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tables","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002Ftraitement-tables","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F4.traitement-tables",{"title":115,"path":116,"stem":117},"Le cloud","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002Fcloud","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F5.cloud",{"title":119,"path":120,"stem":121,"children":122},"Localisation, cartographie et mobilité","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F0.index",[123,124,128,132,136,140],{"title":119,"path":120,"stem":121},{"title":125,"path":126,"stem":127},"GPS et Galileo — se situer grâce aux satellites","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fgps-galileo","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F1.gps-galileo",{"title":129,"path":130,"stem":131},"Décoder une trame NMEA","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Ftrame-nmea","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F2.trame-nmea",{"title":133,"path":134,"stem":135},"Cartes numériques — GeoPortail et OpenStreetMap","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fcartes-numeriques","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F3.cartes-numeriques",{"title":137,"path":138,"stem":139},"Itinéraires et graphes","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fitineraires-graphes","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F4.itineraires-graphes",{"title":141,"path":142,"stem":143},"Confidentialité de la position","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fconfidentialite-position","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F5.confidentialite-position",{"title":145,"path":146,"stem":147,"children":148},"Informatique embarquée et objets connectés","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F0.index",[149,150,154,158],{"title":145,"path":146,"stem":147},{"title":151,"path":152,"stem":153},"Systèmes informatiques embarqués","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002Fsystemes-embarques","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F1.systemes-embarques",{"title":155,"path":156,"stem":157},"Capteurs et actionneurs","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002Fcapteurs-actionneurs","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F2.capteurs-actionneurs",{"title":159,"path":160,"stem":161},"IHM et objets connectés","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002Fihm-objet-connecte","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F3.ihm-objet-connecte",{"title":163,"path":164,"stem":165,"children":166},"Photographie numérique","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F0.index",[167,168,172,176,180],{"title":163,"path":164,"stem":165},{"title":169,"path":170,"stem":171},"Photosites, pixels et résolution","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Fpixels-resolution","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F1.pixels-resolution",{"title":173,"path":174,"stem":175},"Les algorithmes de l'appareil photo","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Falgorithmes-photo","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F2.algorithmes-photo",{"title":177,"path":178,"stem":179},"Les métadonnées EXIF","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Fmetadonnees-exif","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F3.metadonnees-exif",{"title":181,"path":182,"stem":183},"Traiter une image en Python","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Ftraitement-rgb","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F4.traitement-rgb",{"title":185,"path":186,"stem":187,"children":188},"Notions transversales 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MDC","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F0.index",[211,212,216,220],{"title":207,"path":208,"stem":209},{"title":213,"path":214,"stem":215},"Démo statique — callouts, code, BO, illustration","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002Fstatique","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F1.statique",{"title":217,"path":218,"stem":219},"Démo interactive — self-eval et python-snippet","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002Finteractif","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F2.interactif",{"title":221,"path":222,"stem":223},"Démo · 14 widgets de manipulation NSI","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002Fwidgets-manipulation","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F3.widgets-manipulation",{"title":225,"path":226,"stem":227,"children":228},"NSI — Première","\u002Fnsi-1ere","1.nsi-1ere\u002F0.index",[229,230,234,256,282,304,328,354,380,410],{"title":225,"path":226,"stem":227},{"title":231,"path":232,"stem":233},"Relecture pédagogique — 8 chapitres NSI 1ère (PA → PH)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Freview","1.nsi-1ere\u002FREVIEW",{"title":235,"path":236,"stem":237,"children":238},"Histoire de l'informatique","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F0.index",[239,240,244,248,252],{"title":235,"path":236,"stem":237},{"title":241,"path":242,"stem":243},"De la préantiquité aux machines à calculer","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Fpreantiquite-aux-machines","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F1.preantiquite-aux-machines",{"title":245,"path":246,"stem":247},"La machine universelle (1930-1950)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Fmachine-universelle","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F2.machine-universelle",{"title":249,"path":250,"stem":251},"Les ordinateurs modernes (1947-1990)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Fordinateurs-modernes","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F3.ordinateurs-modernes",{"title":253,"path":254,"stem":255},"Réseaux, Web et IA (1969 à aujourd'hui)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Freseaux-et-web","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F4.reseaux-et-web",{"title":257,"path":258,"stem":259,"children":260},"Représentation des données — types et valeurs","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F0.index",[261,262,266,270,274,278],{"title":257,"path":258,"stem":259},{"title":263,"path":264,"stem":265},"Bases de numération et entiers positifs","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002Fbases-entiers-positifs","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F1.bases-entiers-positifs",{"title":267,"path":268,"stem":269},"Entiers relatifs et complément à deux","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002Fentiers-relatifs","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F2.entiers-relatifs",{"title":271,"path":272,"stem":273},"Nombres flottants et virgule 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compréhension","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002Fcomprehension","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002F2.comprehension",{"title":297,"path":298,"stem":299},"Tuples et p-uplets nommés","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002Ftuples","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002F3.tuples",{"title":301,"path":302,"stem":303},"Dictionnaires","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002Fdictionnaires","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002F4.dictionnaires",{"title":305,"path":306,"stem":307,"children":308},"Traitement