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Web","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002Fhistoire-web","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F1.histoire-web",{"title":47,"path":48,"stem":49},"URL et hypertexte","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002Furl-hypertexte","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F2.url-hypertexte",{"title":51,"path":52,"stem":53},"HTML et CSS — le contenu et la présentation","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002Fhtml-css","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F3.html-css",{"title":55,"path":56,"stem":57},"Client-serveur et requêtes HTTP","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002Fclient-serveur-http","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F4.client-serveur-http",{"title":59,"path":60,"stem":61},"Moteurs de recherche","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002Fmoteurs-recherche","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F5.moteurs-recherche",{"title":63,"path":64,"stem":65},"Sécurité du navigateur et notions juridiques","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002Fsecurite-droits","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsb-web\u002F6.securite-droits",{"title":67,"path":68,"stem":69,"children":70},"Les réseaux 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tables","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002Ftraitement-tables","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F4.traitement-tables",{"title":115,"path":116,"stem":117},"Le cloud","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002Fcloud","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsd-donnees-structurees\u002F5.cloud",{"title":119,"path":120,"stem":121,"children":122},"Localisation, cartographie et mobilité","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F0.index",[123,124,128,132,136,140],{"title":119,"path":120,"stem":121},{"title":125,"path":126,"stem":127},"GPS et Galileo — se situer grâce aux satellites","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fgps-galileo","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F1.gps-galileo",{"title":129,"path":130,"stem":131},"Décoder une trame NMEA","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Ftrame-nmea","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F2.trame-nmea",{"title":133,"path":134,"stem":135},"Cartes numériques — GeoPortail et OpenStreetMap","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fcartes-numeriques","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F3.cartes-numeriques",{"title":137,"path":138,"stem":139},"Itinéraires et graphes","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fitineraires-graphes","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F4.itineraires-graphes",{"title":141,"path":142,"stem":143},"Confidentialité de la position","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002Fconfidentialite-position","0.snt-2nde\u002Fse-localisation-cartographie\u002F5.confidentialite-position",{"title":145,"path":146,"stem":147,"children":148},"Informatique embarquée et objets connectés","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F0.index",[149,150,154,158],{"title":145,"path":146,"stem":147},{"title":151,"path":152,"stem":153},"Systèmes informatiques embarqués","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002Fsystemes-embarques","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F1.systemes-embarques",{"title":155,"path":156,"stem":157},"Capteurs et actionneurs","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002Fcapteurs-actionneurs","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F2.capteurs-actionneurs",{"title":159,"path":160,"stem":161},"IHM et objets connectés","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002Fihm-objet-connecte","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsf-info-embarquee\u002F3.ihm-objet-connecte",{"title":163,"path":164,"stem":165,"children":166},"Photographie numérique","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F0.index",[167,168,172,176,180],{"title":163,"path":164,"stem":165},{"title":169,"path":170,"stem":171},"Photosites, pixels et résolution","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Fpixels-resolution","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F1.pixels-resolution",{"title":173,"path":174,"stem":175},"Les algorithmes de l'appareil photo","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Falgorithmes-photo","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F2.algorithmes-photo",{"title":177,"path":178,"stem":179},"Les métadonnées EXIF","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Fmetadonnees-exif","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F3.metadonnees-exif",{"title":181,"path":182,"stem":183},"Traiter une image en Python","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002Ftraitement-rgb","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsg-photo-numerique\u002F4.traitement-rgb",{"title":185,"path":186,"stem":187,"children":188},"Notions transversales de programmation","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F0.index",[189,190,194,198,202],{"title":185,"path":186,"stem":187},{"title":191,"path":192,"stem":193},"Séquences d'instructions et variables","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Fsequences-affectations","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F1.sequences-affectations",{"title":195,"path":196,"stem":197},"Instructions conditionnelles","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Fconditionnelles","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F2.conditionnelles",{"title":199,"path":200,"stem":201},"Boucles bornées et non bornées","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Fboucles","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F3.boucles",{"title":203,"path":204,"stem":205},"Définitions et appels de fonctions","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002Ffonctions","0.snt-2nde\u002Fsh-prog-notions\u002F4.fonctions",{"title":207,"path":208,"stem":209,"children":210},"Démo des widgets