],{"className":4045,"style":838},[800],[638,4047,4049,4052,4055,4058,4061],{"className":4048},[672],[638,4050],{"className":4051,"style":1825},[676],[638,4053,703],{"className":4054,"style":718},[681,682],[638,4056],{"className":4057,"style":1832},[800],[638,4059,1792],{"className":4060},[1836],[638,4062],{"className":4063,"style":1832},[800],[638,4065,4067,4070],{"className":4066},[672],[638,4068],{"className":4069,"style":749},[676],[638,4071,737],{"className":4072,"style":753},[681,682],[598,4074,4075,4076,1104],{},"Propriété magique : ",[638,4077,4079,4104],{"className":4078},[641],[638,4080,4082],{"className":4081},[645],[647,4083,4084],{"xmlns":649},[651,4085,4086,4102],{},[654,4087,4088,4090,4092,4094,4096,4098,4100],{},[657,4089,659],{},[779,4091,1792],{},[657,4093,737],{},[779,4095,1792],{},[657,4097,737],{},[779,4099,781],{},[657,4101,659],{},[661,4103,3326],{"encoding":663},[638,4105,4107,4125,4143,4161],{"className":4106,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,4108,4110,4113,4116,4119,4122],{"className":4109},[672],[638,4111],{"className":4112,"style":1825},[676],[638,4114,659],{"className":4115,"style":683},[681,682],[638,4117],{"className":4118,"style":1832},[800],[638,4120,1792],{"className":4121},[1836],[638,4123],{"className":4124,"style":1832},[800],[638,4126,4128,4131,4134,4137,4140],{"className":4127},[672],[638,4129],{"className":4130,"style":1945},[676],[638,4132,737],{"className":4133,"style":753},[681,682],[638,4135],{"className":4136,"style":1832},[800],[638,4138,1792],{"className":4139},[1836],[638,4141],{"className":4142,"style":1832},[800],[638,4144,4146,4149,4152,4155,4158],{"className":4145},[672],[638,4147],{"className":4148,"style":749},[676],[638,4150,737],{"className":4151,"style":753},[681,682],[638,4153],{"className":4154,"style":838},[800],[638,4156,781],{"className":4157},[842],[638,4159],{"className":4160,"style":838},[800],[638,4162,4164,4167],{"className":4163},[672],[638,4165],{"className":4166,"style":677},[676],[638,4168,659],{"className":4169,"style":683},[681,682],[598,4171,4172,4173,4176],{},"Le déchiffrement utilise ",[602,4174,4175],{},"la même opération"," que le chiffrement.",[3491,4178],{},[3484,4180,4182],{"id":4181},"xor-en-python","XOR en Python",[2066,4184,4186],{"className":2068,"code":4185,"language":2070,"meta":2071,"style":2071},"def chiffrer_xor(m, k):\n    return bytes(a ^ b for a, b in zip(m, k))\n\ncle = b\"\\x5a\\x5a\\x5a\\x5a\"\nclair = b\"HI!!\"\nchiffre = chiffrer_xor(clair, cle)\nclair2 = chiffrer_xor(chiffre, cle)  # b\"HI!!\"\n",[2073,4187,4188,4197,4223,4227,4241,4252,4260],{"__ignoreMap":2071},[638,4189,4190,4192,4194],{"class":2077,"line":2078},[638,4191,2082],{"class":2081},[638,4193,2086],{"class":2085},[638,4195,4196],{"class":2089},"(m, k):\n",[638,4198,4199,4201,4203,4206,4208,4211,4213,4216,4218,4220],{"class":2077,"line":2110},[638,4200,2113],{"class":2081},[638,4202,2116],{"class":2093},[638,4204,4205],{"class":2089},"(a ",[638,4207,2122],{"class":2081},[638,4209,4210],{"class":2089}," b ",[638,4212,2128],{"class":2081},[638,4214,4215],{"class":2089}," a, b ",[638,4217,2134],{"class":2081},[638,4219,2137],{"class":2093},[638,4221,4222],{"class":2089},"(m, k))\n",[638,4224,4225],{"class":2077,"line":2143},[638,4226,2147],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":2146},[638,4228,4229,4231,4233,4235,4237,4239],{"class":2077,"line":2150},[638,4230,2153],{"class":2089},[638,4232,781],{"class":2081},[638,4234,2158],{"class":2081},[638,4236,2162],{"class":2161},[638,4238,2165],{"class":2093},[638,4240,2168],{"class":2161},[638,4242,4243,4245,4247,4249],{"class":2077,"line":2171},[638,4244,2174],{"class":2089},[638,4246,781],{"class":2081},[638,4248,2158],{"class":2081},[638,4250,4251],{"class":2161},"\"HI!!