de données en tables","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F0.index",[309,310,314,318,322],{"title":305,"path":306,"stem":307},{"title":311,"path":312,"stem":313},"Tables et CSV","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Ftables-csv","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F1.tables-csv",{"title":315,"path":316,"stem":317},"Recherche et filtrage","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Frecherche","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F2.recherche",{"title":319,"path":320,"stem":321},"Trier une table","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Ftri","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F3.tri",{"title":323,"path":324,"stem":325,"children":326},"Fusion et indexation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Ffusion-indexation","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F4.fusion-indexation",[327],{"title":323,"path":324,"stem":325},{"title":329,"path":330,"stem":331,"children":332},"IHM sur le Web","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F0.index",[333,334,338,342,346,350],{"title":329,"path":330,"stem":331},{"title":335,"path":336,"stem":337},"HTML et CSS — rappel de structure","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fhtml-css-bases","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F1.html-css-bases",{"title":339,"path":340,"stem":341},"Formulaires HTML","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fformulaires","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F2.formulaires",{"title":343,"path":344,"stem":345},"Événements JavaScript","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fevenements-js","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F3.evenements-js",{"title":347,"path":348,"stem":349},"Manipulation du DOM","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fdom-interaction","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F4.dom-interaction",{"title":351,"path":352,"stem":353},"Client, serveur et HTTP","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fclient-serveur-http","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F5.client-serveur-http",{"title":355,"path":356,"stem":357,"children":358},"Architectures matérielles et systèmes d'exploitation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F0.index",[359,360,364,368,372,376],{"title":355,"path":356,"stem":357},{"title":361,"path":362,"stem":363},"Le modèle de von Neumann","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Fvon-neumann","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F1.von-neumann",{"title":365,"path":366,"stem":367},"Périphériques et interface homme-machine","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Fperipheriques-ihm","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F2.peripheriques-ihm",{"title":369,"path":370,"stem":371},"Les systèmes d'exploitation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Fsystemes-exploitation","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F3.systemes-exploitation",{"title":373,"path":374,"stem":375},"Linux et le shell","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Flinux-shell","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F4.linux-shell",{"title":377,"path":378,"stem":379},"Réseaux et protocoles","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Freseaux","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F5.reseaux",{"title":381,"path":382,"stem":383,"children":384},"Langages et programmation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F0.index",[385,386,390,394,398,402,406],{"title":381,"path":382,"stem":383},{"title":387,"path":388,"stem":389},"Diversité et unité des langages de programmation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fdiversite-langages","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F1.diversite-langages",{"title":391,"path":392,"stem":393},"Constructions élémentaires","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fconstructions-elementaires","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F2.constructions-elementaires",{"title":395,"path":396,"stem":397},"Fonctions","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Ffonctions","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F3.fonctions",{"title":399,"path":400,"stem":401},"Spécification d'une fonction","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fspecification","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F4.specification",{"title":403,"path":404,"stem":405},"Mise au point des programmes","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fmise-au-point","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F5.mise-au-point",{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409},"Utilisation de bibliothèques","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fbibliotheques","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F6.bibliotheques",{"title":411,"path":412,"stem":413,"children":414},"Algorithmique","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F0.index",[415,416,420,424,428,432,436],{"title":411,"path":412,"stem":413},{"title":417,"path":418,"stem":419},"Parcours séquentiel d'un tableau","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fparcours-sequentiel","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F1.parcours-sequentiel",{"title":421,"path":422,"stem":423},"Bases de la complexité","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fcomplexite-bases","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F2.complexite-bases",{"title":425,"path":426,"stem":427},"Tris par sélection et par insertion","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Ftris","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F3.tris",{"title":429,"path":430,"stem":431},"Recherche dichotomique","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fdichotomie","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F4.dichotomie",{"title":433,"path":434,"stem":435},"Algorithmes gloutons","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fgloutons","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F5.gloutons",{"title":437,"path":438,"stem":439},"Les k plus proches voisins (k-NN)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fknn","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F6.knn",{"title":441,"path":442,"stem":443,"children":444},"NSI — Terminale","\u002Fnsi-tale","2.nsi-tale\u002F0.index",[445,446,450,476,498,536,560],{"title":441,"path":442,"stem":443},{"title":447,"path":448,"stem":449},"Review pédagogique — chapitres NSI Terminale (TA, TB, TC, TD, TE)","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Freview","2.nsi-tale\u002FREVIEW",{"title":451,"path":452,"stem":453,"children":454},"Structures de données","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F0.index",[455,456,460,464,468,472],{"title":451,"path":452,"stem":453},{"title":457,"path":458,"stem":459},"Objet, classe, interface","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Finterface-implementation","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F1.interface-implementation",{"title":461,"path":462,"stem":463},"Implémenter