MDC","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F0.index",[211,212,216,220],{"title":207,"path":208,"stem":209},{"title":213,"path":214,"stem":215},"Démo statique — callouts, code, BO, illustration","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002Fstatique","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F1.statique",{"title":217,"path":218,"stem":219},"Démo interactive — self-eval et python-snippet","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002Finteractif","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F2.interactif",{"title":221,"path":222,"stem":223},"Démo · 14 widgets de manipulation NSI","\u002Fsnt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002Fwidgets-manipulation","0.snt-2nde\u002Fzz-demo-widgets\u002F3.widgets-manipulation",{"title":225,"path":226,"stem":227,"children":228},"NSI — Première","\u002Fnsi-1ere","1.nsi-1ere\u002F0.index",[229,230,234,256,282,304,328,354,380,410],{"title":225,"path":226,"stem":227},{"title":231,"path":232,"stem":233},"Relecture pédagogique — 8 chapitres NSI 1ère (PA → PH)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Freview","1.nsi-1ere\u002FREVIEW",{"title":235,"path":236,"stem":237,"children":238},"Histoire de l'informatique","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F0.index",[239,240,244,248,252],{"title":235,"path":236,"stem":237},{"title":241,"path":242,"stem":243},"De la préantiquité aux machines à calculer","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Fpreantiquite-aux-machines","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F1.preantiquite-aux-machines",{"title":245,"path":246,"stem":247},"La machine universelle (1930-1950)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Fmachine-universelle","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F2.machine-universelle",{"title":249,"path":250,"stem":251},"Les ordinateurs modernes (1947-1990)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Fordinateurs-modernes","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F3.ordinateurs-modernes",{"title":253,"path":254,"stem":255},"Réseaux, Web et IA (1969 à aujourd'hui)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Freseaux-et-web","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F4.reseaux-et-web",{"title":257,"path":258,"stem":259,"children":260},"Représentation des données — types et valeurs","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F0.index",[261,262,266,270,274,278],{"title":257,"path":258,"stem":259},{"title":263,"path":264,"stem":265},"Bases de numération et entiers positifs","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002Fbases-entiers-positifs","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F1.bases-entiers-positifs",{"title":267,"path":268,"stem":269},"Entiers relatifs et complément à deux","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002Fentiers-relatifs","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpb-types-valeurs\u002F2.entiers-relatifs",{"title":271,"path":272,"stem":273},"Nombres flottants et virgule 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compréhension","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002Fcomprehension","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002F2.comprehension",{"title":297,"path":298,"stem":299},"Tuples et p-uplets nommés","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002Ftuples","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002F3.tuples",{"title":301,"path":302,"stem":303},"Dictionnaires","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002Fdictionnaires","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpc-types-construits\u002F4.dictionnaires",{"title":305,"path":306,"stem":307,"children":308},"Traitement de données en tables","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F0.index",[309,310,314,318,322],{"title":305,"path":306,"stem":307},{"title":311,"path":312,"stem":313},"Tables et CSV","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Ftables-csv","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F1.tables-csv",{"title":315,"path":316,"stem":317},"Recherche et filtrage","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Frecherche","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F2.recherche",{"title":319,"path":320,"stem":321},"Trier une table","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Ftri","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F3.tri",{"title":323,"path":324,"stem":325,"children":326},"Fusion et indexation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002Ffusion-indexation","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpd-tables-donnees\u002F4.fusion-indexation",[327],{"title":323,"path":324,"stem":325},{"title":329,"path":330,"stem":331,"children":332},"IHM sur le Web","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F0.index",[333,334,338,342,346,350],{"title":329,"path":330,"stem":331},{"title":335,"path":336,"stem":337},"HTML et CSS — rappel de structure","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fhtml-css-bases","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F1.html-css-bases",{"title":339,"path":340,"stem":341},"Formulaires HTML","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fformulaires","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F2.formulaires",{"title":343,"path":344,"stem":345},"Événements JavaScript","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fevenements-js","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F3.evenements-js",{"title":347,"path":348,"stem":349},"Manipulation du DOM","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fdom-interaction","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F4.dom-interaction",{"title":351,"path":352,"stem":353},"Client, serveur et HTTP","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002Fclient-serveur-http","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpe-ihm-web\u002F5.client-serveur-http",{"title":355,"path":356,"stem":357,"children":358},"Architectures matérielles et systèmes d'exploitation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F0.index",[359,360,364,368,372,376],{"title":355,"path":356,"stem":357},{"title":361,"path":362,"stem":363},"Le