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tables","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002Ftraitement-tables","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F4.traitement-tables",{"title":115,"path":116,"stem":117},"Le cloud","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002Fcloud","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F5.cloud",{"title":119,"path":120,"stem":121,"children":122},"Localisation, cartographie et mobilité","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F0.index",[123,124,128,132,136,140],{"title":119,"path":120,"stem":121},{"title":125,"path":126,"stem":127},"GPS et Galileo — se situer grâce aux satellites","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fgps-galileo","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F1.gps-galileo",{"title":129,"path":130,"stem":131},"Décoder une trame NMEA","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Ftrame-nmea","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F2.trame-nmea",{"title":133,"path":134,"stem":135},"Cartes numériques — GeoPortail et OpenStreetMap","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fcartes-numeriques","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F3.cartes-numeriques",{"title":137,"path":138,"stem":139},"Itinéraires et graphes","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fitineraires-graphes","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F4.itineraires-graphes",{"title":141,"path":142,"stem":143},"Confidentialité de la position","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fconfidentialite-position","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F5.confidentialite-position",{"title":145,"path":146,"stem":147,"children":148},"Informatique embarquée et objets connectés","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F0.index",[149,150,154,158],{"title":145,"path":146,"stem":147},{"title":151,"path":152,"stem":153},"Systèmes informatiques embarqués","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002Fsystemes-embarques","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F1.systemes-embarques",{"title":155,"path":156,"stem":157},"Capteurs et actionneurs","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002Fcapteurs-actionneurs","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F2.capteurs-actionneurs",{"title":159,"path":160,"stem":161},"IHM et objets connectés","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002Fihm-objet-connecte","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F3.ihm-objet-connecte",{"title":163,"path":164,"stem":165,"children":166},"Photographie numérique","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F0.index",[167,168,172,176,180],{"title":163,"path":164,"stem":165},{"title":169,"path":170,"stem":171},"Photosites, pixels et résolution","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Fpixels-resolution","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F1.pixels-resolution",{"title":173,"path":174,"stem":175},"Les algorithmes de l'appareil photo","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Falgorithmes-photo","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F2.algorithmes-photo",{"title":177,"path":178,"stem":179},"Les métadonnées EXIF","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Fmetadonnees-exif","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F3.metadonnees-exif",{"title":181,"path":182,"stem":183},"Traiter une image en Python","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Ftraitement-rgb","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F4.traitement-rgb",{"title":185,"path":186,"stem":187,"children":188},"Notions transversales de programmation","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F0.index",[189,190,194,198,202],{"title":185,"path":186,"stem":187},{"title":191,"path":192,"stem":193},"Séquences d'instructions et variables","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Fsequences-affectations","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F1.sequences-affectations",{"title":195,"path":196,"stem":197},"Instructions conditionnelles","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Fconditionnelles","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F2.conditionnelles",{"title":199,"path":200,"stem":201},"Boucles bornées et non bornées","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Fboucles","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F3.boucles",{"title":203,"path":204,"stem":205},"Définitions et appels de fonctions","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Ffonctions","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F4.fonctions",{"title":207,"path":208,"stem":209,"children":210},"Démo des widgets MDC","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F0.index",[211,212,216,220],{"title":207,"path":208,"stem":209},{"title":213,"path":214,"stem":215},"Démo statique — callouts, code, BO, illustration","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002Fstatique","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F1.statique",{"title":217,"path":218,"stem":219},"Démo interactive — self-eval et python-snippet","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002Finteractif","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F2.interactif",{"title":221,"path":222,"stem":223},"Démo · 14 widgets de manipulation NSI","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002Fwidgets-manipulation","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F3.widgets-manipulation",{"title":225,"path":226,"stem":227,"children":228},"NSI — Première","\u002Fnsi-1ere","1.nsi-1ere\u002F0.index",[229,230,234,256,282,304,328,354,380,410],{"title":225,"path":226,"stem":227},{"title":231,"path":232,"stem":233},"Relecture pédagogique — 8 chapitres NSI 1ère (PA → PH)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Freview","1.nsi-1ere\u002FREVIEW",{"title":235,"path":236,"stem":237,"children":238},"Histoire de l'informatique","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F0.index",[239,240,244,248,252],{"title":235,"path":236,"stem":237},{"title":241,"path":242,"stem":243},"De la préantiquité aux machines à calculer","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Fpreantiquite-aux-machines","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F1.preantiquite-aux-machines",{"title":245,"path":246,"stem":247},"La machine universelle (1930-1950)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Fmachine-universelle","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F2.machine-universelle",{"title":249,"path":250,"stem":251},"Les ordinateurs modernes (1947-1990)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Fordinateurs-modernes","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F3.ordinateurs-modernes",{"title":253,"path":254,"stem":255},"Réseaux, Web et IA (1969 à aujourd'hui)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Freseaux-et-web","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F4.reseaux-et-web",{"title":257,"path":258,"stem":259,"children":260},"Représentation des données — types et valeurs","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F0.index",[261,262,266,270,274,278],{"title":257,"path":258,"stem":259},{"title":263,"path":264,"stem":265},"Bases de numération et entiers positifs","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002Fbases-entiers-positifs","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F1.bases-entiers-positifs",{"title":267,"path":268,"stem":269},"Entiers relatifs et complément à deux","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002Fentiers-relatifs","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F2.entiers-relatifs",{"title":271,"path":272,"stem":273},"Nombres flottants et virgule 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compréhension","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002Fcomprehension","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002F2.comprehension",{"title":297,"path":298,"stem":299},"Tuples et p-uplets nommés","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002Ftuples","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002F3.tuples",{"title":301,"path":302,"stem":303},"Dictionnaires","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002Fdictionnaires","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002F4.dictionnaires",{"title":305,"path":306,"stem":307,"children":308},"Traitement de données en tables","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F0.index",[309,310,314,318,322],{"title":305,"path":306,"stem":307},{"title":311,"path":312,"stem":313},"Tables et CSV","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Ftables-csv","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F1.tables-csv",{"title":315,"path":316,"stem":317},"Recherche et filtrage","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Frecherche","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F2.recherche",{"title":319,"path":320,"stem":321},"Trier une table","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Ftri","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F3.tri",{"title":323,"path":324,"stem":325,"children":326},"Fusion et indexation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Ffusion-indexation","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F4.fusion-indexation",[327],{"title":323,"path":324,"stem":325},{"title":329,"path":330,"stem":331,"children":332},"IHM sur le Web","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F0.index",[333,334,338,342,346,350],{"title":329,"path":330,"stem":331},{"title":335,"path":336,"stem":337},"HTML et CSS — rappel de structure","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fhtml-css-bases","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F1.html-css-bases",{"title":339,"path":340,"stem":341},"Formulaires HTML","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fformulaires","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F2.formulaires",{"title":343,"path":344,"stem":345},"Événements JavaScript","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fevenements-js","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F3.evenements-js",{"title":347,"path":348,"stem":349},"Manipulation du DOM","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fdom-interaction","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F4.dom-interaction",{"title":351,"path":352,"stem":353},"Client, serveur et HTTP","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fclient-serveur-http","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F5.client-serveur-http",{"title":355,"path":356,"stem":357,"children":358},"Architectures matérielles et systèmes d'exploitation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F0.index",[359,360,364,368,372,376],{"title":355,"path":356,"stem":357},{"title":361,"path":362,"stem":363},"Le modèle de von Neumann","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Fvon-neumann","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F1.von-neumann",{"title":365,"path":366,"stem":367},"Périphériques et interface homme-machine","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Fperipheriques-ihm","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F2.peripheriques-ihm",{"title":369,"path":370,"stem":371},"Les systèmes d'exploitation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Fsystemes-exploitation","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F3.systemes-exploitation",{"title":373,"path":374,"stem":375},"Linux et le shell","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Flinux-shell","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F4.linux-shell",{"title":377,"path":378,"stem":379},"Réseaux et