une structure — l'exemple de la file FIFO","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Fimplementer-une-structure","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F2.implementer-une-structure",{"title":465,"path":466,"stem":467},"Listes, piles, files, dictionnaires","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Flistes-piles-files-dict","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F3.listes-piles-files-dict",{"title":469,"path":470,"stem":471},"Arbres binaires","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Farbres-binaires","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F4.arbres-binaires",{"title":473,"path":474,"stem":475},"Graphes","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Fgraphes","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F5.graphes",{"title":477,"path":478,"stem":479,"children":480},"Bases de données","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F0.index",[481,482,486,490,494],{"title":477,"path":478,"stem":479},{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Le modèle relationnel","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fmodele-relationnel","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F1.modele-relationnel",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Bases de données relationnelles et anomalies de schéma","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fbase-relationnelle","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F2.base-relationnelle",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Le langage SQL","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fsql","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F3.sql",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Les systèmes de gestion de bases de données","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fsgbd","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F4.sgbd",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501,"children":502},"Architectures matérielles, systèmes d'exploitation et réseaux","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F0.index",[503,504,508,512,516,520,524,528,532],{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},{"title":505,"path":506,"stem":507},"Le système sur puce (SoC)","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fsysteme-sur-puce","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F1.systeme-sur-puce",{"title":509,"path":510,"stem":511},"Processus et ordonnancement par l'OS","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fprocessus-os","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F2.processus-os",{"title":513,"path":514,"stem":515},"L'interblocage (deadlock)","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Finterblocage","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F3.interblocage",{"title":517,"path":518,"stem":519},"Principes du routage","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Froutage-principes","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F4.routage-principes",{"title":521,"path":522,"stem":523},"Protocoles de routage RIP et OSPF","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fprotocoles-rip-ospf","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F5.protocoles-rip-ospf",{"title":525,"path":526,"stem":527},"Chiffrement symétrique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fchiffrement-symetrique","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F6.chiffrement-symetrique",{"title":529,"path":530,"stem":531},"Chiffrement asymétrique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fchiffrement-asymetrique","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F7.chiffrement-asymetrique",{"title":533,"path":534,"stem":535},"HTTPS — l'échange de clé symétrique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fhttps-tls","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F8.https-tls",{"title":381,"path":537,"stem":538,"children":539},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F0.index",[540,541,544,548,552,556],{"title":381,"path":537,"stem":538},{"title":403,"path":542,"stem":543},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fmise-au-point","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F1.mise-au-point",{"title":545,"path":546,"stem":547},"Modularité","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fmodularite","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F2.modularite",{"title":549,"path":550,"stem":551},"Récursivité","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Frecursivite","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F3.recursivite",{"title":553,"path":554,"stem":555},"Paradigmes de programmation","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fparadigmes","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F4.paradigmes",{"title":557,"path":558,"stem":559},"Programme comme donnée — calculabilité et indécidabilité","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fprogramme-comme-donnee","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F5.programme-comme-donnee",{"title":411,"path":561,"stem":562,"children":563},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F0.index",[564,565,569,573,577,581],{"title":411,"path":561,"stem":562},{"title":566,"path":567,"stem":568},"Algorithmes sur les arbres binaires","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Farbres-binaires-algos","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F1.arbres-binaires-algos",{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"Parcours de graphes — DFS, BFS, cycles, chemins","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Fgraphes-parcours","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F2.graphes-parcours",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"Diviser pour régner","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Fdiviser-pour-regner","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F3.diviser-pour-regner",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Programmation dynamique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Fprogrammation-dynamique","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F4.programmation-dynamique",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},"Recherche textuelle — l'algorithme de Boyer-Moore","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Frecherche-textuelle","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F5.recherche-textuelle",{"id":586,"title":275,"bo":587,"body":589,"description":1953,"eval":1954,"extension":1955,"labo":1954,"meta":1956,"navigation":1781,"path":276,"quizzes":1957,"readingTime":958,"seo":1966,"stem":277,"tp":1954,"__hash__":1967},"cours\u002F1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F4.textes-encodages.md",[588],"PB04",{"type":590,"value":591,"toc":1942},"minimark",[592,597,613,616,620,755,846,849,923,935,946,1022,1043,1074,1078,1106,1163,1170,1177,1181,1191,1206,1295,1306,1310,1316,1319,1337,1416,1569,1572,1580,1612,1626,1652,1656,1666,1689,1698,1718,1722,1725,1834,1841,1892,1896,1931,1935,1938],[593,594,596],"h2",{"id":595},"introduction","Introduction",[598,599,600,601,605,606,609,610],"p",{},"Vous savez désormais comment la machine code des nombres. Mais comment\nreprésente-t-elle un mot, une phrase, un emoji ? Aucun « A » ne vit dans la\nmémoire d'un ordinateur : seuls vivent des bits. Il faut donc une ",[602,603,604],"strong",{},"convention","\nqui associe à chaque caractère un numéro, lui-même représentable en binaire.