modèle de von Neumann","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Fvon-neumann","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F1.von-neumann",{"title":365,"path":366,"stem":367},"Périphériques et interface homme-machine","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Fperipheriques-ihm","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F2.peripheriques-ihm",{"title":369,"path":370,"stem":371},"Les systèmes d'exploitation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Fsystemes-exploitation","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F3.systemes-exploitation",{"title":373,"path":374,"stem":375},"Linux et le shell","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Flinux-shell","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F4.linux-shell",{"title":377,"path":378,"stem":379},"Réseaux et protocoles","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002Freseaux","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpf-archi-os\u002F5.reseaux",{"title":381,"path":382,"stem":383,"children":384},"Langages et programmation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F0.index",[385,386,390,394,398,402,406],{"title":381,"path":382,"stem":383},{"title":387,"path":388,"stem":389},"Diversité et unité des langages de programmation","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fdiversite-langages","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F1.diversite-langages",{"title":391,"path":392,"stem":393},"Constructions élémentaires","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fconstructions-elementaires","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F2.constructions-elementaires",{"title":395,"path":396,"stem":397},"Fonctions","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Ffonctions","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F3.fonctions",{"title":399,"path":400,"stem":401},"Spécification d'une fonction","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fspecification","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F4.specification",{"title":403,"path":404,"stem":405},"Mise au point des programmes","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fmise-au-point","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F5.mise-au-point",{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409},"Utilisation de bibliothèques","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002Fbibliotheques","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpg-langages-prog\u002F6.bibliotheques",{"title":411,"path":412,"stem":413,"children":414},"Algorithmique","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F0.index",[415,416,420,424,428,432,436],{"title":411,"path":412,"stem":413},{"title":417,"path":418,"stem":419},"Parcours séquentiel d'un tableau","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fparcours-sequentiel","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F1.parcours-sequentiel",{"title":421,"path":422,"stem":423},"Bases de la complexité","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fcomplexite-bases","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F2.complexite-bases",{"title":425,"path":426,"stem":427},"Tris par sélection et par insertion","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Ftris","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F3.tris",{"title":429,"path":430,"stem":431},"Recherche dichotomique","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fdichotomie","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F4.dichotomie",{"title":433,"path":434,"stem":435},"Algorithmes gloutons","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fgloutons","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F5.gloutons",{"title":437,"path":438,"stem":439},"Les k plus proches voisins (k-NN)","\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002Fknn","1.nsi-1ere\u002Fph-algorithmique\u002F6.knn",{"title":441,"path":442,"stem":443,"children":444},"NSI — Terminale","\u002Fnsi-tale","2.nsi-tale\u002F0.index",[445,446,450,476,498,536,560],{"title":441,"path":442,"stem":443},{"title":447,"path":448,"stem":449},"Review pédagogique — chapitres NSI Terminale (TA, TB, TC, TD, TE)","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Freview","2.nsi-tale\u002FREVIEW",{"title":451,"path":452,"stem":453,"children":454},"Structures de données","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F0.index",[455,456,460,464,468,472],{"title":451,"path":452,"stem":453},{"title":457,"path":458,"stem":459},"Objet, classe, interface","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Finterface-implementation","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F1.interface-implementation",{"title":461,"path":462,"stem":463},"Implémenter une structure — l'exemple de la file FIFO","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Fimplementer-une-structure","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F2.implementer-une-structure",{"title":465,"path":466,"stem":467},"Listes, piles, files, dictionnaires","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Flistes-piles-files-dict","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F3.listes-piles-files-dict",{"title":469,"path":470,"stem":471},"Arbres binaires","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Farbres-binaires","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F4.arbres-binaires",{"title":473,"path":474,"stem":475},"Graphes","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002Fgraphes","2.nsi-tale\u002Fta-structures-donnees\u002F5.graphes",{"title":477,"path":478,"stem":479,"children":480},"Bases de données","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F0.index",[481,482,486,490,494],{"title":477,"path":478,"stem":479},{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Le modèle relationnel","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fmodele-relationnel","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F1.modele-relationnel",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Bases de données relationnelles et anomalies de