protocoles","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Freseaux","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F5.reseaux",{"title":381,"path":382,"stem":383,"children":384},"Langages et programmation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F0.index",[385,386,390,394,398,402,406],{"title":381,"path":382,"stem":383},{"title":387,"path":388,"stem":389},"Diversité et unité des langages de programmation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fdiversite-langages","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F1.diversite-langages",{"title":391,"path":392,"stem":393},"Constructions élémentaires","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fconstructions-elementaires","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F2.constructions-elementaires",{"title":395,"path":396,"stem":397},"Fonctions","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Ffonctions","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F3.fonctions",{"title":399,"path":400,"stem":401},"Spécification d'une fonction","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fspecification","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F4.specification",{"title":403,"path":404,"stem":405},"Mise au point des programmes","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fmise-au-point","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F5.mise-au-point",{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409},"Utilisation de bibliothèques","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fbibliotheques","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F6.bibliotheques",{"title":411,"path":412,"stem":413,"children":414},"Algorithmique","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F0.index",[415,416,420,424,428,432,436],{"title":411,"path":412,"stem":413},{"title":417,"path":418,"stem":419},"Parcours séquentiel d'un tableau","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fparcours-sequentiel","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F1.parcours-sequentiel",{"title":421,"path":422,"stem":423},"Bases de la complexité","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fcomplexite-bases","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F2.complexite-bases",{"title":425,"path":426,"stem":427},"Tris par sélection et par insertion","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Ftris","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F3.tris",{"title":429,"path":430,"stem":431},"Recherche dichotomique","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fdichotomie","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F4.dichotomie",{"title":433,"path":434,"stem":435},"Algorithmes gloutons","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fgloutons","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F5.gloutons",{"title":437,"path":438,"stem":439},"Les k plus proches voisins (k-NN)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fknn","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F6.knn",{"title":441,"path":442,"stem":443,"children":444},"NSI — Terminale","\u002Fnsi-tale","2.nsi-tale\u002F0.index",[445,446,450,476,498,536,560],{"title":441,"path":442,"stem":443},{"title":447,"path":448,"stem":449},"Review pédagogique — chapitres NSI Terminale (TA, TB, TC, TD, TE)","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Freview","2.nsi-tale\u002FREVIEW",{"title":451,"path":452,"stem":453,"children":454},"Structures de données","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F0.index",[455,456,460,464,468,472],{"title":451,"path":452,"stem":453},{"title":457,"path":458,"stem":459},"Objet, classe, interface","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Finterface-implementation","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F1.interface-implementation",{"title":461,"path":462,"stem":463},"Implémenter une structure — l'exemple de la file FIFO","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Fimplementer-une-structure","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F2.implementer-une-structure",{"title":465,"path":466,"stem":467},"Listes, piles, files, 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schéma","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fbase-relationnelle","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F2.base-relationnelle",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Le langage SQL","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fsql","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F3.sql",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Les systèmes de gestion de bases de données","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fsgbd","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F4.sgbd",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501,"children":502},"Architectures matérielles, systèmes d'exploitation et réseaux","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F0.index",[503,504,508,512,516,520,524,528,532],{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},{"title":505,"path":506,"stem":507},"Le système sur puce (SoC)","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fsysteme-sur-puce","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F1.systeme-sur-puce",{"title":509,"path":510,"stem":511},"Processus et ordonnancement par l'OS","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fprocessus-os","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F2.processus-os",{"title":513,"path":514,"stem":515},"L'interblocage (deadlock)","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Finterblocage","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F3.interblocage",{"title":517,"path":518,"stem":519},"Principes du routage","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Froutage-principes","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F4.routage-principes",{"title":521,"path":522,"stem":523},"Protocoles