\nCette convention s'appelle un ",[602,607,608],{},"encodage de caractères",". ",[611,612],"bo-ref",{"code":588},[598,614,615],{},"Plusieurs encodages ont coexisté dans l'histoire — chacun avec ses avantages et\nses limites. Comprendre lequel est utilisé est essentiel pour ouvrir\ncorrectement un fichier texte, transmettre des données, ou simplement éviter\nqu'un accent ne se transforme en hiéroglyphe.",[593,617,619],{"id":618},"ascii-lancêtre","ASCII — l'ancêtre",[598,621,622,623,626,627,631,632,635,636,754],{},"L'",[602,624,625],{},"ASCII"," (",[628,629,630],"em",{},"American Standard Code for Information Interchange",") date de 1963.\nIl code chaque caractère sur ",[602,633,634],{},"7 bits",", soit ",[637,638,641,677],"span",{"className":639},[640],"katex",[637,642,645],{"className":643},[644],"katex-mathml",[646,647,649],"math",{"xmlns":648},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML",[650,651,652,672],"semantics",{},[653,654,655,665,669],"mrow",{},[656,657,658,662],"msup",{},[659,660,661],"mn",{},"2",[659,663,664],{},"7",[666,667,668],"mo",{},"=",[659,670,671],{},"128",[673,674,676],"annotation",{"encoding":675},"application\u002Fx-tex","2^7 = 128",[637,678,682,744],{"className":679,"ariaHidden":681},[680],"katex-html","true",[637,683,686,691,732,737,741],{"className":684},[685],"base",[637,687],{"className":688,"style":690},[689],"strut","height:0.8141em;",[637,692,695,698],{"className":693},[694],"mord",[637,696,661],{"className":697},[694],[637,699,702],{"className":700},[701],"msupsub",[637,703,706],{"className":704},[705],"vlist-t",[637,707,710],{"className":708},[709],"vlist-r",[637,711,714],{"className":712,"style":690},[713],"vlist",[637,715,717,722],{"style":716},"top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;",[637,718],{"className":719,"style":721},[720],"pstrut","height:2.7em;",[637,723,729],{"className":724},[725,726,727,728],"sizing","reset-size6","size3","mtight",[637,730,664],{"className":731},[694,728],[637,733],{"className":734,"style":736},[735],"mspace","margin-right:0.2778em;",[637,738,668],{"className":739},[740],"mrel",[637,742],{"className":743,"style":736},[735],[637,745,747,751],{"className":746},[685],[637,748],{"className":749,"style":750},[689],"height:0.6444em;",[637,752,671],{"className":753},[694]," valeurs possibles, de\n0 à 127.",[756,757,758,771],"table",{},[759,760,761],"thead",{},[762,763,764,768],"tr",{},[765,766,767],"th",{},"Plage",[765,769,770],{},"Contenu",[772,773,774,783,803,818,832],"tbody",{},[762,775,776,780],{},[777,778,779],"td",{},"0–31",[777,781,782],{},"Caractères de contrôle (retour chariot, tabulation…)",[762,784,785,788],{},[777,786,787],{},"32–47",[777,789,790,791,795,796,795,799,802],{},"Espace et ponctuation (",[792,793,794],"code",{},"!",", ",[792,797,798],{},"\"",[792,800,801],{},"#",", etc.)",[762,804,805,808],{},[777,806,807],{},"48–57",[777,809,810,811,814,815],{},"Chiffres ",[792,812,813],{},"0","–",[792,816,817],{},"9",[762,819,820,823],{},[777,821,822],{},"65–90",[777,824,825,826,814,829],{},"Lettres majuscules ",[792,827,828],{},"A",[792,830,831],{},"Z",[762,833,834,837],{},[777,835,836],{},"97–122",[777,838,839,840,814,843],{},"Lettres minuscules ",[792,841,842],{},"a",[792,844,845],{},"z",[598,847,848],{},"Quelques codes à connaître :",[756,850,851,864],{},[759,852,853],{},[762,854,855,858,861],{},[765,856,857],{},"Caractère",[765,859,860],{},"Code décimal",[765,862,863],{},"Code binaire",[772,865,866,880,894,908],{},[762,867,868,872,875],{},[777,869,870],{},[792,871,828],{},[777,873,874],{},"65",[777,876,877],{},[792,878,879],{},"1000001",[762,881,882,886,889],{},[777,883,884],{},[792,885,842],{},[777,887,888],{},"97",[777,890,891],{},[792,892,893],{},"1100001",[762,895,896,900,903],{},[777,897,898],{},[792,899,813],{},[777,901,902],{},"48",[777,904,905],{},[792,906,907],{},"0110000",[762,909,910,915,918],{},[777,911,912],{},[792,913,914],{},"(espace)",[777,916,917],{},"32",[777,919,920],{},[792,921,922],{},"0100000",[924,925,926],"note",{},[598,927,928,929,931,932,934],{},"Remarquez qu'il y a exactement 32 d'écart entre une majuscule et la minuscule\ncorrespondante : ",[792,930,828],{}," vaut 65 et ",[792,933,842],{}," vaut 97. C'est pour cela que basculer un\ncaractère en minuscule revient, en interne, à mettre un bit à 1.",[598,936,937,938,941,942,945],{},"En Python, les fonctions ",[792,939,940],{},"ord()"," et ",[792,943,944],{},"chr()"," permettent de naviguer entre un\ncaractère et son code :",[947,948,953],"pre",{"className":949,"code":950,"language":951,"meta":952,"style":952},"language-python shiki shiki-themes github-light github-light github-dark","print(ord('A'))   # 65\nprint(chr(97))    # 'a'\nprint(ord('0'))   # 48\n","python","",[792,954,955,983,1003],{"__ignoreMap":952},[637,956,959,963,967,970,972,976,979],{"class":957,"line":958},"line",1,[637,960,962],{"class":961},"sBjJW","print",[637,964,966],{"class":965},"sxrX7","(",[637,968,969],{"class":961},"ord",[637,971,966],{"class":965},[637,973,975],{"class":974},"sIIMD","'A'",[637,977,978],{"class":965},"))   ",[637,980,982],{"class":981},"sCsY4","# 65\n",[637,984,986,988,990,993,995,997,1000],{"class":957,"line":985},2,[637,987,962],{"class":961},[637,989,966],{"class":965},[637,991,992],{"class":961},"chr",[637,994,966],{"class":965},[637,996,888],{"class":961},[637,998,999],{"class":965},"))    ",[637,1001,1002],{"class":981},"# 'a'\n",[637,1004,1006,1008,1010,1012,1014,1017,1019],{"class":957,"line":1005},3,[637,1007,962],{"class":961},[637,1009,966],{"class":965},[637,1011,969],{"class":961},[637,1013,966],{"class":965},[637,1015,1016],{"class":974},"'0'",[637,1018,978],{"class":965},[637,1020,1021],{"class":981},"# 48\n",[598,1023,1024,1025,1028,1029,795,1032,795,1035,1038,1039,1042],{},"Limites évidentes de l'ASCII : ",[602,1026,1027],{},"pas d'accent",", pas de ",[792,1030,1031],{},"é",[792,1033,1034],{},"à",[792,1036,1037],{},"ç",". Le ",[792,1040,1041],{},"c","\nfrançais cédille n'existe pas. L'ASCII est resté valable pour l'anglais, mais\nintenable pour le reste du monde.",[1044,1045,1048,1057],"self-eval-qcm",{"correct":1046,"slug":1047},"1","textes-encodages-c1",[1049,1050,1051],"template",{"v-slot:question":952},[598,1052,1053,1054,1056],{},"Quel est le code ASCII de la lettre ",[792,1055,831],{}," ?",[1049,1058,1059],{"v-slot:choices":952},[1060,1061,1062,1066,1069,1071],"ul",{},[1063,1064,1065],"li",{},"64",[1063,1067,1068],{},"90",[1063,1070,888],{},[1063,1072,1073],{},"122",[593,1075,1077],{"id":1076},"iso-8859-1-lextension-européenne","ISO-8859-1 — l'extension européenne",[598,1079,622,1080,1083,1084,1087,1088,1091,1092,795,1094,795,1096,795,1098,1101,1102,1105],{},[602,1081,1082],{},"ISO-8859-1"," (parfois appelée ",[602,1085,1086],{},"Latin-1",") étend l'ASCII à ",[602,1089,1090],{},"8 bits"," et\ndéfinit les 128 caractères supplémentaires (codes 128 à 255). On y trouve les\ncaractères accentués des langues d'Europe occidentale : ",[792,1093,1031],{},[792,1095,1034],{},[792,1097,1037],{},[792,1099,1100],{},"ñ",",\n",[792,1103,1104],{},"ö","…",[756,1107,1108,1119],{},[759,1109,1110],{},[762,1111,1112,1114,1116],{},[765,1113,857],{},[765,1115,860],{},[765,1117,1118],{},"Code hexa",[772,1120,1121,1135,1149],{},[762,1122,1123,1127,1130],{},[777,1124,1125],{},[792,1126,1031],{},[777,1128,1129],{},"233",[777,1131,1132],{},[792,1133,1134],{},"0xE9",[762,1136,1137,1141,1144],{},[777,1138,1139],{},[792,1140,1034],{},[777,1142,1143],{},"224",[777,1145,1146],{},[792,1147,1148],{},"0xE0",[762,1150,1151,1155,1158],{},[777,1152,1153],{},[792,1154,1037],{},[777,1156,1157],{},"231",[777,1159,1160],{},[792,1161,1162],{},"0xE7",[598,1164,1165,1166,1169],{},"ISO-8859-1 reste ",[602,1167,1168],{},"rétrocompatible"," avec l'ASCII : les 128 premiers codes sont\nidentiques. Un fichier ASCII pur reste valide en ISO-8859-1.",[598,1171,1172,1173,1176],{},"Mais ISO-8859-1 ne couvre ",[602,1174,1175],{},"que"," l'Europe de l'Ouest. Pour le grec, le russe,\nl'arabe, le chinois… il a fallu d'autres variantes (ISO-8859-2, ISO-8859-5,\netc.). Cette multiplication des encodages a vite tourné au cauchemar : un même\noctet ne signifiait plus la même chose selon le contexte.",[593,1178,1180],{"id":1179},"unicode-un-caractère-un-numéro-universel","Unicode — un caractère, un numéro universel",[598,1182,1183,1186,1187,1190],{},[602,1184,1185],{},"Unicode"," est né dans les années 1990 d'une ambition simple : attribuer un\nnuméro unique à ",[602,1188,1189],{},"tous"," les caractères de toutes les langues du monde, plus\nles symboles, les emojis, les caractères mathématiques, etc.",[598,1192,1193,1194,1197,1198,1201,1202,1205],{},"Chaque caractère reçoit un ",[602,1195,1196],{},"code point"," (point de code), noté typiquement\n",[792,1199,1200],{},"U+XXXX"," où ",[792,1203,1204],{},"XXXX"," est sa valeur en hexadécimal :",[756,1207,1208,1220],{},[759,1209,1210],{},[762,1211,1212,1214,1217],{},[765,1213,857],{},[765,1215,1216],{},"Code point",[765,1218,1219],{},"Décimal",[772,1221,1222,1235,1248,1264,1280],{},[762,1223,1224,1228,1233],{},[777,1225,1226],{},[792,1227,828],{},[777,1229,1230],{},[792,1231,1232],{},"U+0041",[777,1234,874],{},[762,1236,1237,1241,1246],{},[777,1238,1239],{},[792,1240,1031],{},[777,1242,1243],{},[792,1244,1245],{},"U+00E9",[777,1247,1129],{},[762,1249,1250,1256,1261],{},[777,1251,1252,1255],{},[792,1253,1254],{},"λ"," (lambda grec)",[777,1257,1258],{},[792,1259,1260],{},"U+03BB",[777,1262,1263],{},"955",[762,1265,1266,1272,1277],{},[777,1267,1268,1271],{},[792,1269,1270],{},"日"," (idéogramme japonais « jour »)",[777,1273,1274],{},[792,1275,1276],{},"U+65E5",[777,1278,1279],{},"26 085",[762,1281,1282,1287,1292],{},[777,1283,1284],{},[792,1285,1286],{},"😀",[777,1288,1289],{},[792,1290,1291],{},"U+1F600",[777,1293,1294],{},"128 512",[598,1296,1297,1298,1301,1302,1305],{},"Unicode définit aujourd'hui plus de 150 000 caractères. Mais Unicode n'est\nqu'un ",[602,1299,1300],{},"catalogue"," : il dit quel numéro a chaque caractère, pas comment\nécrire ce numéro en mémoire. Pour cela, il faut un ",[602,1303,1304],{},"encodage",", parmi\nplusieurs disponibles.",[593,1307,1309],{"id":1308},"utf-8-lencodage-qui-a-tout-emporté","UTF-8 — l'encodage qui a tout emporté",[598,1311,1312,1315],{},[602,1313,1314],{},"UTF-8"," est de loin l'encodage Unicode le plus utilisé aujourd'hui — sur le\nWeb, dans les fichiers texte, dans la quasi-totalité des langages modernes.",[598,1317,1318],{},"Ses propriétés :",[1060,1320,1321,1328,1334],{},[1063,1322,1323,1324,1327],{},"Il code chaque caractère sur ",[602,1325,1326],{},"1 à 4 octets"," selon sa valeur Unicode.",[1063,1329,1330,1331,1333],{},"Il est ",[602,1332,1168],{}," avec l'ASCII : un fichier ASCII pur est aussi un\nfichier UTF-8 valide.",[1063,1335,1336],{},"Les caractères courants en anglais tiennent sur 1 octet, les caractères\naccentués courants sur 2 octets, les idéogrammes sur 3, certains emojis sur 4.",[756,1338,1339,1350],{},[759,1340,1341],{},[762,1342,1343,1345,1347],{},[765,1344,857],{},[765,1346,1216],{},[765,1348,1349],{},"Octets en UTF-8",[772,1351,1352,1368,1384,1400],{},[762,1353,1354,1358,1362],{},[777,1355,1356],{},[792,1357,828],{},[777,1359,1360],{},[792,1361,1232],{},[777,1363,1364,1367],{},[792,1365,1366],{},"41"," (1 octet)",[762,1369,1370,1374,1378],{},[777,1371,1372],{},[792,1373,1031],{},[777,1375,1376],{},[792,1377,1245],{},[777,1379,1380,1383],{},[792,1381,1382],{},"C3 A9"," (2 octets)",[762,1385,1386,1390,1394],{},[777,1387,1388],{},[792,1389,1270],{},[777,1391,1392],{},[792,1393,1276],{},[777,1395,1396,1399],{},[792,1397,1398],{},"E6 97 A5"," (3 octets)",[762,1401,1402,1406,1410],{},[777,1403,1404],{},[792,1405,1286],{},[777,1407,1408],{},[792,1409,1291],{},[777,1411,1412,1415],{},[792,1413,1414],{},"F0 9F 98 80"," (4 octets)",[1417,1418,1419],"python-snippet",{},[947,1420,1422],{"className":949,"code":1421,"language":951,"meta":952,"style":952},"# Voir l'encodage UTF-8 d'une chaîne en hexadécimal\nmot = \"café\"\noctets = mot.encode(\"utf-8\")\nprint(f\"Chaîne   : {mot}\")\nprint(f\"Octets   : {octets}\")\nprint(f\"En hexa  : {octets.hex(' ')}\")\nprint(f\"Longueur : {len(octets)} octets pour {len(mot)} caractères\")\n",[792,1423,1424,1429,1440,1456,1482,1505,1534],{"__ignoreMap":952},[637,1425,1426],{"class":957,"line":958},[637,1427,1428],{"class":981},"# Voir l'encodage UTF-8 d'une chaîne en hexadécimal\n",[637,1430,1431,1434,1437],{"class":957,"line":985},[637,1432,1433],{"class":965},"mot ",[637,1435,668],{"class":1436},"s8jYJ",[637,1438,1439],{"class":974}," \"café\"\n",[637,1441,1442,1445,1447,1450,1453],{"class":957,"line":1005},[637,1443,1444],{"class":965},"octets ",[637,1446,668],{"class":1436},[637,1448,1449],{"class":965}," mot.encode(",[637,1451,1452],{"class":974},"\"utf-8\"",[637,1454,1455],{"class":965},")\n",[637,1457,1459,1461,1463,1466,1469,1472,1475,1478,1480],{"class":957,"line":1458},4,[637,1460,962],{"class":961},[637,1462,966],{"class":965},[637,1464,1465],{"class":1436},"f",[637,1467,1468],{"class":974},"\"Chaîne   : ",[637,1470,1471],{"class":961},"{",[637,1473,1474],{"class":965},"mot",[637,1476,1477],{"class":961},"}",[637,1479,798],{"class":974},[637,1481,1455],{"class":965},[637,1483,1485,1487,1489,1491,1494,1496,1499,1501,1503],{"class":957,"line":1484},5,[637,1486,962],{"class":961},[637,1488,966],{"class":965},[637,1490,1465],{"class":1436},[637,1492,1493],{"class":974},"\"Octets   : ",[637,1495,1471],{"class":961},[637,1497,1498],{"class":965},"octets",[637,1500,1477],{"class":961},[637,1502,798],{"class":974},[637,1504,1455],{"class":965},[637,1506,1508,1510,1512,1514,1517,1519,1522,1525,1528,1530,1532],{"class":957,"line":1507},6,[637,1509,962],{"class":961},[637,1511,966],{"class":965},[637,1513,1465],{"class":1436},[637,1515,1516],{"class":974},"\"En hexa  : ",[637,1518,1471],{"class":961},[637,1520,1521],{"class":965},"octets.hex(",[637,1523,1524],{"class":974},"' '",[637,1526,1527],{"class":965},")",[637,1529,1477],{"class":961},[637,1531,798],{"class":974},[637,1533,1455],{"class":965},[637,1535,1537,1539,1541,1543,1546,1549,1552,1554,1557,1559,1562,1564,1567],{"class":957,"line":1536},7,[637,1538,962],{"class":961},[637,1540,966],{"class":965},[637,1542,1465],{"class":1436},[637,1544,1545],{"class":974},"\"Longueur : ",[637,1547,1548],{"class":961},"{len",[637,1550,1551],{"class":965},"(octets)",[637,1553,1477],{"class":961},[637,1555,1556],{"class":974}," octets