schéma","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fbase-relationnelle","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F2.base-relationnelle",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Le langage SQL","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fsql","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F3.sql",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Les systèmes de gestion de bases de données","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002Fsgbd","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftb-bases-de-donnees\u002F4.sgbd",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501,"children":502},"Architectures matérielles, systèmes d'exploitation et réseaux","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F0.index",[503,504,508,512,516,520,524,528,532],{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},{"title":505,"path":506,"stem":507},"Le système sur puce (SoC)","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fsysteme-sur-puce","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F1.systeme-sur-puce",{"title":509,"path":510,"stem":511},"Processus et ordonnancement par l'OS","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fprocessus-os","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F2.processus-os",{"title":513,"path":514,"stem":515},"L'interblocage (deadlock)","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Finterblocage","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F3.interblocage",{"title":517,"path":518,"stem":519},"Principes du routage","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Froutage-principes","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F4.routage-principes",{"title":521,"path":522,"stem":523},"Protocoles de routage RIP et OSPF","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fprotocoles-rip-ospf","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F5.protocoles-rip-ospf",{"title":525,"path":526,"stem":527},"Chiffrement symétrique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fchiffrement-symetrique","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F6.chiffrement-symetrique",{"title":529,"path":530,"stem":531},"Chiffrement asymétrique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fchiffrement-asymetrique","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F7.chiffrement-asymetrique",{"title":533,"path":534,"stem":535},"HTTPS — l'échange de clé symétrique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002Fhttps-tls","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftc-archi-os-reseaux\u002F8.https-tls",{"title":381,"path":537,"stem":538,"children":539},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F0.index",[540,541,544,548,552,556],{"title":381,"path":537,"stem":538},{"title":403,"path":542,"stem":543},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fmise-au-point","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F1.mise-au-point",{"title":545,"path":546,"stem":547},"Modularité","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fmodularite","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F2.modularite",{"title":549,"path":550,"stem":551},"Récursivité","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Frecursivite","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F3.recursivite",{"title":553,"path":554,"stem":555},"Paradigmes de programmation","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fparadigmes","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F4.paradigmes",{"title":557,"path":558,"stem":559},"Programme comme donnée — calculabilité et indécidabilité","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002Fprogramme-comme-donnee","2.nsi-tale\u002Ftd-langages-prog\u002F5.programme-comme-donnee",{"title":411,"path":561,"stem":562,"children":563},"\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F0.index",[564,565,569,573,577,581],{"title":411,"path":561,"stem":562},{"title":566,"path":567,"stem":568},"Algorithmes sur les arbres binaires","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Farbres-binaires-algos","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F1.arbres-binaires-algos",{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"Parcours de graphes — DFS, BFS, cycles, chemins","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Fgraphes-parcours","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F2.graphes-parcours",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"Diviser pour régner","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Fdiviser-pour-regner","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F3.diviser-pour-regner",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Programmation dynamique","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Fprogrammation-dynamique","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F4.programmation-dynamique",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},"Recherche textuelle — l'algorithme de Boyer-Moore","\u002Fnsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002Frecherche-textuelle","2.nsi-tale\u002Fte-algorithmique\u002F5.recherche-textuelle",{"id":586,"title":249,"bo":587,"body":589,"description":983,"eval":984,"extension":985,"labo":984,"meta":986,"navigation":987,"path":250,"quizzes":988,"readingTime":995,"seo":996,"stem":251,"tp":984,"__hash__":997},"cours\u002F1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F3.ordinateurs-modernes.md",[588],"PA01",{"type":590,"value":591,"toc":974},"minimark",[592,597,617,621,648,654,661,678,682,696,707,759,786,790,822,826,833,837,859,878,905,924,943,947],[593,594,596],"h2",{"id":595},"introduction","Introduction",[598,599,600,601,605,606,609,610,613,614],"p",{},"À la fin des années 1940, l'ordinateur est un objet rare, énorme, fragile,\nréservé aux militaires et aux grandes universités. Quarante ans plus tard, il\ntient dans une mallette et se vend en grande surface. Trois ruptures\ntechnologiques expliquent cette miniaturisation spectaculaire : l'invention\ndu ",[602,603,604],"strong",{},"transistor",", l'apparition du ",[602,607,608],{},"circuit intégré",", puis la mise au point\ndu ",[602,611,612],{},"microprocesseur",". Trois entreprises — IBM, Apple, Microsoft — vont\nstructurer le marché qui en découle. ",[615,616],"bo-ref",{"code":588},[593,618,620],{"id":619},"le-transistor-1947-remplace-le-tube-à-vide","Le transistor (1947) remplace le tube à vide",[598,622,623,624,627,628,631,632,635,636,639,640,643,644,647],{},"En décembre 1947, trois chercheurs des ",[602,625,626],{},"Bell Laboratories"," — ",[602,629,630],{},"John\nBardeen",", ",[602,633,634],{},"Walter Brattain"," et ",[602,637,638],{},"William Shockley"," — démontrent le\nfonctionnement du premier ",[602,641,642],{},"transistor à pointes",". C'est un petit composant\nen germanium qui peut amplifier ou commuter un courant électrique. Comparé\nau ",[602,645,646],{},"tube à vide",", le transistor est plus petit, consomme cent fois moins\nd'énergie, ne chauffe pas comme un radiateur, et tombe rarement en panne.",[649,650],"illustration",{"alt":651,"kind":652,"prompt":653},"Premier transistor des Bell Labs","photo","Premier transistor de 1947 sur fond noir, vue macro montrant le boîtier et les trois pattes",[598,655,656,657,660],{},"Les premiers ordinateurs à transistors apparaissent dans les années 1950 :\nl'",[602,658,659],{},"IBM 7090"," (1959) inaugure l'ère des ordinateurs scientifiques rapides\nsans tube. Bardeen, Brattain et Shockley reçoivent le prix Nobel de physique\nen 1956 pour cette invention.",[662,663,664],"note",{},[598,665,666,669,670,673,674,677],{},[602,667,668],{},"À retenir"," : le transistor est l'",[602,671,672],{},"unité élémentaire"," de toute\nl'électronique numérique moderne. Un processeur d'ordinateur portable récent\nen contient ",[602,675,676],{},"plusieurs dizaines de milliards"," — gravés sur quelques\ncentimètres carrés de silicium.",[593,679,681],{"id":680},"le-circuit-intégré-1958","Le circuit intégré (1958)",[598,683,684,685,688,689,692,693,695],{},"Dix ans plus tard, ",[602,686,687],{},"Jack Kilby"," (Texas Instruments) et ",[602,690,691],{},"Robert Noyce","\n(Fairchild Semiconductor) inventent indépendamment le ",[602,694,608],{}," :\nplusieurs transistors gravés sur un même morceau de silicium et reliés entre\neux directement sur la puce. Plus besoin de souder les composants un par un.",[598,697,698,699,702,703,706],{},"La ",[602,700,701],{},"loi de Moore",", énoncée en 1965 par Gordon Moore (cofondateur d'Intel),\nprédit que ",[602,704,705],{},"le nombre de transistors d'un circuit intégré double tous les\ndeux ans environ"," à coût constant. Cette prédiction tient remarquablement\npendant plus de cinquante ans, et porte toute la croissance de la puissance\ninformatique.",[708,709,710,723],"table",{},[711,712,713],"thead",{},[714,715,716,720],"tr",{},[717,718,719],"th",{},"Année",[717,721,722],{},"Transistors par puce (ordre de grandeur)",[724,725,726,735,743,751],"tbody",{},[714,727,728,732],{},[729,730,731],"td",{},"1971 (Intel 4004)",[729,733,734],{},"2 300",[714,736,737,740],{},[729,738,739],{},"1985 (Intel 386)",[729,741,742],{},"275 000",[714,744,745,748],{},[729,746,747],{},"2000 (Pentium 4)",[729,749,750],{},"42 000 000",[714,752,753,756],{},[729,754,755],{},"2020 (Apple M1)",[729,757,758],{},"16 000 000 000",[760,761,764,771],"self-eval-qcm",{"correct":762,"slug":763},"1","ordinateurs-modernes-c1",[765,766,768],"template",{"v-slot:question":767},"",[598,769,770],{},"Que prédit la loi de Moore ?",[765,772,773],{"v-slot:choices":767},[774,775,776,780,783],"ul",{},[777,778,779],"li",{},"La vitesse d’un ordinateur double chaque année",[777,781,782],{},"Le nombre de transistors par puce double tous les deux ans environ",[777,784,785],{},"Le prix des ordinateurs double tous les cinq ans",[593,787,789],{"id":788},"le-microprocesseur-1971","Le microprocesseur (1971)",[598,791,792,793,796,797,800,801,631,804,635,807,810,811,814,815,817,818,821],{},"L'étape décisive est franchie en 1971 quand l'équipe d'",[602,794,795],{},"Intel"," autour de\n",[602,798,799],{},"Federico Faggin"," (avec ",[602,802,803],{},"Ted Hoff",[602,805,806],{},"Stanley Mazor",[602,808,809],{},"Masatoshi\nShima",", ingénieur de Busicom) met au point le ",[602,812,813],{},"4004"," — le premier\n",[602,816,612],{},", c'est-à-dire un processeur complet sur ",[602,819,820],{},"une seule\npuce",". L'idée semble évidente aujourd'hui ; elle ne l'était pas. Auparavant,\nun processeur était un assemblage de plusieurs cartes électroniques distinctes.",[649,823],{"alt":824,"kind":652,"prompt":825},"Microprocesseur Intel 4004","Microprocesseur Intel 4004 en gros plan, boîtier céramique blanc, pattes dorées sur les côtés",[598,827,828,829,832],{},"Le 4004 ouvre la voie aux ",[602,830,831],{},"ordinateurs personnels",". Quelques années plus\ntard, des hobbyistes peuvent acheter pour quelques centaines de dollars un\nmicroprocesseur, lui adjoindre un peu de mémoire et un clavier, et obtenir\nun ordinateur — chose impensable à l'époque de l'ENIAC.",[593,834,836],{"id":835},"lirruption-de-linformatique-personnelle-1976-1984","L'irruption de l'informatique personnelle (1976-1984)",[598,838,839,840,635,843,846,847,850,851,854,855,858],{},"En 1976, deux jeunes californiens, ",[602,841,842],{},"Steve Wozniak",[602,844,845],{},"Steve Jobs",",\nconstruisent dans un garage l'",[602,848,849],{},"Apple I",". L'année suivante, l'",[602,852,853],{},"Apple II","\ndevient le premier vrai succès commercial d'ordinateur personnel, avec\nclavier intégré, écran couleur et compatibilité avec un lecteur de disquettes\n(le ",[602,856,857],{},"Disk II",", proposé en option dès 1978).",[598,860,861,862,865,866,869,870,873,874,877],{},"Voyant le marché émerger, ",[602,863,864],{},"IBM"," — géant de l'informatique professionnelle —\nsort en 1981 son ",[602,867,868],{},"IBM PC",", propulsé par un microprocesseur Intel et un\nsystème d'exploitation acheté à une petite société, ",[602,871,872],{},"Microsoft",". IBM commet\nl'erreur stratégique de ne pas verrouiller l'architecture : des concurrents\npeuvent construire des ",[602,875,876],{},"PC compatibles"," légalement. C'est la naissance du\nmarché des « clones » et la fortune de Microsoft.",[879,880,883],"card",{"icon":881,"title":882},"i-lucide-triangle","Le triangle Apple \u002F IBM \u002F Microsoft",[774,884,885,891,896],{},[777,886,887,890],{},[602,888,889],{},"Apple"," mise sur une architecture intégrée et propriétaire — matériel\net logiciel produits par la même entreprise.",[777,892,893,895],{},[602,894,864],{}," ouvre la plateforme PC sans le vouloir ; le matériel devient une\ncommodité.",[777,897,898,900,901,904],{},[602,899,872],{}," vend MS-DOS puis Windows à ",[602,902,903],{},"tous"," les fabricants de PC —\net capte la rente logicielle pendant trente ans.",[598,906,907,908,911,912,915,916,919,920,923],{},"En 1984, l'",[602,909,910],{},"Apple Macintosh"," popularise l'",[602,913,914],{},"interface graphique"," —\nfenêtres, icônes, souris — inspirée des recherches du ",[602,917,918],{},"Xerox PARC",". Le\nclavier ne suffit plus, l'ordinateur devient un objet ",[602,921,922],{},"manipulable\nvisuellement",".",[760,925,927,932],{"correct":762,"slug":926},"ordinateurs-modernes-c2",[765,928,929],{"v-slot:question":767},[598,930,931],{},"Quel ordinateur est lancé en 1981 et lance le marché des PC compatibles ?",[765,933,934],{"v-slot:choices":767},[774,935,936,938,940],{},[777,937,853],{},[777,939,868],{},[777,941,942],{},"Macintosh",[593,944,946],{"id":945},"pour-aller-plus-loin","Pour aller plus loin",[598,948,949,950,953,954,957,958,961,962,965,966,969,970,973],{},"Le ",[602,951,952],{},"logiciel libre"," émerge en parallèle de cette industrialisation.\n",[602,955,956],{},"Richard Stallman"," lance en 1983 le projet ",[602,959,960],{},"GNU"," pour offrir une\nalternative libre à Unix, et en 1991 ",[602,963,964],{},"Linus Torvalds",", étudiant finlandais\nde 21 ans, publie la première version du noyau ",[602,967,968],{},"Linux",". Aujourd'hui,\nLinux fait tourner la majorité des serveurs Web, des smartphones Android et\ndes supercalculateurs. Mais pour comprendre pourquoi Linux a pu se\npropager si vite, il faut maintenant regarder l'autre grande rupture du\n20e siècle : la ",[602,971,972],{},"mise en réseau"," des ordinateurs. C'est l'objet du\nprochain cours.",{"title":767,"searchDepth":975,"depth":975,"links":976},2,[977,978,979,980,981,982],{"id":595,"depth":975,"text":596},{"id":619,"depth":975,"text":620},{"id":680,"depth":975,"text":681},{"id":788,"depth":975,"text":789},{"id":835,"depth":975,"text":836},{"id":945,"depth":975,"text":946},"Du transistor au microprocesseur, comment l'ordinateur a quitté les laboratoires militaires pour entrer dans les foyers.",null,"md",{},true,[989,993],{"slug":763,"kind":990,"question":770,"choices":991,"correct":762,"multi":992,"explanation":767},"qcm",[779,782,785],false,{"slug":926,"kind":990,"question":931,"choices":994,"correct":762,"multi":992,"explanation":767},[853,868,942],1,{"title":249,"description":983},"Y4tNgEqPpG9eYqKJZc-13ZtInFs9GhWeeUgcv4jZ8sw",{"id":999,"title":1000,"bo":1001,"body":1002,"description":1261,"eval":984,"extension":985,"labo":984,"meta":1262,"navigation":992,"path":1263,"quizzes":1264,"readingTime":995,"seo":1265,"stem":1266,"tp":984,"__hash__":1267},"coursMemo\u002F1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F3.ordinateurs-modernes.memo.md","Les ordinateurs modernes — l'essentiel",[588],{"type":590,"value":1003,"toc":1254},[1004,1008,1018,1022,1076,1080,1140,1144,1167,1171],[593,1005,1007],{"id":1006},"en-une-phrase","En une phrase",[598,1009,1010,1013,1014,1017],{},[602,1011,1012],{},"Trois ruptures matérielles"," (transistor, circuit intégré, microprocesseur)\nminiaturisent l'ordinateur des années 50 à 70, et ",[602,1015,1016],{},"trois entreprises","\n(Apple, IBM, Microsoft) structurent le marché de l'informatique personnelle\ndans les années 80.",[593,1019,1021],{"id":1020},"à-mémoriser","À mémoriser",[774,1023,1024,1030,1036,1045,1051,1057,1062,1070],{},[777,1025,1026,1029],{},[602,1027,1028],{},"Transistor"," (1947, Bell Labs, Bardeen \u002F Brattain \u002F Shockley) :\nremplace les tubes à vide. Prix Nobel 1956.",[777,1031,1032,1035],{},[602,1033,1034],{},"Circuit intégré"," (1958, Kilby et Noyce) : plusieurs transistors sur\nune même puce de silicium.",[777,1037,1038,1041,1042,923],{},[602,1039,1040],{},"Loi de Moore"," (1965, Gordon Moore) : nombre de transistors par puce\nqui ",[602,1043,1044],{},"double tous les deux ans environ",[777,1046,1047,1050],{},[602,1048,1049],{},"Microprocesseur"," (1971, Intel 4004, Federico Faggin) : processeur\ncomplet sur une seule puce.",[777,1052,1053,1056],{},[602,1054,1055],{},"Apple I\u002FII"," (1976-1977, Wozniak & Jobs) : premier succès grand\npublic de l'ordinateur personnel.",[777,1058,1059,1061],{},[602,1060,868],{}," (1981) : standardise le PC. Microsoft fournit MS-DOS.",[777,1063,1064,1066,1067,1069],{},[602,1065,942],{}," (1984) : popularise l'",[602,1068,914],{}," (souris,\nfenêtres, icônes) inspirée de Xerox PARC.",[777,1071,1072,1075],{},[602,1073,1074],{},"GNU \u002F Linux"," (1983 \u002F 1991, Stallman \u002F Torvalds) : naissance du\nlogiciel libre et d'un noyau qui équipe aujourd'hui serveurs, Android,\nsupercalculateurs.",[593,1077,1079],{"id":1078},"à-savoir-reconnaître","À savoir reconnaître",[708,1081,1082,1092],{},[711,1083,1084],{},[714,1085,1086,1089],{},[717,1087,1088],{},"Description",[717,1090,1091],{},"Élément",[724,1093,1094,1101,1108,1116,1124,1132],{},[714,1095,1096,1099],{},[729,1097,1098],{},"Composant qui remplace le tube à vide, 1947",[729,1100,1028],{},[714,1102,1103,1106],{},[729,1104,1105],{},"Plusieurs transistors sur une même puce, 1958",[729,1107,1034],{},[714,1109,1110,1113],{},[729,1111,1112],{},"Premier processeur sur une seule puce, 1971",[729,1114,1115],{},"Microprocesseur (Intel 4004)",[714,1117,1118,1121],{},[729,1119,1120],{},"Premier succès commercial d'ordinateur personnel",[729,1122,1123],{},"Apple II (1977)",[714,1125,1126,1129],{},[729,1127,1128],{},"Standardise le PC mais perd le contrôle de l'OS",[729,1130,1131],{},"IBM PC (1981)",[714,1133,1134,1137],{},[729,1135,1136],{},"Popularise l'interface graphique grand public",[729,1138,1139],{},"Macintosh (1984)",[593,1141,1143],{"id":1142},"pièges-courants","Pièges courants",[774,1145,1146,1153,1160],{},[777,1147,1148,1149,1152],{},"Apple et IBM ",[602,1150,1151],{},"visent des marchés distincts en 1981"," : IBM le\nprofessionnel, Apple