\"\n",[638,4253,4254,4256,4258],{"class":2077,"line":2192},[638,4255,2195],{"class":2089},[638,4257,781],{"class":2081},[638,4259,2200],{"class":2089},[638,4261,4262,4265,4267,4270],{"class":2077,"line":2203},[638,4263,4264],{"class":2089},"clair2 ",[638,4266,781],{"class":2081},[638,4268,4269],{"class":2089}," chiffrer_xor(chiffre, cle)  ",[638,4271,4272],{"class":2188},"# b\"HI!!\"\n",[3491,4274],{},[3484,4276,4278],{"id":4277},"attention-au-xor","Attention au XOR",[995,4280,4281,4284,4295],{},[998,4282,4283],{},"Clé courte réutilisée → casse facile par analyse.",[998,4285,4286,4287,2252,4289,2256,4292,4294],{},"Robuste seulement si clé ",[602,4288,2251],{},[602,4290,4291],{},"jamais\nréutilisée",[1290,4293,2259],{},").",[998,4296,4297,4298,4301],{},"En pratique : ",[602,4299,4300],{},"utiliser AES",", pas XOR maison.",[3491,4303],{},[3484,4305,4307],{"id":4306},"aes-en-mention","AES en mention",[995,4309,4310,4315,4318,4321],{},[998,4311,4312,4314],{},[1290,4313,2313],{},", NIST 2001.",[998,4316,4317],{},"Clés 128 \u002F 192 \u002F 256 bits, blocs 128 bits.",[998,4319,4320],{},"Substitutions + permutations, plusieurs tours.",[998,4322,4323,4324,4327],{},"Utilisé dans ",[602,4325,4326],{},"HTTPS",", Wi-Fi WPA2\u002F3, chiffrement de disque…",[3491,4329],{},[3484,4331,4333],{"id":4332},"le-problème-ouvert","Le problème ouvert",[598,4335,4336],{},[602,4337,4338,4339,4367],{},"Comment Alice et Bob s'accordent-ils sur ",[638,4340,4342,4355],{"className":4341},[641],[638,4343,4345],{"className":4344},[645],[647,4346,4347],{"xmlns":649},[651,4348,4349,4353],{},[654,4350,4351],{},[657,4352,737],{},[661,4354,737],{"encoding":663},[638,4356,4358],{"className":4357,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,4359,4361,4364],{"className":4360},[672],[638,4362],{"className":4363,"style":749},[676],[638,4365,737],{"className":4366,"style":753},[681,682]," s'ils ne se sont jamais\nrencontrés ?",[598,4369,4370,4371,4374],{},"→ Chiffrement ",[602,4372,4373],{},"asymétrique",", cours suivant.",[3491,4376],{},[3484,4378,4380],{"id":4379},"à-retenir","À retenir",[598,4382,4383],{},[602,4384,4385],{},"Une clé, deux opérations inverses. Rapide et puissant — sauf qu'il faut\nd'abord échanger la clé sans qu'on l'intercepte.",[2436,4387,2438],{},{"title":2071,"searchDepth":2110,"depth":2110,"links":4389},[],"Deck projetable pour la séance sur le chiffrement à clé partagée.",{},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fchiffrement-symetrique.slides",{"title":3480,"description":4390},"2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F6.chiffrement-symetrique.slides","Yd8X0Oke5_GRA8MSqE1aDYI6ySrvP9CxZnB3h1Tx8D4",{"id":2461,"title":2462,"bo":4397,"body":4398,"description":3471,"eval":2448,"extension":2449,"labo":2448,"meta":5345,"navigation":2455,"path":3473,"quizzes":5346,"readingTime":2078,"seo":5347,"stem":3476,"tp":2448,"__hash__":3477},[588],{"type":590,"value":4399,"toc":5338},[4400,4402,4646,4648,5191,5193,5290,5292,5294,5324,5326],[593,4401,2469],{"id":2468},[598,4403,4404],{},[602,4405,2474,4406,2503,4434,2610,4540,2717],{},[638,4407,4409,4422],{"className":4408},[641],[638,4410,4412],{"className":4411},[645],[647,4413,4414],{"xmlns":649},[651,4415,4416,4420],{},[654,4417,4418],{},[657,4419,737],{},[661,4421,737],{"encoding":663},[638,4423,4425],{"className":4424,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,4426,4428,4431],{"className":4427},[672],[638,4429],{"className":4430,"style":749},[676],[638,4432,737],{"className":4433,"style":753},[681,682],[638,4435,4437,4464],{"className":4436},[641],[638,4438,4440],{"className":4439},[645],[647,4441,4442],{"xmlns":649},[651,4443,4444,4462],{},[654,4445,4446,4448,4450,4456,4458,4460],{},[657,4447,703],{},[779,4449,781],{},