pour ",[637,1558,1548],{"class":961},[637,1560,1561],{"class":965},"(mot)",[637,1563,1477],{"class":961},[637,1565,1566],{"class":974}," caractères\"",[637,1568,1455],{"class":965},[598,1570,1571],{},"Sortie attendue :",[947,1573,1578],{"className":1574,"code":1576,"language":1577},[1575],"language-text","Chaîne   : café\nOctets   : b'caf\\xc3\\xa9'\nEn hexa  : 63 61 66 c3 a9\nLongueur : 5 octets pour 4 caractères\n","text",[792,1579,1576],{"__ignoreMap":952},[924,1581,1582],{},[598,1583,1584,1585,1588,1589,1592,1593,1596,1597,1600,1601,1604,1605,795,1607,795,1609,1611],{},"Le préfixe ",[792,1586,1587],{},"b'...'"," signale à Python que l'objet est une ",[602,1590,1591],{},"suite d'octets","\n(",[792,1594,1595],{},"bytes",") — pas une chaîne de caractères. Les octets non imprimables comme\n",[792,1598,1599],{},"0xC3"," sont affichés sous la forme ",[792,1602,1603],{},"\\xc3"," ; les octets correspondant à des\nlettres ASCII sont affichés tels quels (",[792,1606,1041],{},[792,1608,842],{},[792,1610,1465],{},").",[598,1613,1614,1615,1617,1618,1621,1622,1625],{},"Le ",[792,1616,1031],{}," occupe ",[602,1619,1620],{},"2 octets"," en UTF-8 alors qu'il n'occupe ",[602,1623,1624],{},"qu'un seul caractère\nlogique"," dans la chaîne Python.",[1044,1627,1629,1638],{"correct":661,"slug":1628},"textes-encodages-c2",[1049,1630,1631],{"v-slot:question":952},[598,1632,1633,1634,1637],{},"Combien d'octets occupe la chaîne ",[792,1635,1636],{},"\\\"é\\\""," en UTF-8 ?",[1049,1639,1640],{"v-slot:choices":952},[1060,1641,1642,1644,1646,1649],{},[1063,1643,1046],{},[1063,1645,661],{},[1063,1647,1648],{},"3",[1063,1650,1651],{},"4",[593,1653,1655],{"id":1654},"le-bug-classique-des-encodages-mélangés","Le bug classique des encodages mélangés",[598,1657,1658,1659,1662,1663,1056],{},"Imaginez un fichier ",[792,1660,1661],{},"notes.txt"," enregistré en UTF-8 par votre éditeur de texte.\nVous l'ouvrez ensuite avec un logiciel qui croit lire de l'ISO-8859-1. Que se\npasse-t-il pour le mot ",[792,1664,1665],{},"café",[1060,1667,1668,1678],{},[1063,1669,1670,1671,1673,1674,1677],{},"En UTF-8, ",[792,1672,1031],{}," est stocké comme les octets ",[792,1675,1676],{},"0xC3 0xA9",".",[1063,1679,1680,1681,1684,1685,1688],{},"Lus en ISO-8859-1, ces deux octets sont interprétés comme deux caractères\nséparés : ",[792,1682,1683],{},"Ã"," (code 195) et ",[792,1686,1687],{},"©"," (code 169).",[598,1690,1691,1692,1694,1695,1697],{},"Résultat à l'écran : ",[792,1693,1665],{}," devient ",[792,1696,1665],{},". C'est le signe quasi universel\nd'un fichier UTF-8 mal interprété.",[1699,1700,1701],"warning",{},[598,1702,1703,1704,795,1707,1710,1711,1714,1715,1677],{},"Quand vous voyez des séquences comme ",[792,1705,1706],{},"é",[792,1708,1709],{},"à "," ou ",[792,1712,1713],{},"ç"," à la place d'accents,\nc'est presque toujours un fichier UTF-8 lu comme ISO-8859-1. Le contenu n'est\npas corrompu — il est juste ",[602,1716,1717],{},"mal interprété",[593,1719,1721],{"id":1720},"en-python-préciser-lencodage-à-louverture","En Python — préciser l'encodage à l'ouverture",[598,1723,1724],{},"Python permet de préciser l'encodage à l'ouverture d'un fichier :",[947,1726,1728],{"className":949,"code":1727,"language":951,"meta":952,"style":952},"# Lecture explicite en UTF-8\nwith open(\"notes.txt\", encoding=\"utf-8\") as f:\n    contenu = f.read()\n\n# Conversion en bytes puis dans un autre encodage\ntexte = \"café\"\noctets_utf8 = texte.encode(\"utf-8\")     # b'caf\\xc3\\xa9'\noctets_latin = texte.encode(\"latin-1\")  # b'caf\\xe9'\n",[792,1729,1730,1735,1767,1777,1783,1788,1797,1815],{"__ignoreMap":952},[637,1731,1732],{"class":957,"line":958},[637,1733,1734],{"class":981},"# Lecture explicite en UTF-8\n",[637,1736,1737,1740,1743,1745,1748,1750,1754,1756,1758,1761,1764],{"class":957,"line":985},[637,1738,1739],{"class":1436},"with",[637,1741,1742],{"class":961}," open",[637,1744,966],{"class":965},[637,1746,1747],{"class":974},"\"notes.txt\"",[637,1749,795],{"class":965},[637,1751,1753],{"class":1752},"sP4rz","encoding",[637,1755,668],{"class":1436},[637,1757,1452],{"class":974},[637,1759,1760],{"class":965},") ",[637,1762,1763],{"class":1436},"as",[637,1765,1766],{"class":965}," f:\n",[637,1768,1769,1772,1774],{"class":957,"line":1005},[637,1770,1771],{"class":965},"    contenu ",[637,1773,668],{"class":1436},[637,1775,1776],{"class":965}," f.read()\n",[637,1778,1779],{"class":957,"line":1458},[637,1780,1782],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1781},true,"\n",[637,1784,1785],{"class":957,"line":1484},[637,1786,1787],{"class":981},"# Conversion en bytes puis dans un autre encodage\n",[637,1789,1790,1793,1795],{"class":957,"line":1507},[637,1791,1792],{"class":965},"texte ",[637,1794,668],{"class":1436},[637,1796,1439],{"class":974},[637,1798,1799,1802,1804,1807,1809,1812],{"class":957,"line":1536},[637,1800,1801],{"class":965},"octets_utf8 ",[637,1803,668],{"class":1436},[637,1805,1806],{"class":965}," texte.encode(",[637,1808,1452],{"class":974},[637,1810,1811],{"class":965},")     ",[637,1813,1814],{"class":981},"# b'caf\\xc3\\xa9'\n",[637,1816,1818,1821,1823,1825,1828,1831],{"class":957,"line":1817},8,[637,1819,1820],{"class":965},"octets_latin ",[637,1822,668],{"class":1436},[637,1824,1806],{"class":965},[637,1826,1827],{"class":974},"\"latin-1\"",[637,1829,1830],{"class":965},")  ",[637,1832,1833],{"class":981},"# b'caf\\xe9'\n",[598,1835,1836,1837,1840],{},"Inversement, ",[792,1838,1839],{},"decode()"," reconstruit la chaîne à partir des octets, en précisant\nl'encodage utilisé.",[947,1842,1844],{"className":949,"code":1843,"language":951,"meta":952,"style":952},"octets = b'caf\\xc3\\xa9'\nprint(octets.decode(\"utf-8\"))    # 'café' — correct\nprint(octets.decode(\"latin-1\"))  # 'café' — buggué\n",[792,1845,1846,1864,1878],{"__ignoreMap":952},[637,1847,1848,1850,1852,1855,1858,1861],{"class":957,"line":958},[637,1849,1444],{"class":965},[637,1851,668],{"class":1436},[637,1853,1854],{"class":1436}," b",[637,1856,1857],{"class":974},"'caf",[637,1859,1860],{"class":961},"\\xc3\\xa9",[637,1862,1863],{"class":974},"'\n",[637,1865,1866,1868,1871,1873,1875],{"class":957,"line":985},[637,1867,962],{"class":961},[637,1869,1870],{"class":965},"(octets.decode(",[637,1872,1452],{"class":974},[637,1874,999],{"class":965},[637,1876,1877],{"class":981},"# 'café' — correct\n",[637,1879,1880,1882,1884,1886,1889],{"class":957,"line":1005},[637,1881,962],{"class":961},[637,1883,1870],{"class":965},[637,1885,1827],{"class":974},[637,1887,1888],{"class":965},"))  ",[637,1890,1891],{"class":981},"# 'café' — buggué\n",[593,1893,1895],{"id":1894},"pièges-courants","Pièges courants",[1699,1897,1898],{},[1060,1899,1900,1911,1928],{},[1063,1901,1902,1903,1906,1907,1910],{},"Toujours ",[602,1904,1905],{},"préciser l'encodage"," quand vous ouvrez un fichier texte\n(",[792,1908,1909],{},"open(\"fichier.txt\", encoding=\"utf-8\")","). Les valeurs par défaut varient\nd'un OS à l'autre.",[1063,1912,1913,1914,1916,1917,1920,1921,626,1924,1927],{},"Le nombre d'",[602,1915,1498],{}," d'une chaîne (",[792,1918,1919],{},"len(s.encode())",") n'est pas forcément\nle nombre de ",[602,1922,1923],{},"caractères",[792,1925,1926],{},"len(s)",") — vrai uniquement en ASCII.",[1063,1929,1930],{},"Un