le grand public — ils ne se rejoindront frontalement\nqu'à la fin des années 80.",[777,1154,1155,1156,1159],{},"La loi de Moore est une ",[602,1157,1158],{},"prédiction empirique",", pas une loi physique.",[777,1161,1162,1163,1166],{},"Linux n'est pas un système d'exploitation complet : c'est un ",[602,1164,1165],{},"noyau","\n(kernel) — il s'utilise typiquement avec les outils GNU.",[593,1168,1170],{"id":1169},"dates-clés","Dates clés",[708,1172,1173,1182],{},[711,1174,1175],{},[714,1176,1177,1179],{},[717,1178,719],{},[717,1180,1181],{},"Évènement",[724,1183,1184,1192,1200,1208,1216,1223,1231,1239,1246],{},[714,1185,1186,1189],{},[729,1187,1188],{},"1947",[729,1190,1191],{},"Transistor (Bell Labs)",[714,1193,1194,1197],{},[729,1195,1196],{},"1958",[729,1198,1199],{},"Circuit intégré (Kilby, Noyce)",[714,1201,1202,1205],{},[729,1203,1204],{},"1965",[729,1206,1207],{},"Énoncé de la loi de Moore",[714,1209,1210,1213],{},[729,1211,1212],{},"1971",[729,1214,1215],{},"Intel 4004, premier microprocesseur",[714,1217,1218,1221],{},[729,1219,1220],{},"1977",[729,1222,853],{},[714,1224,1225,1228],{},[729,1226,1227],{},"1981",[729,1229,1230],{},"IBM PC + MS-DOS",[714,1232,1233,1236],{},[729,1234,1235],{},"1983",[729,1237,1238],{},"Projet GNU (Stallman)",[714,1240,1241,1244],{},[729,1242,1243],{},"1984",[729,1245,910],{},[714,1247,1248,1251],{},[729,1249,1250],{},"1991",[729,1252,1253],{},"Linux 0.01 (Torvalds)",{"title":767,"searchDepth":975,"depth":975,"links":1255},[1256,1257,1258,1259,1260],{"id":1006,"depth":975,"text":1007},{"id":1020,"depth":975,"text":1021},{"id":1078,"depth":975,"text":1079},{"id":1142,"depth":975,"text":1143},{"id":1169,"depth":975,"text":1170},"Mémo de révision sur le transistor, le microprocesseur et l'informatique personnelle.",{},"\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Fordinateurs-modernes.memo",[],{"title":1000,"description":1261},"1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F3.ordinateurs-modernes.memo","_OvUJiE7ZNnns2g1MZ1PYJ72BUHg1P-r4Fy4-qBKqA4",{"id":1269,"title":1270,"body":1271,"description":1540,"extension":985,"meta":1541,"navigation":992,"path":1542,"seo":1543,"stem":1544,"__hash__":1545},"coursSlides\u002F1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F3.ordinateurs-modernes.slides.md","Les ordinateurs modernes — diapositives",{"type":590,"value":1272,"toc":1538},[1273,1278,1281,1284,1288,1305,1307,1309,1327,1329,1333,1341,1352,1354,1356,1372,1374,1378,1435,1437,1441,1458,1460,1463,1481,1483,1486,1490,1503,1505,1509,1526,1528,1531],[1274,1275,1277],"h1",{"id":1276},"de-30-tonnes-à-1-kg","De 30 tonnes à 1 kg",[598,1279,1280],{},"Trois ruptures matérielles + trois entreprises.",[1282,1283],"hr",{},[1274,1285,1287],{"id":1286},"le-transistor-1947","Le transistor (1947)",[774,1289,1290,1293,1296,1302],{},[777,1291,1292],{},"Bell Labs, USA",[777,1294,1295],{},"Bardeen, Brattain, Shockley",[777,1297,1298,1299,1301],{},"Remplace le ",[602,1300,646],{}," : plus petit, sobre, fiable",[777,1303,1304],{},"Prix Nobel 1956",[1282,1306],{},[1274,1308,681],{"id":680},[774,1310,1311,1314,1317,1324],{},[777,1312,1313],{},"Jack Kilby (Texas Instruments)",[777,1315,1316],{},"Robert Noyce (Fairchild)",[777,1318,1319,1320,1323],{},"Plusieurs transistors ",[602,1321,1322],{},"sur la même puce"," de silicium",[777,1325,1326],{},"Plus besoin de souder un par un",[1282,1328],{},[1274,1330,1332],{"id":1331},"la-loi-de-moore-1965","La loi de Moore (1965)",[1334,1335,1336],"blockquote",{},[598,1337,1338,1339,923],{},"Le nombre de transistors par puce ",[602,1340,1044],{},[774,1342,1343,1346,1349],{},[777,1344,1345],{},"Énoncée par Gordon Moore (cofondateur d'Intel)",[777,1347,1348],{},"Prédiction empirique tenue pendant 50+ ans",[777,1350,1351],{},"Porte toute la croissance de la puissance informatique",[1282,1353],{},[1274,1355,789],{"id":788},[774,1357,1358,1361,1366,1369],{},[777,1359,1360],{},"Intel 4004 — Federico Faggin",[777,1362,1363],{},[602,1364,1365],{},"Un processeur complet sur une seule puce",[777,1367,1368],{},"2 300 transistors",[777,1370,1371],{},"Ouvre la voie aux ordinateurs personnels",[1282,1373],{},[1274,1375,1377],{"id":1376},"évolution-du-nombre-de-transistors","Évolution du nombre de transistors",[708,1379,1380,1392],{},[711,1381,1382],{},[714,1383,1384,1386,1389],{},[717,1385,719],{},[717,1387,1388],{},"Puce",[717,1390,1391],{},"Transistors",[724,1393,1394,1403,1413,1424],{},[714,1395,1396,1398,1401],{},[729,1397,1212],{},[729,1399,1400],{},"Intel 4004",[729,1402,734],{},[714,1404,1405,1408,1411],{},[729,1406,1407],{},"1985",[729,1409,1410],{},"Intel 386",[729,1412,742],{},[714,1414,1415,1418,1421],{},[729,1416,1417],{},"2000",[729,1419,1420],{},"Pentium 4",[729,1422,1423],{},"42 millions",[714,1425,1426,1429,1432],{},[729,1427,1428],{},"2020",[729,1430,1431],{},"Apple M1",[729,1433,1434],{},"16 milliards",[1282,1436],{},[1274,1438,1440],{"id":1439},"apple-1976-1977","Apple (1976-1977)",[774,1442,1443,1446,1452,1455],{},[777,1444,1445],{},"Wozniak + Jobs, garage californien",[777,1447,1448,1449,1451],{},"Apple I (1976), puis ",[602,1450,853],{}," (1977)",[777,1453,1454],{},"Clavier intégré, couleur, disquettes",[777,1456,1457],{},"Premier vrai succès commercial grand public",[1282,1459],{},[1274,1461,1131],{"id":1462},"ibm-pc-1981",[774,1464,1465,1468,1471,1478],{},[777,1466,1467],{},"IBM ouvre le marché professionnel des PC",[777,1469,1470],{},"Microprocesseur Intel + MS-DOS de Microsoft",[777,1472,1473,1474,1477],{},"Architecture ",[602,1475,1476],{},"non verrouillée"," → clones",[777,1479,1480],{},"Crée par accident le standard mondial du PC",[1282,1482],{},[1274,1484,1139],{"id":1485},"macintosh-1984",[649,1487],{"kind":1488,"prompt":1489},"schema","Captures d'écran d'une interface graphique 1984 — bureau, fenêtres, icônes, souris au premier plan",[774,1491,1492,1495,1498],{},[777,1493,1494],{},"Interface graphique grand public",[777,1496,1497],{},"Souris, fenêtres, icônes",[777,1499,1500,1501],{},"Inspiré du ",[602,1502,918],{},[1282,1504],{},[1274,1506,1508],{"id":1507},"logiciel-libre","Logiciel libre",[774,1510,1511,1517,1523],{},[777,1512,1513,1514,1516],{},"1983 : projet ",[602,1515,960],{}," (Richard