[783,4451,4452,4454],{},[657,4453,787],{},[657,4455,737],{},[779,4457,793],{"stretchy":792},[657,4459,659],{},[779,4461,798],{"stretchy":792},[661,4463,1326],{"encoding":663},[638,4465,4467,4485],{"className":4466,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,4468,4470,4473,4476,4479,4482],{"className":4469},[672],[638,4471],{"className":4472,"style":677},[676],[638,4474,703],{"className":4475,"style":718},[681,682],[638,4477],{"className":4478,"style":838},[800],[638,4480,781],{"className":4481},[842],[638,4483],{"className":4484,"style":838},[800],[638,4486,4488,4491,4531,4534,4537],{"className":4487},[672],[638,4489],{"className":4490,"style":852},[676],[638,4492,4494,4497],{"className":4493},[681],[638,4495,787],{"className":4496,"style":859},[681,682],[638,4498,4500],{"className":4499},[863],[638,4501,4503,4523],{"className":4502},[867,868],[638,4504,4506,4520],{"className":4505},[872],[638,4507,4509],{"className":4508,"style":877},[876],[638,4510,4511,4514],{"style":880},[638,4512],{"className":4513,"style":885},[884],[638,4515,4517],{"className":4516},[889,890,891,892],[638,4518,737],{"className":4519,"style":753},[681,682,892],[638,4521,900],{"className":4522},[899],[638,4524,4526],{"className":4525},[872],[638,4527,4529],{"className":4528,"style":907},[876],[638,4530],{},[638,4532,793],{"className":4533},[913],[638,4535,659],{"className":4536,"style":683},[681,682],[638,4538,798],{"className":4539},[920],[638,4541,4543,4570],{"className":4542},[641],[638,4544,4546],{"className":4545},[645],[647,4547,4548],{"xmlns":649},[651,4549,4550,4568],{},[654,4551,4552,4554,4556,4562,4564,4566],{},[657,4553,659],{},[779,4555,781],{},[783,4557,4558,4560],{},[657,4559,811],{},[657,4561,737],{},[779,4563,793],{"stretchy":792},[657,4565,703],{},[779,4567,798],{"stretchy":792},[661,4569,1492],{"encoding":663},[638,4571,4573,4591],{"className":4572,"ariaHidden":668},[667],[638,4574,4576,4579,4582,4585,4588],{"className":4575},[672],[638,4577],{"className":4578,"style":677},[676],[638,4580,659],{"className":4581,"style":683},[681,682],[638,4583],{"className":4584,"style":838},[800],[638,4586,781],{"className":4587},[842],[638,4589],{"className":4590,"style":838},[800],[638,4592,4594,4597,4637,4640,4643],{"className":4593},[672],[638,4595],{"className":4596,"style":852},[676],[638,4598,4600,4603],{"className":4599},[681],[638,4601,811],{"className":4602,"style":949},[681,682],[638,4604,4606],{"className":4605},[863],[638,4607,4609,4629],{"className":4608},[867,868],[638,4610,4612,4626],{"className":4611},[872],[638,4613,4615],{"className":4614,"style":877},[876],[638,4616,4617,4620],{"style":964},[638,4618],{"className":4619,"style":885},[884],[638,4621,4623],{"className":4622},[889,890,891,892],[638,4624,737],{"className":4625,"style":753},[681,682,892],[638,4627,900],{"className":4628},[899],[638,4630,4632],{"className":4631},[872],[638,4633,4635],{"className":4634,"style":907},[876],[638,4636],{},[638,4638,793],{"className":4639},[913],[638,4641,703],{"className":4642,"style":718},[681,682],[638,4644,798],{"className":4645},[920],[593,4647,2721],{"id":2720},[995,4649,4650,4656,5025,5031,5179,5183,5187],{},[998,4651,4652,2729,4654,2733],{},[602,4653,2728],{},[602,4655,2732],{},[998,4657,2736,4658,2328,4764,2949,4870,1104],{},[638,4659,4661,4688],{"className":4660},[641],[638,4662,4664],{"className":4663},[645],[647,4665,4666],{"xmlns":649},[651,4667,4668,4686],{},[654,4669,4670,4672,4674,4680,4682,4684],{},[657,4671,703],{},[779,4673,781],{},[783,4675,4676,4678],{},[657,4677,787],{},[657,4679,737],{},[779,4681,793],{"stretchy":792},[657,4683,659],{},[779,4685,798],{"stretchy":792},[661,4687,1326],{"encoding":663},[638,4689,4691,4709],{"className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