caractère emoji peut occuper jusqu'à 4 octets en UTF-8, et certains\ncombinent plusieurs code points (famille, drapeaux…).",[593,1932,1934],{"id":1933},"pour-aller-plus-loin","Pour aller plus loin",[598,1936,1937],{},"UTF-8 n'est pas le seul encodage Unicode. UTF-16 est utilisé en interne par\nJava, JavaScript et Windows ; UTF-32 (4 octets par caractère, fixe) est rare\nmais simple. Le Web s'est concentré sur UTF-8 pour sa compacité et sa\nrétrocompatibilité ASCII — c'est aujourd'hui le standard de facto.",[1939,1940,1941],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .sBjJW, html code.shiki .sBjJW{--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sxrX7, html code.shiki .sxrX7{--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sIIMD, html code.shiki .sIIMD{--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sCsY4, html code.shiki .sCsY4{--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .s8jYJ, html code.shiki .s8jYJ{--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sP4rz, html code.shiki .sP4rz{--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-default:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70}",{"title":952,"searchDepth":985,"depth":985,"links":1943},[1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952],{"id":595,"depth":985,"text":596},{"id":618,"depth":985,"text":619},{"id":1076,"depth":985,"text":1077},{"id":1179,"depth":985,"text":1180},{"id":1308,"depth":985,"text":1309},{"id":1654,"depth":985,"text":1655},{"id":1720,"depth":985,"text":1721},{"id":1894,"depth":985,"text":1895},{"id":1933,"depth":985,"text":1934},"Comment la machine représente des caractères, et pourquoi un mauvais encodage transforme « café » en « café ».",null,"md",{},[1958,1963],{"slug":1047,"kind":1959,"question":1960,"choices":1961,"correct":1046,"multi":1962,"explanation":952},"qcm","Quel est le code ASCII de la lettre Z ?",[1065,1068,888,1073],false,{"slug":1628,"kind":1959,"question":1964,"choices":1965,"correct":661,"multi":1962,"explanation":952},"Combien d'octets occupe la chaîne \\\"é\\\" en UTF-8 ?",[1046,661,1648,1651],{"title":275,"description":1953},"rohEeSq4sjpiIUwb-VoySg5X5AvihJ1DA5e1fyhmuOw",{"id":1969,"title":1970,"bo":1971,"body":1972,"description":2250,"eval":1954,"extension":1955,"labo":1954,"meta":2251,"navigation":1962,"path":2252,"quizzes":2253,"readingTime":958,"seo":2254,"stem":2255,"tp":1954,"__hash__":2256},"coursMemo\u002F1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F4.textes-encodages.memo.md","Textes et encodages — l'essentiel",[588],{"type":590,"value":1973,"toc":2243},[1974,1978,1984,1988,2027,2031,2105,2107,2131,2135,2240],[593,1975,1977],{"id":1976},"en-une-phrase","En une phrase",[598,1979,1980,1981,1983],{},"Un ",[602,1982,1304],{}," associe à chaque caractère une suite d'octets — différents\nencodages traduisent les mêmes caractères différemment, d'où les bugs quand on\nmélange.",[593,1985,1987],{"id":1986},"à-mémoriser","À mémoriser",[1060,1989,1990,1995,2000,2010,2015],{},[1063,1991,1992,1994],{},[602,1993,625],{}," : 7 bits, 128 caractères. Lettres latines non accentuées,\nchiffres, ponctuation. Pas d'accents.",[1063,1996,1997,1999],{},[602,1998,1082],{}," (Latin-1) : 8 bits, ASCII + caractères d'Europe de l'Ouest.",[1063,2001,2002,2004,2005,2007,2008,1677],{},[602,2003,1185],{}," : catalogue universel — chaque caractère a un ",[628,2006,1196],{}," ",[792,2009,1200],{},[1063,2011,2012,2014],{},[602,2013,1314],{}," : encodage Unicode dominant. 1 à 4 octets par caractère.\nRétrocompatible ASCII.",[1063,2016,2017,2018,2020,2021,2023,2024,2026],{},"Codes ASCII clés : ",[792,2019,828],{}," = 65, ",[792,2022,842],{}," = 97, ",[792,2025,813],{}," = 48, espace = 32.",[593,2028,2030],{"id":2029},"à-savoir-reconnaître","À savoir reconnaître",[756,2032,2033,2043],{},[759,2034,2035],{},[762,2036,2037,2040],{},[765,2038,2039],{},"Situation",[765,2041,2042],{},"Action à mener",[772,2044,2045,2055,2065,2075,2085,2095],{},[762,2046,2047,2052],{},[777,2048,2049,2051],{},[792,2050,1665],{}," apparaît dans le texte",[777,2053,2054],{},"Fichier UTF-8 lu comme ISO-8859-1.",[762,2056,2057,2060],{},[777,2058,2059],{},"Ouvrir un fichier texte en Python",[777,2061,2062,1677],{},[792,2063,2064],{},"open(..., encoding=\"utf-8\")",[762,2066,2067,2070],{},[777,2068,2069],{},"Convertir une chaîne en octets",[777,2071,2072,1677],{},[792,2073,2074],{},"s.encode(\"utf-8\")",[762,2076,2077,2080],{},[777,2078,2079],{},"Convertir des octets en chaîne",[777,2081,2082,1677],{},[792,2083,2084],{},"b.decode(\"utf-8\")",[762,2086,2087,2090],{},[777,2088,2089],{},"Récupérer le code d'un caractère",[777,2091,2092,1677],{},[792,2093,2094],{},"ord(c)",[762,2096,2097,2100],{},[777,2098,2099],{},"Récupérer le caractère d'un code",[777,2101,2102,1677],{},[792,2103,2104],{},"chr(n)",[593,2106,1895],{"id":1894},[1060,2108,2109,2117,2124],{},[1063,2110,1670,2111,2113,2114,2116],{},[792,2112,1926],{}," (nb caractères) ≠ ",[792,2115,1919],{}," (nb octets).",[1063,2118,2119,2120,2123],{},"ISO-8859-1 ne contient pas tous les caractères français (le ",[792,2121,2122],{},"œ",", par\nexemple, n'y est pas).",[1063,2125,2126,2127,2130],{},"Toujours préciser ",[792,2128,2129],{},"encoding=\"utf-8\""," à l'ouverture d'un fichier texte.",[593,2132,2134],{"id":2133},"syntaxe-python","Syntaxe Python",[947,2136,2138],{"className":949,"code":2137,"language":951,"meta":952,"style":952},"ord('é')                # 233\nchr(233)                # 'é'\n\"café\".encode(\"utf-8\")  # b'caf\\xc3\\xa9'\nb'caf\\xc3\\xa9'.decode(\"utf-8\")  # 'café'\n\nwith open(\"notes.txt\", encoding=\"utf-8\") as f:\n    contenu = f.read()\n",[792,2139,2140,2155,2168,2182,2204,2208,2232],{"__ignoreMap":952},[637,2141,2142,2144,2146,2149,2152],{"class":957,"line":958},[637,2143,969],{"class":961},[637,2145,966],{"class":965},[637,2147,2148],{"class":974},"'é'",[637,2150,2151],{"class":965},")                ",[637,2153,2154],{"class":981},"# 233\n",[637,2156,2157,2159,2161,2163,2165],{"class":957,"line":985},[637,2158,992],{"class":961},[637,2160,966],{"class":965},[637,2162,1129],{"class":961},[637,2164,2151],{"class":965},[637,2166,2167],{"class":981},"# 'é'\n",[637,2169,2170,2173,2176,2178,2180],{"class":957,"line":1005},[637,2171,2172],{"class":974},"\"café\"",[637,2174,2175],{"class":965},".encode(",[637,2177,1452],{"class":974},[637,2179,1830],{"class":965},[637,2181,1814],{"class":981},[637,2183,2184,2187,2189,2191,2194,2197,2199,2201],{"class":957,"line":1458},[637,2185,2186],{"class":1436},"b",[637,2188,1857],{"class":974},[637,2190,1860],{"class":961},[637,2192,2193],{"class":974},"'",[637,2195,2196],{"class":965},".decode(",[637,2198,1452],{"class":974},[637,2200,1830],{"class":965},[637,2202,2203],{"class":981},"# 'café'\n",[637,2205,2206],{"class":957,"line":1484},[637,2207,1782],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1781},[637,2209,2210,2212,2214,2216,2218,2220,2222,2224,2226,2228,2230],{"class":957,"line":1507},[637,2211,1739],{"class":1436},[637,2213,1742],{"class":961},[637,2215,966],{"class":965},[637,2217,1747],{"class":974},[637,2219,795],{"class":965},[637,2221,1753],{"class":1752},[637,2223,668],{"class":1436},[637,2225,1452],{"class":974},[637,2227,1760],{"class":965},[637,2229,1763],{"class":1436},[637,2231,1766],{"class":965},[637,2233,2234,2236,2238],{"class":957,"line":1536},[637,2235,1771],{"class":965},[637,2237,668],{"class":1436},[637,2239,1776],{"class":965},[1939,2241,2242],{},"html