Stallman)",[777,1518,1519,1520,1522],{},"1991 : ",[602,1521,968],{}," (Linus Torvalds, 21 ans)",[777,1524,1525],{},"Aujourd'hui : serveurs Web, Android, supercalculateurs",[1282,1527],{},[1274,1529,668],{"id":1530},"à-retenir",[598,1532,1533,1534,1537],{},"L'ordinateur cesse d'être un équipement de laboratoire et devient un ",[602,1535,1536],{},"objet\ndu quotidien",", individuel, personnel. Reste à le connecter aux autres :\nc'est le chantier du cours suivant.",{"title":767,"searchDepth":975,"depth":975,"links":1539},[],"Deck pour la séance sur le transistor, le microprocesseur et la micro-informatique.",{},"\u002Fnsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002Fordinateurs-modernes.slides",{"title":1270,"description":1540},"1.nsi-1ere\u002Fpa-histoire-info\u002F3.ordinateurs-modernes.slides","GczbcAwzxh0VfnTRTUEfCNi1g7BbT8y-Z82CE7LikHk",{"id":999,"title":1000,"bo":1547,"body":1548,"description":1261,"eval":984,"extension":985,"labo":984,"meta":1739,"navigation":992,"path":1263,"quizzes":1740,"readingTime":995,"seo":1741,"stem":1266,"tp":984,"__hash__":1267},[588],{"type":590,"value":1549,"toc":1732},[1550,1552,1558,1560,1598,1600,1648,1650,1664,1666],[593,1551,1007],{"id":1006},[598,1553,1554,1013,1556,1017],{},[602,1555,1012],{},[602,1557,1016],{},[593,1559,1021],{"id":1020},[774,1561,1562,1566,1570,1576,1580,1584,1588,1594],{},[777,1563,1564,1029],{},[602,1565,1028],{},[777,1567,1568,1035],{},[602,1569,1034],{},[777,1571,1572,1041,1574,923],{},[602,1573,1040],{},[602,1575,1044],{},[777,1577,1578,1050],{},[602,1579,1049],{},[777,1581,1582,1056],{},[602,1583,1055],{},[777,1585,1586,1061],{},[602,1587,868],{},[777,1589,1590,1066,1592,1069],{},[602,1591,942],{},[602,1593,914],{},[777,1595,1596,1075],{},[602,1597,1074],{},[593,1599,1079],{"id":1078},[708,1601,1602,1610],{},[711,1603,1604],{},[714,1605,1606,1608],{},[717,1607,1088],{},[717,1609,1091],{},[724,1611,1612,1618,1624,1630,1636,1642],{},[714,1613,1614,1616],{},[729,1615,1098],{},[729,1617,1028],{},[714,1619,1620,1622],{},[729,1621,1105],{},[729,1623,1034],{},[714,1625,1626,1628],{},[729,1627,1112],{},[729,1629,1115],{},[714,1631,1632,1634],{},[729,1633,1120],{},[729,1635,1123],{},[714,1637,1638,1640],{},[729,1639,1128],{},[729,1641,1131],{},[714,1643,1644,1646],{},[729,1645,1136],{},[729,1647,1139],{},[593,1649,1143],{"id":1142},[774,1651,1652,1656,1660],{},[777,1653,1148,1654,1152],{},[602,1655,1151],{},[777,1657,1155,1658,1159],{},[602,1659,1158],{},[777,1661,1162,1662,1166],{},[602,1663,1165],{},[593,1665,1170],{"id":1169},[708,1667,1668,1676],{},[711,1669,1670],{},[714,1671,1672,1674],{},[717,1673,719],{},[717,1675,1181],{},[724,1677,1678,1684,1690,1696,1702,1708,1714,1720,1726],{},[714,1679,1680,1682],{},[729,1681,1188],{},[729,1683,1191],{},[714,1685,1686,1688],{},[729,1687,1196],{},[729,1689,1199],{},[714,1691,1692,1694],{},[729,1693,1204],{},[729,1695,1207],{},[714,1697,1698,1700],{},[729,1699,1212],{},[729,1701,1215],{},[714,1703,1704,1706],{},[729,1705,1220],{},[729,1707,853],{},[714,1709,1710,1712],{},[729,1711,1227],{},[729,1713,1230],{},[714,1715,1716,1718],{},[729,1717,1235],{},[729,1719,1238],{},[714,1721,1722,1724],{},[729,1723,1243],{},[729,1725,910],{},[714,1727,1728,1730],{},[729,1729,1250],{},[729,1731,1253],{},{"title":767,"searchDepth":975,"depth":975,"links":1733},[1734,1735,1736,1737,1738],{"id":1006,"depth":975,"text":1007},{"id":1020,"depth":975,"text":1021},{"id":1078,"depth":975,"text":1079},{"id":1142,"depth":975,"text":1143},{"id":1169,"depth":975,"text":1170},{},[],{"title":1000,"description":1261},{"id":1269,"title":1270,"body":1743,"description":1540,"extension":985,"meta":1939,"navigation":992,"path":1542,"seo":1940,"stem":1544,"__hash__":1545},{"type":590,"value":1744,"toc":1937},[1745,1747,1749,1751,1753,1765,1767,1769,1781,1783,1785,1791,1799,1801,1803,1815,1817,1819,1865,1867,1869,1881,1883,1885,1897,1899,1901,1903,1913,1915,1917,1929,1931,1933],[1274,1746,1277],{"id":1276},[598,1748,1280],{},[1282,1750],{},[1274,1752,1287],{"id":1286},[774,1754,1755,1757,1759,1763],{},[777,1756,1292],{},[777,1758,1295],{},[777,1760,1298,1761,1301],{},[602,1762,646],{},[777,1764,1304],{},[1282,1766],{},[1274,1768,681],{"id":680},[774,1770,1771,1773,1775,1779],{},[777,1772,1313],{},[777,1774,1316],{},[777,1776,1319,1777,1323],{},[602,1778,1322],{},[777,1780,1326],{},[1282,1782],{},[1274,1784,1332],{"id":1331},[1334,1786,1787],{},[598,1788,1338,1789,923],{},[602,1790,1044],{},[774,1792,1793,1795,1797],{},[777,1794,1345],{},[777,1796,1348],{},[777,1798,1351],{},[1282,1800],{},[1274,1802,789],{"id":788},[774,1804,1805,1807,1811,1813],{},[777,1806,1360],{},[777,1808,1809],{},[602,1810,1365],{},[777,1812,1368],{},[777,1814,1371],{},[1282,1816],{},[1274,1818,1377],{"id":1376},[708,1820,1821,1831],{},[711,1822,1823],{},[714,1824,1825,1827,1829],{},[717,1826,719],{},[717,1828,1388],{},[717,1830,1391],{},[724,1832,1833,1841,1849,1857],{},[714,1834,1835,1837,1839],{},[729,1836,1212],{},[729,1838,1400],{},[729,1840,734],{},[714,1842,1843,1845,1847],{},[729,1844,1407],{},[729,1846,1410],{},[729,1848,742],{},[714,1850,1851,1853,1855],{},[729,1852,1417],{},[729,1854,1420],{},[729,1856,1423],{},[714,1858,1859,1861,1863],{},[729,1860,1428],{},[729,1862,1431],{},[729,1864,1434],{},[1282,1866],{},[1274,1868,1440],{"id":1439},[774,1870,1871,1873,1877,1879],{},[777,1872,1445],{},[777,1874,1448,1875,1451],{},[602,1876,853],{},[777,1878,1454],{},[777,1880,1457],{},[1282,1882],{},[1274,1884,1131],{"id":1462},[774,1886,1887,1889,1891,1895],{},[777,1888,1467],{},[777,1890,1470],{},[777,1892,1473,1893,1477],{},[602,1894,1476],{},[777,1896,1480],{},[1282,1898],{},[1274,1900,1139],{"id":1485},[649,1902],{"kind":1488,"prompt":1489},[774,1904,1905,1907,1909],{},[777,1906,1494],{},[777,1908,1497],{},[777,1910,1500,1911],{},[602,1912,918],{},[1282,1914],{},[1274,1916,1508],{"id":1507},[774,1918,1919,1923,1927],{},[777,1920,1513,1921,1516],{},[602,1922,960],{},[777,1924,1519,1925,1522],{},[602,1926,968],{},[777,1928,1525],{},[1282,1930],{},[1274,1932,668],{"id":1530},[598,1934,1533,1935,1537],{},[602,1936,1536],{},{"title":767,"searchDepth":975,"depth":975,"links":1938},[],{},{"title":1270,"description":1540},1788035578118]