de routage RIP et OSPF","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fprotocoles-rip-ospf","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F5.protocoles-rip-ospf",{"title":525,"path":526,"stem":527},"Chiffrement symétrique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fchiffrement-symetrique","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F6.chiffrement-symetrique",{"title":529,"path":530,"stem":531},"Chiffrement asymétrique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fchiffrement-asymetrique","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F7.chiffrement-asymetrique",{"title":533,"path":534,"stem":535},"HTTPS — l'échange de clé symétrique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fhttps-tls","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F8.https-tls",{"title":381,"path":537,"stem":538,"children":539},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F0.index",[540,541,544,548,552,556],{"title":381,"path":537,"stem":538},{"title":403,"path":542,"stem":543},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fmise-au-point","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F1.mise-au-point",{"title":545,"path":546,"stem":547},"Modularité","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fmodularite","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F2.modularite",{"title":549,"path":550,"stem":551},"Récursivité","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Frecursivite","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F3.recursivite",{"title":553,"path":554,"stem":555},"Paradigmes de programmation","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fparadigmes","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F4.paradigmes",{"title":557,"path":558,"stem":559},"Programme comme donnée — calculabilité et indécidabilité","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fprogramme-comme-donnee","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F5.programme-comme-donnee",{"title":411,"path":561,"stem":562,"children":563},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F0.index",[564,565,569,573,577,581],{"title":411,"path":561,"stem":562},{"title":566,"path":567,"stem":568},"Algorithmes sur les arbres binaires","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Farbres-binaires-algos","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F1.arbres-binaires-algos",{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"Parcours de graphes — DFS, BFS, cycles, chemins","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Fgraphes-parcours","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F2.graphes-parcours",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"Diviser pour régner","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Fdiviser-pour-regner","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F3.diviser-pour-regner",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Programmation dynamique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Fprogrammation-dynamique","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F4.programmation-dynamique",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},"Recherche textuelle — l'algorithme de Boyer-Moore","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Frecherche-textuelle","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F5.recherche-textuelle",{"id":586,"title":377,"bo":587,"body":589,"description":1280,"eval":1281,"extension":1282,"labo":1281,"meta":1283,"navigation":1284,"path":378,"quizzes":1285,"readingTime":1292,"seo":1293,"stem":379,"tp":1281,"__hash__":1294},"cours\u002F1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F5.reseaux.md",[588],"PF04",{"type":590,"value":591,"toc":1266},"minimark",[592,597,632,636,659,723,744,751,755,770,777,855,860,863,887,891,898,901,931,946,959,963,982,985,1016,1030,1035,1042,1079,1090,1111,1115,1122,1163,1182,1186,1189,1235,1240,1244],[593,594,596],"h2",{"id":595},"introduction","Introduction",[598,599,600,601,605,606,609,610,613,614,617,618,617,621,624,625,628,629],"p",{},"Vous envoyez un message sur une messagerie en ligne et il arrive en quelques\nfractions de seconde à l'autre bout du monde, ",[602,603,604],"strong",{},"intact",", sur l'appareil\nvisé. Derrière cette simplicité apparente se cache une ",[602,607,608],{},"architecture\nsophistiquée"," où routeurs, câbles, fibres et antennes coopèrent grâce à des\n",[602,611,612],{},"protocoles"," — des règles partagées par toutes les machines. Ce cours vous\nexplique comment un message est ",[602,615,616],{},"découpé",", ",[602,619,620],{},"adressé",[602,622,623],{},"transmis",", puis\n",[602,626,627],{},"réassemblé"," à l'arrivée. ",[630,631],"bo-ref",{"code":588},[593,633,635],{"id":634},"le-découpage-en-paquets","Le découpage en paquets",[598,637,638,639,642,643,646,647,650,651,654,655,658],{},"Première intuition : pourquoi ne pas envoyer un long message ",[602,640,641],{},"en un seul\nbloc"," ? Parce qu'un lien réseau est ",[602,644,645],{},"partagé",". Si vous occupez la ligne\npendant une minute, personne d'autre ne peut transmettre. La solution est de\n",[602,648,649],{},"découper"," le message en petits morceaux appelés ",[602,652,653],{},"paquets",", et de les\nenvoyer ",[602,656,657],{},"entrelacés"," avec ceux des autres communications.",[660,661,662,675],"table",{},[663,664,665],"thead",{},[666,667,668,672],"tr",{},[669,670,671],"th",{},"Avantage du découpage",[669,673,674],{},"Conséquence pratique",[676,677,678,690,701,712],"tbody",{},[666,679,680,687],{},[681,682,683,686],"td",{},[602,684,685],{},"Partage"," du lien",[681,688,689],{},"Plusieurs flux cohabitent.",[666,691,692,698],{},[681,693,694,697],{},[602,695,696],{},"Reprise"," en cas de perte",[681,699,700],{},"Seul le paquet perdu est retransmis.",[666,702,703,709],{},[681,704,705,708],{},[602,706,707],{},"Routage"," adaptatif",[681,710,711],{},"Chaque