pre.shiki code .sBjJW, html code.shiki .sBjJW{--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sxrX7, html code.shiki .sxrX7{--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sIIMD, html code.shiki .sIIMD{--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sCsY4, html code.shiki .sCsY4{--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D}html pre.shiki code .s8jYJ, html code.shiki .s8jYJ{--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sP4rz, html code.shiki .sP4rz{--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-default:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}",{"title":952,"searchDepth":985,"depth":985,"links":2244},[2245,2246,2247,2248,2249],{"id":1976,"depth":985,"text":1977},{"id":1986,"depth":985,"text":1987},{"id":2029,"depth":985,"text":2030},{"id":1894,"depth":985,"text":1895},{"id":2133,"depth":985,"text":2134},"Mémo de révision sur ASCII, ISO-8859-1, Unicode et UTF-8.",{},"\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002Ftextes-encodages.memo",[],{"title":1970,"description":2250},"1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F4.textes-encodages.memo","IOyQuG9fETr1PKFvuODWLQCg847LsYpHuWqcOP6Tnt8",{"id":2258,"title":2259,"body":2260,"description":2601,"extension":1955,"meta":2602,"navigation":1962,"path":2603,"seo":2604,"stem":2605,"__hash__":2606},"coursSlides\u002F1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F4.textes-encodages.slides.md","Textes et encodages — diapositives",{"type":590,"value":2261,"toc":2599},[2262,2267,2270,2273,2277,2280,2324,2333,2335,2339,2342,2354,2357,2359,2363,2366,2369,2371,2375,2381,2433,2435,2439,2442,2444,2464,2466,2470,2473,2480,2494,2496,2504,2569,2571,2575,2582,2584,2588,2596],[2263,2264,2266],"h1",{"id":2265},"textes-et-encodages","Textes et encodages",[598,2268,2269],{},"Comment la machine stocke-t-elle un mot, un emoji, un idéogramme ?",[2271,2272],"hr",{},[2263,2274,2276],{"id":2275},"ascii-1963","ASCII — 1963",[598,2278,2279],{},"7 bits, 128 caractères.",[756,2281,2282,2291],{},[759,2283,2284],{},[762,2285,2286,2288],{},[765,2287,857],{},[765,2289,2290],{},"Code",[772,2292,2293,2301,2309,2317],{},[762,2294,2295,2299],{},[777,2296,2297],{},[792,2298,828],{},[777,2300,874],{},[762,2302,2303,2307],{},[777,2304,2305],{},[792,2306,842],{},[777,2308,888],{},[762,2310,2311,2315],{},[777,2312,2313],{},[792,2314,813],{},[777,2316,902],{},[762,2318,2319,2322],{},[777,2320,2321],{},"espace",[777,2323,917],{},[598,2325,2326,2327,795,2329,795,2331,1677],{},"Pas d'accents. Pas de ",[792,2328,1031],{},[792,2330,1034],{},[792,2332,1037],{},[2271,2334],{},[2263,2336,2338],{"id":2337},"iso-8859-1-latin-1","ISO-8859-1 (Latin-1)",[598,2340,2341],{},"8 bits → 128 + 128 = 256 caractères.",[598,2343,2344,2345,2347,2348,2350,2351,2353],{},"Couvre l'Europe de l'Ouest : ",[792,2346,1031],{}," = 233, ",[792,2349,1034],{}," = 224, ",[792,2352,1037],{}," = 231.",[598,2355,2356],{},"Rétrocompatible ASCII.",[2271,2358],{},[2263,2360,2362],{"id":2361},"limite-des-encodages-historiques","Limite des encodages historiques",[598,2364,2365],{},"Multiplicité : ISO-8859-2 (Europe centrale), ISO-8859-5 (cyrillique), Shift JIS\n(japonais)…",[598,2367,2368],{},"→ Un même octet ne signifie plus la même chose selon le contexte.",[2271,2370],{},[2263,2372,2374],{"id":2373},"unicode-catalogue-universel","Unicode — catalogue universel",[598,2376,1193,2377,2007,2379,1677],{},[602,2378,1196],{},[792,2380,1200],{},[756,2382,2383,2391],{},[759,2384,2385],{},[762,2386,2387,2389],{},[765,2388,857],{},[765,2390,1216],{},[772,2392,2393,2403,2413,2423],{},[762,2394,2395,2399],{},[777,2396,2397],{},[792,2398,828],{},[777,2400,2401],{},[792,2402,1232],{},[762,2404,2405,2409],{},[777,2406,2407],{},[792,2408,1031],{},[777,2410,2411],{},[792,2412,1245],{},[762,2414,2415,2419],{},[777,2416,2417],{},[792,2418,1270],{},[777,2420,2421],{},[792,2422,1276],{},[762,2424,2425,2429],{},[777,2426,2427],{},[792,2428,1286],{},[777,2430,2431],{},[792,2432,1291],{},[2271,2434],{},[2263,2436,2438],{"id":2437},"utf-8-lencodage-dominant","UTF-8 — l'encodage dominant",[598,2440,2441],{},"1 à 4 octets par caractère.",[598,2443,2356],{},[947,2445,2447],{"className":949,"code":2446,"language":951,"meta":952,"style":952},"\"café\".encode(\"utf-8\")\n# b'caf\\xc3\\xa9' — 5 octets pour 4 caractères\n",[792,2448,2449,2459],{"__ignoreMap":952},[637,2450,2451,2453,2455,2457],{"class":957,"line":958},[637,2452,2172],{"class":974},[637,2454,2175],{"class":965},[637,2456,1452],{"class":974},[637,2458,1455],{"class":965},[637,2460,2461],{"class":957,"line":985},[637,2462,2463],{"class":981},"# b'caf\\xc3\\xa9' — 5 octets pour 4 caractères\n",[2271,2465],{},[2263,2467,2469],{"id":2468},"le-bug-classique","Le bug classique",[598,2471,2472],{},"UTF-8 lu comme ISO-8859-1 :",[598,2474,2475,2477,2478],{},[792,2476,1665],{}," → ",[792,2479,1665],{},[598,2481,2482,2483,2485,2486,2488,2489,2491,2492,1611],{},"Octets ",[792,2484,1382],{}," interprétés comme deux caractères (",[792,2487,1683],{}," + ",[792,2490,1687],{},") au lieu d'un (",[792,2493,1031],{},[2271,2495],{},[2263,2497,2499,2500,941,2502],{"id":2498},"python-ord-et-chr","Python — ",[792,2501,969],{},[792,2503,992],{},[947,2505,2507],{"className":949,"code":2506,"language":951,"meta":952,"style":952},"ord('A')   # 65\nchr(233)   # 'é'\n\n# Encoder \u002F décoder\n\"café\".encode(\"utf-8\")\nb'caf\\xc3\\xa9'.decode(\"utf-8\")\n",[792,2508,2509,2522,2534,2538,2543,2553],{"__ignoreMap":952},[637,2510,2511,2513,2515,2517,2520],{"class":957,"line":958},[637,2512,969],{"class":961},[637,2514,966],{"class":965},[637,2516,975],{"class":974},[637,2518,2519],{"class":965},")   ",[637,2521,982],{"class":981},[637,2523,2524,2526,2528,2530,2532],{"class":957,"line":985},[637,2525,992],{"class":961},[637,2527,966],{"class":965},[637,2529,1129],{"class":961},[637,2531,2519],{"class":965},[637,2533,2167],{"class":981},[637,2535,2536],{"class":957,"line":1005},[637,2537,1782],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1781},[637,2539,2540],{"class":957,"line":1458},[637,2541,2542],{"class":981},"# Encoder \u002F décoder\n",[637,2544,2545,2547,2549,2551],{"class":957,"line":1484},[637,2546,2172],{"class":974},[637,2548,2175],{"class":965},[637,2550,1452],{"class":974},[637,2552,1455],{"class":965},[637,2554,2555,2557,2559,2561,2563,2565,2567],{"class":957,"line":1507},[637,2556,2186],{"class":1436},[637,2558,1857],{"class":974},[637,2560,1860],{"class":961},[637,2562,2193],{"class":974},[637,2564,2196],{"class":965},[637,2566,1452],{"class":974},[637,2568,1455],{"class":965},[2271,2570],{},[2263,2572,2574],{"id":2573},"schéma-à-dessiner-au-tableau","Schéma à dessiner au tableau",[2576,2577],"illustration",{"alt":2578,"kind":2579,"src":2580,"svg":2581},"Pipeline d'encodage : la chaîne 'café' encodée en UTF-8 donne les octets b'caf\\xc3\\xa9' ; décodés en UTF-8 on retrouve 'café' (correct), décodés en latin-1 on obtient 'café' (bug)","mermaid","\u002Fillustrations\u002F1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002Fencodage-pipeline.svg","\u003Csvg id=\"ill-1-nsi-1ere-pb-types-valeurs-encodage-pipeline\" 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