paquet peut prendre un chemin différent.",[666,713,714,720],{},[681,715,716,719],{},[602,717,718],{},"Limite"," des erreurs",[681,721,722],{},"Une erreur sur 1 ko n'affecte pas 1 Go.",[724,725,726],"note",{},[598,727,728,731,732,735,736,739,740,743],{},[602,729,730],{},"Définition"," : un ",[602,733,734],{},"paquet"," est une unité de données munie d'une\n",[602,737,738],{},"en-tête"," (qui indique l'expéditeur, le destinataire, le numéro du paquet,\netc.) et d'une ",[602,741,742],{},"charge utile"," (le bout de message à transmettre).",[745,746],"illustration",{"alt":747,"kind":748,"src":749,"svg":750},"Découpage en paquets","mermaid","\u002Fillustrations\u002F1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Fdecoupage-paquets.svg","\u003Csvg id=\"ill-1-nsi-1ere-pf-archi-os-decoupage-paquets\" xmlns=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2000\u002Fsvg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" class=\"illustration-svg flowchart\" viewBox=\"0 0 647.10595703125 456\" role=\"graphics-document document\" 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table-cell; white-space: nowrap; line-height: 1.5; max-width: 200px; text-align: center;\">\u003Cspan class=\"nodeLabel\">\u003Cp>Internet\u003Cbr \u002F>+ en-tête IP\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003C\u002FforeignObject>\u003C\u002Fg>\u003C\u002Fg>\u003Cg class=\"node default\" id=\"ill-1-nsi-1ere-pf-archi-os-couches-reseau-flowchart-LINK-3\" data-look=\"classic\" transform=\"translate(120.4375, 498)\">\u003Crect class=\"basic label-container\" style=\"\" x=\"-112.4375\" y=\"-33\" width=\"224.875\" height=\"66\"\u002F>\u003Cg class=\"label\" style=\"\" transform=\"translate(-80.4375, -21)\">\u003Crect\u002F>\u003CforeignObject width=\"160.875\" height=\"42\">\u003Cdiv xmlns=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxhtml\" style=\"display: table-cell; white-space: nowrap; line-height: 1.5; max-width: 200px; text-align: center;\">\u003Cspan class=\"nodeLabel\">\u003Cp>Liaison\u003Cbr \u002F>+ en-tête Ethernet\u002FWi-Fi\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003C\u002FforeignObject>\u003C\u002Fg>\u003C\u002Fg>\u003C\u002Fg>\u003C\u002Fg>\u003C\u002Fg>\u003Cdefs>\u003Cfilter id=\"ill-1-nsi-1ere-pf-archi-os-couches-reseau-drop-shadow\" height=\"130%\" width=\"130%\">\u003CfeDropShadow dx=\"4\" dy=\"4\" stdDeviation=\"0\" flood-opacity=\"0.06\" flood-color=\"#000000\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Ffilter>\u003C\u002Fdefs>\u003Cdefs>\u003Cfilter id=\"ill-1-nsi-1ere-pf-archi-os-couches-reseau-drop-shadow-small\" height=\"150%\" width=\"150%\">\u003CfeDropShadow dx=\"2\" dy=\"2\" stdDeviation=\"0\" flood-opacity=\"0.06\" flood-color=\"#000000\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Ffilter>\u003C\u002Fdefs>\u003ClinearGradient id=\"ill-1-nsi-1ere-pf-archi-os-couches-reseau-gradient\" gradientUnits=\"objectBoundingBox\" x1=\"0%\" y1=\"0%\" x2=\"100%\" y2=\"0%\">\u003Cstop offset=\"0%\" stop-color=\"#4948b8\" stop-opacity=\"1\"\u002F>\u003Cstop offset=\"100%\" stop-color=\"#c4c8cd\" stop-opacity=\"1\"\u002F>\u003C\u002FlinearGradient>\u003C\u002Fsvg>",[598,861,862],{},"Quand vous chargez une page web, votre navigateur (couche application)\nfabrique une requête HTTP. Cette requête est confiée à TCP (transport), qui la\ndécoupe en segments et numérote chacun. Chaque segment est confié à IP\n(internet), qui ajoute l'adresse IP source et l'adresse IP destination. Enfin\nchaque paquet IP descend dans la couche liaison, qui le transmet via le câble\nEthernet ou le Wi-Fi.",[864,865,868,875],"self-eval-qcm",{"correct":866,"slug":867},"1","reseaux-c1",[869,870,872],"template",{"v-slot:question":871},"",[598,873,874],{},"Le découpage et le numérotage des segments est la responsabilité de :",[869,876,877],{"v-slot:choices":871},[878,879,880,883,885],"ul",{},[881,882,836],"li",{},[881,884,821],{},[881,886,851],{},[593,888,890],{"id":889},"ip-adresser-et-router","IP : adresser et router",[598,892,893,894,897],{},"Chaque machine connectée à Internet a une ",[602,895,896],{},"adresse IP"," unique. C'est elle\nqui identifie l'expéditeur et le destinataire d'un paquet.",[598,899,900],{},"Il existe deux versions en usage simultané.",[878,902,903,918],{},[881,904,905,908,909,912,913,917],{},[602,906,907],{},"IPv4"," : ",[602,910,911],{},"4 octets"," (notés 4 nombres de 0 à 255 séparés par des\npoints). Exemple : ",[914,915,916],"code",{},"192.168.1.42",". Codage sur 32 bits, soit environ\n4 milliards d'adresses disponibles.",[881,919,920,908,923,926,927,930],{},[602,921,922],{},"IPv6",[602,924,925],{},"16 octets"," (notés 8 groupes de 4 chiffres hexadécimaux\nséparés par des deux-points). Exemple :\n",[914,928,929],{},"2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334",". Codage sur 128 bits, adressage\nquasi illimité.",[598,932,933,934,937,938,941,942,945],{},"Le rôle d'IP est de ",[602,935,936],{},"trouver le chemin"," entre source et destination, sans\ngarantir l'arrivée. Les ",[602,939,940],{},"routeurs",", machines spécialisées disséminées sur\nInternet, lisent l'en-tête IP de chaque paquet et le ",[602,943,944],{},"transmettent au voisin\nle plus pertinent",", comme un service postal en cascade.",[947,948,949],"tip",{},[598,950,951,952,955,956,769],{},"Le routage IP fonctionne comme un ",[602,953,954],{},"courrier postal"," : chaque routeur lit\nl'enveloppe (en-tête IP), regarde sa table de routage (« pour cette\ndestination, je dois passer par tel voisin »), et transmet. Aucun routeur ne\nconnaît le trajet complet — il sait seulement la ",[602,957,958],{},"prochaine étape",[593,960,962],{"id":961},"tcp-garantir-lintégrité","TCP : garantir l'intégrité",[598,964,965,966,969,970,972,973,977,978,981],{},"IP est ",[602,967,968],{},"non fiable"," : un paquet peut se perdre, arriver corrompu, ou arriver\ndans le désordre. C'est le rôle de ",[602,971,821],{}," (",[974,975,976],"em",{},"Transmission Control Protocol",")\nde ",[602,979,980],{},"fiabiliser"," la communication au-dessus d'IP.",[598,983,984],{},"Ce que TCP garantit :",[986,987,988,995,1002,1009],"ol",{},[881,989,990,991,994],{},"Tous les paquets envoyés ",[602,992,993],{},"arrivent"," (sinon retransmission).",[881,996,997,998,1001],{},"Ils arrivent dans le ",[602,999,1000],{},"bon ordre"," (numérotation des segments).",[881,1003,1004,1005,1008],{},"Les ",[602,1006,1007],{},"erreurs"," de transmission sont détectées (somme de contrôle).",[881,1010,1011,1012,1015],{},"Le débit s'",[602,1013,1014],{},"adapte"," automatiquement à la capacité du réseau.",[598,1017,1018,1019,972,1022,1025,1026,1029],{},"Concrètement, après chaque paquet reçu, le destinataire envoie un ",[602,1020,1021],{},"accusé\nde réception",[974,1023,1024],{},"ACK","). Si l'expéditeur ne reçoit pas l'accusé dans un délai\nfixé, il ",[602,1027,1028],{},"retransmet"," le paquet.",[1031,1032,1034],"h3",{"id":1033},"le-principe-du-bit-alterné-illustration-simple","Le principe du bit alterné — illustration simple",[598,1036,1037,1038,1041],{},"Pour illustrer la récupération de perte, le programme officiel mentionne le\n",[602,1039,1040],{},"protocole du bit alterné",". Le principe se résume à un schéma simple.",[986,1043,1044,1050,1056,1061,1067],{},[881,1045,1046,1047,769],{},"L'expéditeur envoie un paquet marqué ",[914,1048,1049],{},"0",[881,1051,1052,1053,769],{},"Le destinataire le reçoit et répond ",[914,1054,1055],{},"ACK 0",[881,1057,1058,1059,769],{},"L'expéditeur envoie le suivant marqué ",[914,1060,866],{},[881,1062,1063,1064,769],{},"Le destinataire répond ",[914,1065,1066],{},"ACK 1",[881,1068,1069,1070,1073,1074,1076,1077,769],{},"Et ainsi de suite, en ",[602,1071,1072],{},"alternant"," entre ",[914,1075,1049],{}," et ",[914,1078,866],{},[598,1080,1081,1082,1085,1086,1089],{},"Si l'accusé tarde, l'expéditeur ",[602,1083,1084],{},"retransmet le même paquet"," avec le même\nnuméro. Si l'accusé arrive avec le mauvais numéro, on sait qu'il s'agit d'un\nancien — on l'ignore. Avec ",[602,1087,1088],{},"un seul bit"," d'information, on couvre déjà la\nperte et la duplication.",[864,1091,1093,1098],{"correct":1049,"slug":1092},"reseaux-c2",[869,1094,1095],{"v-slot:question":871},[598,1096,1097],{},"À quoi sert l'accusé de réception (ACK) en TCP ?",[869,1099,1100],{"v-slot:choices":871},[878,1101,1102,1105,1108],{},[881,1103,1104],{},"Confirmer la réception et déclencher la retransmission en cas d’absence",[881,1106,1107],{},"Modifier l’adresse IP",[881,1109,1110],{},"Chiffrer le message",[593,1112,1114],{"id":1113},"ethernet-et-wi-fi-la-couche-physique","Ethernet et Wi-Fi : la couche physique",[598,1116,1117,1118,1121],{},"En bout de chaîne, il faut bien que les bits voyagent sur un ",[602,1119,1120],{},"support\nphysique",". Deux technologies dominent.",[660,1123,1124,1137],{},[663,1125,1126],{},[666,1127,1128,1131,1134],{},[669,1129,1130],{},"Technologie",[669,1132,1133],{},"Support",[669,1135,1136],{},"Caractéristiques",[676,1138,1139,1151],{},[666,1140,1141,1145,1148],{},[681,1142,1143],{},[602,1144,851],{},[681,1146,1147],{},"Câble (paire torsadée RJ45, fibre)",[681,1149,1150],{},"Fiable, débit élevé, faible latence.",[666,1152,1153,1157,1160],{},[681,1154,1155],{},[602,1156,854],{},[681,1158,1159],{},"Ondes radio",[681,1161,1162],{},"Mobile, partagé, plus sensible aux interférences.",[598,1164,1165,1166,1169,1170,1173,1174,1177,1178,1181],{},"Chaque carte réseau a une ",[602,1167,1168],{},"adresse MAC"," (12 chiffres hexadécimaux gravés à\nl'usine, notés usuellement par paires séparées de ",[914,1171,1172],{},":",", par exemple\n",[914,1175,1176],{},"aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff",") qui sert à identifier l'expéditeur et le destinataire\n",[602,1179,1180],{},"à l'échelle locale"," (sur le même réseau Ethernet ou Wi-Fi). Cette adresse\nest distincte de l'adresse IP — la MAC est locale, l'IP est globale.",[593,1183,1185],{"id":1184},"le-réseau-local-de-létablissement","Le réseau local de l'établissement",[598,1187,1188],{},"Le réseau de votre lycée illustre tous ces concepts.",[878,1190,1191,1207,1216,1222,1229],{},[881,1192,1004,1193,1196,1197,1199,1200,972,1203,1206],{},[602,1194,1195],{},"ordinateurs"," des salles sont reliés en ",[602,1198,851],{}," à des\n",[602,1201,1202],{},"commutateurs",[974,1204,1205],{},"switches",") dans des armoires de brassage.",[881,1208,1004,1209,1211,1212,1215],{},[602,1210,1202],{}," dialoguent entre eux et avec un ",[602,1213,1214],{},"routeur"," central.",[881,1217,1218,1219,1221],{},"Le ",[602,1220,1214],{}," établit la sortie vers le réseau du rectorat puis vers\nInternet.",[881,1223,1224,1225,1228],{},"Un ",[602,1226,1227],{},"serveur DHCP"," attribue automatiquement une adresse IP à chaque machine\nqui se connecte.",[881,1230,1224,1231,1234],{},[602,1232,1233],{},"pare-feu"," filtre les paquets entrants pour bloquer ce qui n'est pas\nautorisé.",[745,1236],{"alt":1237,"kind":748,"src":1238,"svg":1239},"Réseau local de l'établissement","\u002Fillustrations\u002F1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Freseau-etablissement.svg","\u003Csvg id=\"ill-1-nsi-1ere-pf-archi-os-reseau-etablissement\" xmlns=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2000\u002Fsvg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" class=\"illustration-svg flowchart\" viewBox=\"0 0 851.63720703125 419\" role=\"graphics-document document\" aria-roledescription=\"flowchart-v2\">\u003Cstyle>#ill-1-nsi-1ere-pf-archi-os-reseau-etablissement{font-family:Geist,Inter,system-ui,-apple-system,sans-serif;font-size:14px;fill:var(--diagram-text);}@keyframes edge-animation-frame{from{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}@keyframes dash{to{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}#ill-1-nsi-1ere-pf-archi-os-reseau-etablissement 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style=\"display: table-cell; white-space: nowrap; line-height: 1.5; max-width: 200px; text-align: center;\">\u003Cspan class=\"nodeLabel\">\u003Cp>Internet\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003C\u002FforeignObject>\u003C\u002Fg>\u003C\u002Fg>\u003C\u002Fg>\u003C\u002Fg>\u003C\u002Fg>\u003Cdefs>\u003Cfilter id=\"ill-1-nsi-1ere-pf-archi-os-reseau-etablissement-drop-shadow\" height=\"130%\" width=\"130%\">\u003CfeDropShadow dx=\"4\" dy=\"4\" stdDeviation=\"0\" flood-opacity=\"0.06\" flood-color=\"#000000\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Ffilter>\u003C\u002Fdefs>\u003Cdefs>\u003Cfilter id=\"ill-1-nsi-1ere-pf-archi-os-reseau-etablissement-drop-shadow-small\" height=\"150%\" width=\"150%\">\u003CfeDropShadow dx=\"2\" dy=\"2\" stdDeviation=\"0\" flood-opacity=\"0.06\" flood-color=\"#000000\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Ffilter>\u003C\u002Fdefs>\u003ClinearGradient id=\"ill-1-nsi-1ere-pf-archi-os-reseau-etablissement-gradient\" gradientUnits=\"objectBoundingBox\" x1=\"0%\" y1=\"0%\" x2=\"100%\" 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Les ",[602,1255,1256],{},"protocoles applicatifs"," modernes (HTTPS, IMAP,\nSSH) ajoutent du ",[602,1259,1260],{},"chiffrement"," par-dessus TCP\u002FIP pour garantir la\nconfidentialité. Et ",[602,1263,1264],{},"UDP",", alternative à TCP, sacrifie la fiabilité pour\nla latence — c'est ce qui circule dans les jeux en ligne ou les appels\nvidéo, où retransmettre un paquet vieux de 200 ms n'a plus de sens.",{"title":871,"searchDepth":1267,"depth":1267,"links":1268},2,[1269,1270,1271,1272,1273,1277,1278,1279],{"id":595,"depth":1267,"text":596},{"id":634,"depth":1267,"text":635},{"id":753,"depth":1267,"text":754},{"id":889,"depth":1267,"text":890},{"id":961,"depth":1267,"text":962,"children":1274},[1275],{"id":1033,"depth":1276,"text":1034},3,{"id":1113,"depth":1267,"text":1114},{"id":1184,"depth":1267,"text":1185},{"id":1242,"depth":1267,"text":1243},"Comment un message voyage d'une machine à l'autre — paquets, encapsulation, modèle en couches, IP, TCP, Ethernet, Wi-Fi.",null,"md",{},true,[1286,1290],{"slug":867,"kind":1287,"question":874,"choices":1288,"correct":866,"multi":1289,"explanation":871},"qcm",[836,821,851],false,{"slug":1092,"kind":1287,"question":1097,"choices":1291,"correct":1049,"multi":1289,"explanation":871},[1104,1107,1110],1,{"title":377,"description":1280},"Faky_OU1351Hm-j1CtWVTHv3YHlgIg-edPTVNOV5QVM",{"id":1296,"title":1297,"bo":1298,"body":1299,"description":1531,"eval":1281,"extension":1282,"labo":1281,"meta":1532,"navigation":1289,"path":1533,"quizzes":1534,"readingTime":1292,"seo":1535,"stem":1536,"tp":1281,"__hash__":1537},"coursMemo\u002F1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F5.reseaux.memo.md","Réseaux et protocoles — l'essentiel",[588],{"type":590,"value":1300,"toc":1523},[1301,1305,1325,1329,1374,1378,1431,1435,1463,1467,1496,1500],[593,1302,1304],{"id":1303},"en-une-phrase","En une phrase",[598,1306,1307,1308,1311,1312,1315,1316,1319,1320,1322,1323,769],{},"Un message est ",[602,1309,1310],{},"découpé en paquets",", chacun ",[602,1313,1314],{},"encapsulé"," dans des couches\n(application → transport → internet → liaison), ",[602,1317,1318],{},"routé"," par les routeurs\npuis ",[602,1321,627],{}," à l'arrivée. Voir ",[630,1324],{"code":588},[593,1326,1328],{"id":1327},"à-mémoriser","À mémoriser",[878,1330,1331,1337,1343,1349,1354,1359,1365],{},[881,1332,1333,1336],{},[602,1334,1335],{},"Paquet"," = en-tête + charge utile.",[881,1338,1339,1342],{},[602,1340,1341],{},"Découpage"," = partage du lien + reprise sur perte + routage adaptatif.",[881,1344,1345,1348],{},[602,1346,1347],{},"4 couches"," TCP\u002FIP : Application, Transport, Internet, Liaison.",[881,1350,1351,1353],{},[602,1352,836],{}," : adresse + routage (non fiable).",[881,1355,1356,1358],{},[602,1357,821],{}," : numérotation + ACK + retransmission (fiable).",[881,1360,1361,1364],{},[602,1362,1363],{},"Ethernet \u002F Wi-Fi"," : transport physique des bits.",[881,1366,1367,1370,1371,1373],{},[602,1368,1369],{},"Adresse IP"," = globale ; ",[602,1372,1168],{}," = locale.",[593,1375,1377],{"id":1376},"à-savoir-reconnaître","À savoir reconnaître",[660,1379,1380,1391],{},[663,1381,1382],{},[666,1383,1384,1386,1388],{},[669,1385,785],{},[669,1387,788],{},[669,1389,1390],{},"Exemples",[676,1392,1393,1402,1412,1421],{},[666,1394,1395,1397,1400],{},[681,1396,800],{},[681,1398,1399],{},"Sens du message",[681,1401,806],{},[666,1403,1404,1406,1409],{},[681,1405,813],{},[681,1407,1408],{},"Bout-en-bout, fiabilité",[681,1410,1411],{},"TCP, UDP",[666,1413,1414,1416,1419],{},[681,1415,15],{},[681,1417,1418],{},"Adressage et routage",[681,1420,836],{},[666,1422,1423,1425,1428],{},[681,1424,843],{},[681,1426,1427],{},"Support physique",[681,1429,1430],{},"Ethernet, Wi-Fi",[593,1432,1434],{"id":1433},"bit-alterné","Bit alterné",[986,1436,1437,1446,1453,1456],{},[881,1438,1439,1440,1443,1444],{},"Envoi ",[914,1441,1442],{},"paquet 0"," → attente ",[914,1445,1055],{},[881,1447,1439,1448,1443,1451],{},[914,1449,1450],{},"paquet 1",[914,1452,1066],{},[881,1454,1455],{},"Si ACK absent : retransmission",[881,1457,1458,1459,1076,1461],{},"Alternance permanente entre ",[914,1460,1049],{},[914,1462,866],{},[593,1464,1466],{"id":1465},"pièges-courants","Pièges courants",[878,1468,1469,1479,1490],{},[881,1470,1471,1472,1474,1475,1478],{},"Confondre ",[602,1473,836],{}," (adresse globale) et ",[602,1476,1477],{},"MAC"," (adresse locale).",[881,1480,1481,1482,1485,1486,1489],{},"Croire que TCP ",[602,1483,1484],{},"modifie"," IP — non, TCP est ",[602,1487,1488],{},"au-dessus"," d'IP.",[881,1491,1492,1493,769],{},"Penser qu'un paquet suit toujours le même chemin que le précédent — chaque\npaquet est routé ",[602,1494,1495],{},"indépendamment",[593,1497,1499],{"id":1498},"réseau-de-létablissement","Réseau de l'établissement",[598,1501,1502,1505,1506,1505,1509,1505,1511,1505,1513,1515,1516,1519,1520,1522],{},[914,1503,1504],{},"PC"," → ",[914,1507,1508],{},"switch",[914,1510,1214],{},[914,1512,1233],{},[914,1514,15],{},". Le ",[602,1517,1518],{},"DHCP"," attribue\nles IP, le ",[602,1521,1248],{}," traduit les noms.",{"title":871,"searchDepth":1267,"depth":1267,"links":1524},[1525,1526,1527,1528,1529,1530],{"id":1303,"depth":1267,"text":1304},{"id":1327,"depth":1267,"text":1328},{"id":1376,"depth":1267,"text":1377},{"id":1433,"depth":1267,"text":1434},{"id":1465,"depth":1267,"text":1466},{"id":1498,"depth":1267,"text":1499},"Mémo de révision sur la transmission de données en réseau.",{},"\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Freseaux.memo",[],{"title":1297,"description":1531},"1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F5.reseaux.memo","52PTqrliq4hVEcukes43nc2ZNStjVstjE5lh3gWkxmQ",{"id":1539,"title":1540,"body":1541,"description":1845,"extension":1282,"meta":1846,"navigation":1289,"path":1847,"seo":1848,"stem":1849,"__hash__":1850},"coursSlides\u002F1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F5.reseaux.slides.md","Réseaux et protocoles — diapositives",{"type":590,"value":1542,"toc":1843},[1543,1547,1550,1553,1557,1583,1585,1589,1594,1597,1608,1610,1613,1651,1654,1656,1658,1681,1684,1686,1688,1708,1710,1714,1723,1726,1728,1732,1767,1769,1773,1791,1794,1796,1800,1805,1823,1825,1829],[1544,1545,377],"h1",{"id":1546},"réseaux-et-protocoles",[598,1548,1549],{},"Comment un message voyage d'une machine à l'autre, intact, en quelques\nmillisecondes.",[1551,1552],"hr",{},[1544,1554,1556],{"id":1555},"pourquoi-découper-en-paquets","Pourquoi découper en paquets ?",[878,1558,1559,1565,1571,1577],{},[881,1560,1561,1564],{},[602,1562,1563],{},"Partager"," le lien entre plusieurs flux",[881,1566,1567,1570],{},[602,1568,1569],{},"Retransmettre"," seulement ce qui est perdu",[881,1572,1573,1576],{},[602,1574,1575],{},"Router"," chaque paquet par le meilleur chemin",[881,1578,1579,1582],{},[602,1580,1581],{},"Limiter"," l'impact des erreurs",[1551,1584],{},[1544,1586,1588],{"id":1587},"le-paquet","Le paquet",[598,1590,1591],{},[914,1592,1593],{},"[ en-tête ][ charge utile ]",[598,1595,1596],{},"L'en-tête contient :",[878,1598,1599,1602,1605],{},[881,1600,1601],{},"expéditeur, destinataire",[881,1603,1604],{},"numéro du paquet",[881,1606,1607],{},"somme de contrôle",[1551,1609],{},[1544,1611,857],{"id":1612},"modèle-tcpip-en-4-couches",[660,1614,1615,1623],{},[663,1616,1617],{},[666,1618,1619,1621],{},[669,1620,785],{},[669,1622,788],{},[676,1624,1625,1631,1638,1645],{},[666,1626,1627,1629],{},[681,1628,800],{},[681,1630,1399],{},[666,1632,1633,1635],{},[681,1634,813],{},[681,1636,1637],{},"Bout en bout, fiabilité",[666,1639,1640,1642],{},[681,1641,15],{},[681,1643,1644],{},"Adressage, routage",[666,1646,1647,1649],{},[681,1648,843],{},[681,1650,1427],{},[745,1652],{"alt":1653,"kind":748,"src":858,"svg":859},"Encapsulation TCP\u002FIP",[1551,1655],{},[1544,1657,890],{"id":889},[878,1659,1660,1666,1673],{},[881,1661,1662,908,1664],{},[602,1663,907],{},[914,1665,916],{},[881,1667,1668,908,1670],{},[602,1669,922],{},[914,1671,1672],{},"2001:0db8::8a2e:0370:7334",[881,1674,1004,1675,1677,1678],{},[602,1676,940],{}," transmettent paquet à paquet, ",[602,1679,1680],{},"sans connaître le trajet\ncomplet",[598,1682,1683],{},"Comme un courrier postal en cascade.",[1551,1685],{},[1544,1687,962],{"id":961},[878,1689,1690,1693,1699,1705],{},[881,1691,1692],{},"Numérote les segments",[881,1694,1695,1696,1698],{},"Attend un ",[602,1697,1024],{}," pour chaque paquet",[881,1700,1701,1704],{},[602,1702,1703],{},"Retransmet"," si pas d'ACK",[881,1706,1707],{},"Adapte le débit",[1551,1709],{},[1544,1711,1713],{"id":1712},"le-bit-alterné","Le bit alterné",[1715,1716,1721],"pre",{"className":1717,"code":1719,"language":1720,"meta":871},[1718],"language-text","Envoi  paquet 0  →  ACK 0\nEnvoi  paquet 1  →  ACK 1\nEnvoi  paquet 0  →  (pas d'ACK)\nRenvoi paquet 0  →  ACK 0\n","text",[914,1722,1719],{"__ignoreMap":871},[598,1724,1725],{},"Un seul bit suffit à gérer perte et duplication.",[1551,1727],{},[1544,1729,1731],{"id":1730},"ethernet-vs-wi-fi","Ethernet vs Wi-Fi",[660,1733,1734,1742],{},[663,1735,1736],{},[666,1737,1738,1740],{},[669,1739,851],{},[669,1741,854],{},[676,1743,1744,1751,1759],{},[666,1745,1746,1749],{},[681,1747,1748],{},"Câble",[681,1750,1159],{},[666,1752,1753,1756],{},[681,1754,1755],{},"Fiable, rapide",[681,1757,1758],{},"Mobile, partagé",[666,1760,1761,1764],{},[681,1762,1763],{},"Faible latence",[681,1765,1766],{},"Interférences",[1551,1768],{},[1544,1770,1772],{"id":1771},"adresse-ip-vs-adresse-mac","Adresse IP vs adresse MAC",[878,1774,1775,1783],{},[881,1776,1777,1779,1780],{},[602,1778,1477],{}," : gravée sur la carte, ",[602,1781,1782],{},"locale",[881,1784,1785,1787,1788],{},[602,1786,836],{}," : attribuée à la machine, ",[602,1789,1790],{},"globale",[598,1792,1793],{},"Deux niveaux d'identification complémentaires.",[1551,1795],{},[1544,1797,1799],{"id":1798},"le-réseau-de-létablissement","Le réseau de l'établissement",[598,1801,1802],{},[914,1803,1804],{},"PC → switch → routeur → pare-feu → Internet",[878,1806,1807,1812,1817],{},[881,1808,1809,1811],{},[602,1810,1518],{}," attribue les IP",[881,1813,1814,1816],{},[602,1815,1248],{}," traduit les noms",[881,1818,1819,1822],{},[602,1820,1821],{},"Pare-feu"," filtre les paquets",[1551,1824],{},[1544,1826,1828],{"id":1827},"à-retenir","À retenir",[598,1830,1831,1832,1835,1836,1839,1840,769],{},"Internet est un ",[602,1833,1834],{},"gigantesque relais postal"," dans lequel chaque routeur lit\nl'enveloppe IP, transmet au voisin, et où TCP ",[602,1837,1838],{},"fiabilise"," ce qu'IP\n",[602,1841,1842],{},"livre sans garantie",{"title":871,"searchDepth":1267,"depth":1267,"links":1844},[],"Deck projetable pour introduire la transmission 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